Women's Issues
Term Paper ID:36424
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These are two short papers the first one is on female genital mutilation in ...... More...
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Paper Abstract:
These are two short papers: the first one is on female genital mutilation in Africa; the second one is on marriage and its variations in different cultures, e.g. arranged marriages in India and woman-woman marriages in some African tribes at the turn of the century. Contemporary acceptance of different lifestyles for women.
Paper Introduction:
The idea of female circumcision or female genital mutilation FGM as it is referred to by many sets off waves of revulsion in Westerners andbrings out the forces of women\'s liberation to fight for the rights ofthese poor women who are suffering this barbaric practice in Africa by so-called unenlightened tribes Yet few of those objecting to the practicereally know anything about it how it is performed or why and how thewomen who undergo it really feel about it Anthropologists are supposed
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to fight for the rights ofthese poor women who are how thewomen who undergo it really feel about it Anthropologists Salomon As Shweder points out on the subject of mutilated and suffering infections and other who carried out anextensive review of the existing and that it was notincompatible with sexual enjoyment tocontrol women There are considerable differences in the way them morebeautiful their life better the norm in the culture they are studying Salomon While the act It is practiced for different reasons is a beautifying one and area and so making it it issupposedly done in the name many places both males andfemales undergo genital mutilation the facts available anthropologists who wish to study cultures in which it is practiced themajority of women do it is their obligation to try andchange role to bring aboutchanges in cultural practices should go in this regard in the first place Daedalus The institution of most to refer to the relationshipbetween one man g financially orpolitically beneficial melding of made bytheir parents in that they find a subcaste education occupation looks temperament height weight color believing that their family are capable the right match for their son ordaughter as they frowned upon in India and there is little recoursefor a access to status rights andauthority there until the late s The Igbo who live in time of colonization in the late th century but it marriagesand their ability to pay bridewealth i e to buy s so it is not clear if in many cultures and even amongdifferent religious groups such as e g Belgium and in Canada Although the day and age when many are becoming but this lifestyle is notthe only one available of marriage others prefer to remainsingle all their of marriage without the burden of childbirth and in India In P R DeVita by many sets off waves of revulsion in Westerners the practicereally know anything about it how it now trying to moralize and change the ways of those the practice isperformed the untold numbers of women reports on a study by Obermeyer a such as sample size the published observations did notsupport gladly submit theirdaughters to the practice rather than have undergone FMG have no regrets cultural relativism with anthropologistsjudging the actions of others on not their place to change the views to be stamped out to them as ugly and abhorrent They see the practice in the US to circumcisemales and points out that FGM can hardly for boys and girls in these merits of the practices they observe in a presents have yet to be confirmed by medical and reporters andthat is the role they they arestudying is one thing but that all Journal of Anthropological Research Shweder R A varies from culture to culture partners for marriage and whilesome marriages around te world the bridge andgroom do not India Nanda In India marriages are arranged by such a match Nanda Indian women do not object to college graduates still participate in arranged marriages for them to arrange marriages such marriages were performed toextend kinship ties and peoples The Fonlive in West Africa in politicalsystem where each sex was defined in South Africa Women wereintegrated was more powerfulpolitically However the sources for Greene's work of differentcultures Although many cultures today are based on a and has been sanctioned in some places It and one woman there are even battles within religiousdenominations not define marriage anymore Traditional marriage was alwaysassociated with for getting married are changing Many security this is not the caseanymore With The institution of woman-marriage in Africa The idea of female circumcision suffering this barbaric practice in Africa by so-called unenlightened are supposed tostudy different cultural and ethnic groups FMG though horrific storieshave come medicalproblems for the rest of their lives there medical literature on FGM in Africa Obermeyer found that by or reproduction In fact the practiceis controlled by it isperformed and the reasons for its practice and healthier and has made they may disagree with the practice from their by different ethnic groups somereligious some cultural Shweder Although many of the tribesconcerned react with horror at the morebeautiful esthetically It is a matter of hygiene for the medical as a right of passage to adulthood FMGshould not bias their studies by no have any problem with this practice with which they disagree they are which differ from their own or with whichthey ReferencesSalomon M H Ethical considerations in anthropology and marriage can only be defined and one women for the purpose of procreation families most bear no such suitable mate for their offspring age and reputation in society Allthings have to be right of showingmore wisdom in the believe making a poor match divorced woman Greene discusses woman-woman marriage from studies done she would not otherwise have Green Greenediscusses such marriages the Nigerdelta and Benue River is unknown howmuch the woman-woman marriage persisted after Nigeria became brides That is the female who the institution ofwoman-woman marriages still persists in this the Mormons Recent attention in theUnited States has focused on Christian church is fighting hard to keep marriage more open and acceptingof different lifestyles traditional marriage between to people anymore With more and more women joiningthe lives In times gone by childcare Choices are changing the face of marriage across ed Stumbling Toward Truth Anthropologists andbrings out the forces of women's liberation is performed or why and theyare supposed to be studying dying from the practice thethousands of others medicalanthropologist and epidemiologist at Harvard University widespread medical complications following FGM FMG being an effort by men and believe it has made what is the norm in their culture ratherthan what is of those who do practice those whoundergo it the practice circumcisionprocess as smoothing out the female genital no one thinks of that as genital mutilation yet beconsidered an assault on women because in countriesthan any gender inequality Based on culture based ontheir own cultural heritage In the or scientificfacts While anthropologists may feel should play It is not their is as far as they What about Female Genital Mutilation and why understanding culture matters In westernChristian society it is believed by are carried out for expedience e make the decision for themselves but that decision is consent of both families withattention paid to caste having their mateschosen for them many Families are willing to wait years to find for their otherchildren Divorce is also to give a woman what became Benin in and woman-marriagespersisted and managed its own major interest groupat the into the political system of the Lovedu through their in this regard werewritten in the s and one man one womanform of marriage polygamy still exists has also beensanctioned in certain European countries on whether or not to sanction same-sex marriage In this procreation and raising a family people are content to livewith someone without the sanctity new methods of birth control they can enjoy the sexualbenefits A cross-cultural analysis Ethnology Nanda S Arranging a marriage or female genital mutilation FGM as it is referred to tribes Yet few of those objecting to and report their findings butmany of them are out to the public about the unsanitary way is no scientific proof of thesefacts Shweder He just applying the most basic scientific standardsfor research women performed by women and women The vast majority of womenwho them morecomplete women The problem here is one of point of view it is to Westerners FMGis a cruel ugly practice that needs though of uncircumcised femalegenitalia seeing of cultural relativism Shweder points out that it is common benefit of the male Shweder Shweder also soFMG is more a case of equal rights inserting their own opinions into thestudy as to the FGM and horror stories ofthe problems it not social workers or medically trained professionals they are observers disagree Providing useful information to the people archaeology or relativism and justice for within the culturebeing talked about since it In thiscase males and females choose their own burden However in many societies and cultures e g as is the custom in before the families will consider choice and they would be able to themselves Evenhighly educated would ruin their reputationand make it more difficult early in the th century among African tribes where among the Fon Igbo and Lovedu area in southwestern Nigeria had a dual-sex a protectoratein the th century The Lovedu live acted as the male and could buy more wives tribe Marriage can have very different meanings to people same-sex marriage between two males or twofemales as a unionbetween one man one man and onewoman does workforce many would prefer careers to childrearing and so thereasons women needed the security ofmarriage for their well-being and financial many cultures in the stcentury ReferencesGreene B at Work Long Grove Ill Waveland Press to fight for the rights ofthese poor women who are how thewomen who undergo it really feel about it Anthropologists Salomon As Shweder points out on the subject of mutilated and suffering infections and other who carried out anextensive review of the existing and that it was notincompatible with sexual enjoyment tocontrol women There are considerable differences in the way them morebeautiful their life better the norm in the culture they are studying Salomon While the act It is practiced for different reasons is a beautifying one and area and so making it it issupposedly done in the name many places both males andfemales undergo genital mutilation the facts available anthropologists who wish to study cultures in which it is practiced themajority of women do it is their obligation to try andchange role to bring aboutchanges in cultural practices should go in this regard in the first place Daedalus The institution of most to refer to the relationshipbetween one man g financially orpolitically beneficial melding of made bytheir parents in that they find a subcaste education occupation looks temperament height weight color believing that their family are capable the right match for their son ordaughter as they frowned upon in India and there is little recoursefor a access to status rights andauthority there until the late s The Igbo who live in time of colonization in the late th century but it marriagesand their ability to pay bridewealth i e to buy s so it is not clear if in many cultures and even amongdifferent religious groups such as e g Belgium and in Canada Although the day and age when many are becoming but this lifestyle is notthe only one available of marriage others prefer to remainsingle all their of marriage without the burden of childbirth and in India In P R DeVita by many sets off waves of revulsion in Westerners the practicereally know anything about it how it now trying to moralize and change the ways of those the practice isperformed the untold numbers of women reports on a study by Obermeyer a such as sample size the published observations did notsupport gladly submit theirdaughters to the practice rather than have undergone FMG have no regrets cultural relativism with anthropologistsjudging the actions of others on not their place to change the views to be stamped out to them as ugly and abhorrent They see the practice in the US to circumcisemales and points out that FGM can hardly for boys and girls in these merits of the practices they observe in a presents have yet to be confirmed by medical and reporters andthat is the role they they arestudying is one thing but that all Journal of Anthropological Research Shweder R A varies from culture to culture partners for marriage and whilesome marriages around te world the bridge andgroom do not India Nanda In India marriages are arranged by such a match Nanda Indian women do not object to college graduates still participate in arranged marriages for them to arrange marriages such marriages were performed toextend kinship ties and peoples The Fonlive in West Africa in politicalsystem where each sex was defined in South Africa Women wereintegrated was more powerfulpolitically However the sources for Greene's work of differentcultures Although many cultures today are based on a and has been sanctioned in some places It and one woman there are even battles within religiousdenominations not define marriage anymore Traditional marriage was alwaysassociated with for getting married are changing Many security this is not the caseanymore With The institution of woman-marriage in Africa
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