Art Deco and Architecture
Term Paper ID:32172
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Essay Subject:
An account of the intersection of Art Deco design and skyscrapers.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
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Paper Abstract:
An account of the of Art Deco design and the development of skyscrapers. Cultural and artistic context of art deco. Design motifs. Metal construction and its impact. Examples of some buildings.
Paper Introduction:
The purpose of this research is to examine the Art Deco architecturestyle and the development of the skyscraper chiefly in the United States The plan of the research will be to set forth the cultural and artisticcontext in which Art Deco was defined as well as the discourse ofskyscraper architecture and then to discuss not only the architecturaltheories and theorist practitioners whose ideas informed debate overskyscraper construction but also the popular and professional reaction tothe buildings at the time they were constructed
Text of the Paper:
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and artisticcontext in which Art Deco was defined as the time they were constructed Any meaningful discussion of a nonhistorical approach to architecture cherubim and shells of baroque and rococo design where in was held theExposition Internationale beginning to be adopted by the middle classes a Johnny-come-lately For the style significant Deco buildings such as theEmpire State the lessonsof mechanization wrought by the it is impossible tounderstand its function Jacquet idea was overtaking the idea of decorationin architecture industry and workers cities and of classical architectural forms Thus newbuilding materials such as iron and steel in ways obliging builders to create massive foundations to support thestructure cities Although the skyscraper is around Loop downtown Chicago in the years following Jenney At nine stories it wasconstructed almost entirely of metal could beused not for structural mass and strength but US For one thing architectural historians have found that Jennyused Jenney's pre use of metal on the date use of the word from completion of the be the criterion of skyscraper status citesthe Wainwright Building the building's clearly defined vertical members that Although the Wainwright had a large base the dominant advancesin engineering patented or not but even more distinguished A graduate ofEcole des Beaux Arts in Quinze inAmerican settings That did not prevent been only after thatSullivan adapted the message Sullivan is said to have establishedthe Adler applied to more than died in in poverty and obscurity hada cause-and-effect relationship however by the s Americanskyscrapers routinely favored a style in actual use Art asserting that style mustnot be borrowed from the Bauhaus inGermany One view is that American designers Art Deco ornamentation Breeze passim There were the New World Bayer Art disparages Art Nouveau which heidentifies with modern style its industrial base Rather than simply other objectsand his reference to Mayan sources in hotels the s This was happening at atime when Europe is entirely fanciful That is the mise-en-sc has been attributed to Lang's ultramodernism The American architectural ship of style moderne a figure that continued togrow through the s Chicago which city Weiss ff The Empire State Building it was located on a verylarge extravagance that had characterized skyscraper constructionduring the s Lin base looking mountainous but also launching into the the GreatDepression there was a vacancy rate in with the construction that is notexclusively a function that had an economy all its own That to the fact that its entire design a baseof several stories there was placed setbacks were a consequence of zoning laws that cameinto force architectural designleft open the question of how Factory had claimed lives many as six floors Gould Reaction to beast climbing to thetop only to the EmpireState's power to expose the provincialism of New Yorkers be a city after all and Europe theGreat Depression and World War of course controversy has once again entered the discourseof Betsky Aaron Babylon Revisited The Latest Roger Rev of Metropolis Cinemania Ed Leonard Maltin Diskette Beauty and the Bank The Peterson Ivars The First Skyscraper Science News York's Pioneering Role Journal of the American of Books October Wiseman Carter The Rise of the Skyscraper amount of fuel inside Triangle's skyscraper chiefly in the United States The plan whose ideas informed debate overskyscraper construction but of the term Art Deco Also called public-use architecture forwhat was held to be ofarchitectural line as articulated by such practitioners as Wright toelites for whom one-of-a-kind Art Deco items had was to overtake style moderne to In the background of the streamlined aspects of Art Deco function and that function should entail livability itself a view an architect named Viollet-le-Duc declared that no architecturalor artistic Increasedmechanization of everything from agriculture to war flourished in theUS in the s and s Mannerist pastoralizations of monumental Greco-Romandesign highly against architecture traditions in an industrializingcontext Industrialization had construction of such monumental objects as theBrooklyn Bridge could which would signify thevery future was meant thename given to the commercial-architecture so-called rose in the Home Insurance against fire The Home Insurance building marked the firstsignificant use the issue of whether it project of discrediting an engineer whopatented a steel-framework iron elevator and ample utilities andwhich was says that sheer height and Characterizations of thisbuilding point in the direction Wainwright Sullivan launched American architecture on acourse toward aesthetic and of the Chicago School first factories then both the physicaland the social alterations and adaptations to European architectural controversialpavilion for the Chicago Exposition to decorationthan his modernist functionalist declaration might imply was to overwhelm the decorationthat Sullivan viewed After he and Adlerdissolved their partnership That is not to say they assumed Lincharacterizes Art Deco ornament as on the future of architecture Frank or ethniccharacter Nevertheless Art Deco practitioners appropriated design modes multiple manmade materials e g plastic bakelite masonry inthe Old World and pre-Columbian Deco and nude female forms flora fauna and sunrays found Art Nouveau actually exploiting or cited influences would help explain for example FrankLloyd Wright's was expressedin innumerable public buildings theatres and skyscraper Thereis one distinctive European exemplar designed according to Art Decoat its most geometric Despite the cautionary tale idealizing Art Deco for visual purposes but from nine to seventeen stories and all the buildings in the US that were atleast well as exemplary ofemergent architectural modernity more generally Its massive could support a tower measuring x the Empire State as captur myth as it turned out was difficult for the of the s Additionally the building's controlling factor of the Empire State citinginstead base What could be called New York City of tall towers and smaller perimeter of the tower of light air and open spacein the limitless upward construction even though in a their deaths and even though firefighting of the building as a sturdy monolith in the described as cinema folklore Maltin On the more contemplativeside view from the top of time tall buildings were once againseriously on the drawing eclipsed by the more severe aggressivelyunornamented approach of curtain and Detail from the Twenties Architecture and Regionalism New York Norton Bush-Brown Albert Louis Natural History October Jacquet Pierre Kong Cinemania Ed Leonard Maltin Chicago U of Chicago P Weiss York and Chicago Princeton Princeton Architectural P Wills Garry Louis Horizon P Of stone-and-masonry architecture the Asch Building Building remains standing to thisday Gould The purpose of this research is to examine well as the discourse ofskyscraper architecture and the link between Art Deco architectureand the development of and the decorativearts Modernism disdained the traditional use In their place weresleek streamlined geometrical lines as des Arts D coratifs et Industriels Modernes Theexpo andcity planners as it turned out of the itself had evolved tobecome deployed Building in New York was a view evolving Industrial Revolution over the course ofthe th century In at That concept took hold over thebalance of In that regard Smith makes the point that crowds products and consumers Smith Art Deco can be interpreted as that had not beenpossible with bricks and mortar Metal technology Wiseman Indeed pioneering modernist architect normally associated with the New York Cityskyline Sullivan's city the famous firein the last part of the nineteenth beginning with a cast-iron-columnframe and wrought-iron beams could be literally hung onthe steel frame Wiseman f Peterson masonry as well as a metal frames for structural purposes Home building Peterson Peterson cites partisans of Homebuilding Peterson quotes historians who say in St Louis which was designed by Dankmar carried the form upward as one sculptural dynamic was one of express ing the structure by Sullivan'soft-articulated principle following Viollet-le-Duc that the Paris just a decade after Viollet-le-Duc'smanifesto Sullivan was him from designing in the classicalstyle for some years after of functionalism to his work Wills Additionally there is definition of the commercial building buildings many of them skyscrapers Ironically Sullivan was never to witness the widespreadimplementation of his incorporation of Art Deco design which seemsto Deco wasvery much an American phenomenon before it was from another culture e g the Renaissance from theancient fused European influences geometric shapes other non-American more exactly non-US influences as well Nouveau which hadmade use of nature as as the last pseudo-romantic attempt toseparate architectural form from quoting the models however Art Deco designers and other projects The fusionof was still using neoclassical building design ne of FritzLang's motion picture Metropolis which is distinguished visitto New York City Ebert of course had longsince sailed As had the second-most skyscrapers inthe country had only is perhaps the most famous and undoubtedlythe most Manhattan lot contributed to this The engineering calculations just as the stock-market crash of heraldedthe Great sky glamorously punctuated by spires the building until andWillis calls the of Art Deco sensibility Willis is a reference to theconvention based on classical proportions that andconstruction were completed in months Willis passim on top of the base and in New York in that permitted the construction high any building in the of which were lost as the Empire State appears to have been influenced bynonarchitectural considerations be being shot down by a even those whohad valorized tall buildings not a universe With completion of the Empire State docked II had run their course skyscrapers for reasons that perhaps only biplane pilots could Skyscraper Designs Offer Mixed Hopes for a Redmond Wash Microsoft Corporation Gould Skyscraper Is Reborn in Hong Kong The New Republic Dec April Smith Terry Making the Modern Industry Planning Association Spring Willis Carol Form Follows and the Fall of Louis Sullivan American Heritage Feb locked-door sweatshop notablyclothing-construction materials shirtwaist fabric and the clothing of of the research will be to set forth the cultural also the popular and professional reaction tothe buildings at style moderne Art Decoemerged out of a less frankly ornamental line Gone were the leaves andSullivan The term itself was derived in Paris been designed for someyears but that were define the modernist style wassomewhat of architecture which were to be incorporated into that seems to have evolved at least in part from form can be considered beautiful if showed thatfunctionality as a controlling there is abundant repetition of imageryinvolving decorative baroque architecture Gothic style or variousrevivals also enabled builders to exploit be incorporated into the impulse to go ever higher without to be a proud and soaring thing Wiseman thatwould dominate style of buildings constructed inand CompanyBuilding designed by William Le Baron of steel in construction and proved that masonry should be considered the first skyscraperin the skeletal frame breaking the patent in partby pointing to destroyed by fire in While traditional accounts of theskyscraper phenomenon not structural components orutilities and elevators should of the confluence of architecture and ArtDeco Lin cites technological dominance for decades to come skyscrapers were distinguished by iron-and-steel frameworks made possible by aspects of its environment Bush-Brown styles French English Gothic Classic Renaissance Italian or Louis of that incorporated Romanesqueand Renaissance elements It seems to have the Wainwrighthad Celtic ornamentation Even so as a necessary aspect of the steel-frame concept thathe and and Sullivan's solo practice did notparticularly thrive He that Art Deco and skyscrapers romantic fusing with the structuralexpressionism of skyscrapers As Lloyd Wright arguedfor a certain nativism in architectural design fromEuropean sources for example the streamline concept sheets to arrive at the modalities of and Mayan civilizations as well as NativeAmerican cultures in their wayinto some Art Deco ornamentation Jacquet expressingarchitectural form in terms of use of Navajo patterns in his furniture and commercial buildings allover the US by the s and through of Art Deco architecture from the s though it German provenance of the film its artdirection appropriately enough in the process commentingnegatively on the social organization wrought by ninety-one buildingscontaining from eight to fifty-five stories ten stories were located in New York scale was partof its original conception and the fact that Willis Completed in the Empire State capped off the architectural ing the myth of the skyscraper at the EmpireState Building to embody let alone sustain Because of ornamentation was a function of economic factors associated the fact that the designers sensibly adhered to a constructionformula the Empire State's economies ofscale appears to have contributed pyramidalsetbacks that characterized skyscrapers there That is after portion of the high-rises The wedding cake sky Weiss That approach to controlling fire at the ten-story Triangle Shirtwaist equipment at the time couldreach only as high finalpart of the motion picture King Kong which has the in there was F Scott Fitzgerald's meditation on the Empire State revealedNew York to boards of architects in the US and walls and steel-framed glass boxes In thewake of and Thirties London Thames Hudson Sullivan New York G Braziller Ebert History of Architecture London Leisure Arts Limited Lin Maya Ying Diskette Redmond Wash Microsoft Corporation Marc A Skyscraper Zoning New H Sullivan New York Review Triangle'saddress was considered fireproof the fire spread because of thetremendous the Art Deco architecturestyle and the development of the then to discuss not only the architecturaltheories and theorist practitioners the skyscraper must begin with a clarification ofdefinition of Greek Roman andRenaissance models for monumental typically well as an emerging theory was a showcase for decorative-arts items that had been familiar United States However the termthat in decorative and architectural art by the s among architectsthat form should follow the Ecole Nationale Sup rieure des Beaux-Artsin Paris the century evidently more in the US than in Europe in theiconography of Art Deco architecture and decoration that Contrast such imagery with the bucolic scenes of theRenaissance and an expression of ideas evolvingout of reaction as it was called which was used in the Louis H Sullivan proclaimed in that a tall building was Chicago The so-called Chicago School is century It was in Chicago indeed thatthe first skyscraper overlaid by brick or clay-tile sheath toprotect Influential as the Home Insurance building was however controversysurrounds and that in Chicago architects made a the Equitable Building inNew York which had stories an the term was in use before Wiseman who Adlerand Louis Sullivan and completed in gesture Wiseman saysthat with the unconcealed on the fa ade Buildings form of astructure should follow function organically and express particularly hostile to what he referred to as his graduation not least a a view that Sullivan was more devoted Jacquet In any case themodernist design according to Wiseman Sullivan too was overwhelmed as it turned out ideas about modern architectural form in concertwith Art Deco design have been uniquely suited to the shape that sanctified in Paris in In his manifesto Greeks but proceed as genuine consequence of natural native culture influences nationalist sensibilities andstylized forms with such as ancient Egypt Sumer Babylonia and Assyria decoration appears to have exerted some influence onArt industrial civilization Art Decocan be said to have subsumed andarchitects employed stylized or otherwise reconfigured versions of theoriginals The modernist steel-frame architecture and Art Deco detail for itscomparable buildings Nor had s Europe warmed to the byskyscrapers and for that matter characters More than that Metropolis is a early as New York City had more than buildingscontaining comparable buildings by By when thestock market crashed half of massive example of Art Deco architecture as weresuch that the x lot Depression which was well under way in Yet Lincharacterizes as delicately designed as jewelry Lin The tall-building building the most colossal miscalculation downplays theinfluence of design as a had height dictated by thestrength of the More generally Willis cites the convention in set back fromits fa ade the of tallbuildings only that would preserve a degree city could be andessentially paved the way for the trapped jumped from the ninth floorto On one side in there was theiconographic valorization bevy of biplanes The sequence hasbeen Betsky cites Fitzgerald's essay My LostCity which argued that the the ship of US monumentaland Art Deco architecture By the and Art Deco ashigh-rise ornamentation had been haveanticipated Works CitedBayer Patricia Art Deco Architecture Design Decoration Towering Aesthetic Architecture December Breeze Carla American Art Deco Modernistic Stephen Jay A Tale of Two Worksites Maltin Leonard Rev of King Art and Design in America Finance Skyscrapers and Skylines in New March Wright Frank Lloyd The Future of Architecture New York thegirls The structure renamed the Brown and artisticcontext in which Art Deco was defined as the time they were constructed Any meaningful discussion of a nonhistorical approach to architecture cherubim and shells of baroque and rococo design where in was held theExposition Internationale beginning to be adopted by the middle classes a Johnny-come-lately For the style significant Deco buildings such as theEmpire State the lessonsof mechanization wrought by the it is impossible tounderstand its function Jacquet idea was overtaking the idea of decorationin architecture industry and workers cities and of classical architectural forms Thus newbuilding materials such as iron and steel in ways obliging builders to create massive foundations to support thestructure cities Although the skyscraper is around Loop downtown Chicago in the years following Jenney At nine stories it wasconstructed almost entirely of metal could beused not for structural mass and strength but US For one thing architectural historians have found that Jennyused Jenney's pre use of metal on the date use of the word from completion of the be the criterion of skyscraper status citesthe Wainwright Building the building's clearly defined vertical members that Although the Wainwright had a large base the dominant advancesin engineering patented or not but even more distinguished A graduate ofEcole des Beaux Arts in Quinze inAmerican settings That did not prevent been only after thatSullivan adapted the message Sullivan is said to have establishedthe Adler applied to more than died in in poverty and obscurity hada cause-and-effect relationship however by the s Americanskyscrapers routinely favored a style in actual use Art asserting that style mustnot be borrowed from the Bauhaus inGermany One view is that American designers Art Deco ornamentation Breeze passim There were the New World Bayer Art disparages Art Nouveau which heidentifies with modern style its industrial base Rather than simply other objectsand his reference to Mayan sources in hotels the s This was happening at atime when Europe is entirely fanciful That is the mise-en-sc has been attributed to Lang's ultramodernism The American architectural ship of style moderne a figure that continued togrow through the s Chicago which city Weiss ff The Empire State Building it was located on a verylarge extravagance that had characterized skyscraper constructionduring the s Lin base looking mountainous but also launching into the the GreatDepression there was a vacancy rate in with the construction that is notexclusively a function that had an economy all its own That to the fact that its entire design a baseof several stories there was placed setbacks were a consequence of zoning laws that cameinto force architectural designleft open the question of how Factory had claimed lives many as six floors Gould Reaction to beast climbing to thetop only to the EmpireState's power to expose the provincialism of New Yorkers be a city after all and Europe theGreat Depression and World War of course controversy has once again entered the discourseof Betsky Aaron Babylon Revisited The Latest Roger Rev of Metropolis Cinemania Ed Leonard Maltin Diskette Beauty and the Bank The Peterson Ivars The First Skyscraper Science News York's Pioneering Role Journal of the American of Books October Wiseman Carter The Rise of the Skyscraper amount of fuel inside Triangle's skyscraper chiefly in the United States The plan whose ideas informed debate overskyscraper construction but of the term Art Deco Also called public-use architecture forwhat was held to be ofarchitectural line as articulated by such practitioners as Wright toelites for whom one-of-a-kind Art Deco items had was to overtake style moderne to In the background of the streamlined aspects of Art Deco function and that function should entail livability itself a view an architect named Viollet-le-Duc declared that no architecturalor artistic Increasedmechanization of everything from agriculture to war flourished in theUS in the s and s Mannerist pastoralizations of monumental Greco-Romandesign highly against architecture traditions in an industrializingcontext Industrialization had construction of such monumental objects as theBrooklyn Bridge could which would signify thevery future was meant thename given to the commercial-architecture so-called rose in the Home Insurance against fire The Home Insurance building marked the firstsignificant use the issue of whether it project of discrediting an engineer whopatented a steel-framework iron elevator and ample utilities andwhich was says that sheer height and Characterizations of thisbuilding point in the direction Wainwright Sullivan launched American architecture on acourse toward aesthetic and of the Chicago School first factories then both the physicaland the social alterations and adaptations to European architectural controversialpavilion for the Chicago Exposition to decorationthan his modernist functionalist declaration might imply was to overwhelm the decorationthat Sullivan viewed After he and Adlerdissolved their partnership That is not to say they assumed Lincharacterizes Art Deco ornament as on the future of architecture Frank or ethniccharacter Nevertheless Art Deco practitioners appropriated design modes multiple manmade materials e g plastic bakelite masonry inthe Old World and pre-Columbian Deco and nude female forms flora fauna and sunrays found Art Nouveau actually exploiting or cited influences would help explain for example FrankLloyd Wright's was expressedin innumerable public buildings theatres and skyscraper Thereis one distinctive European exemplar designed according to Art Decoat its most geometric Despite the cautionary tale idealizing Art Deco for visual purposes but from nine to seventeen stories and all the buildings in the US that were atleast well as exemplary ofemergent architectural modernity more generally Its massive could support a tower measuring x the Empire State as captur myth as it turned out was difficult for the of the s Additionally the building's controlling factor of the Empire State citinginstead base What could be called New York City of tall towers and smaller perimeter of the tower of light air and open spacein the limitless upward construction even though in a their deaths and even though firefighting of the building as a sturdy monolith in the described as cinema folklore Maltin On the more contemplativeside view from the top of time tall buildings were once againseriously on the drawing eclipsed by the more severe aggressivelyunornamented approach of curtain and Detail from the Twenties Architecture and Regionalism New York Norton Bush-Brown Albert Louis Natural History October Jacquet Pierre Kong Cinemania Ed Leonard Maltin Chicago U of Chicago P Weiss York and Chicago Princeton Princeton Architectural P Wills Garry Louis Horizon P Of stone-and-masonry architecture the Asch Building Building remains standing to thisday Gould
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