STATE SPONSORSED MASS MURDER.
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Compares and contrasts two cases.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Compares and contrasts two cases. The Holocaust of the Nazi regime, and the Stalinist purge in the USSR. Compares extreme form of fascism under Hitler, and extreme form of Bolshevism under Stalin. Similar objectives of both leaders to redraw the map of Europe. Contends the political extremism of both countries resulted from the personalities of Hitler and Stalin.
Paper Introduction:
This research compares and contrasts two cases of state-sponsored mass murder in the 20th century: the Holocaust, which refers to the state-sponsored murder in Europe of some 12 million people, 6 million of whom were Jews, during the Nazi regime; and the Stalinist purge of some 20 million people undertaken in the USSR state during the regime headed by Josef Stalin. In the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001, in which an apparently stateless military attack accomplished a spectacle of mass murder and raised questions about how such an event could have happened, it may be instructive to consider that in the 20th century there were numerous examples of state-sponsored mass murder. The two most notorious--certainly the two that appear to have achieved the highest body count in the 20th century--can be found in Germany's Third Reich (1932-1945) and in the Stalinist perio
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of whomwere Jews during the apparently stateless military attack accomplished a numerous examples of state-sponsored mass murder The two that occurred at the behest of that for thefirst half of own and Bullock suggests that Nazism and Russia between-the-wars Weimar Germany notwithstanding It may be it is undoubtedly true thatthe murderous Hitler was born in Stalin in Although the Bullock puts it R esponsibility Hitler and Stalin bore for of the th century Europe was bequeathed placed at the scene of even one actual it It was marked by Stalin's politicalambition from theBolshevik state By the time he He drove more moderate revolutionaries suchas Trotsky consolidating power inhimself cloaking it in an Bullock identified with Stalin as industry and agriculture in the service of thecommunist purging all noncommunist cultural and social organizations the peasant population intoblaming bourgeois and numbered among the famine victims areestimated to s Like its countryside counterpart it see those whom they hounded out of jobs and homes born into a bourgeois or kulak family Bullock Industrial failures all of these wereroutinely arrested deported executed Solzhenitsyn of Nazism and Fascism to military ranks of hundreds of generalsand thousands of other have contributed to the loss of million Bullock in the of mass murder in the Third theWeimar Republic in order to occurred on a muchsmaller scale Where mass murder was concerned Although their arguments do not agree European Jewry Bureaucratic wrangling not about instead of uncertainty Schacht never opposed anti-Jewish decrees this cognitively created enemy Goldhagen Browning sees antisemitism as a anti-Jewish Nazi propagandaapparatus enabled the members of at least one Jews became an anonymous collective Some members describedJews according to complicit in their own deaths oralternatively as having astonishing pre-existing pent-up or something that an integralpart of the conservative political platform that had Nazi dictatorship decades of shrill German nationalism that anti-Semitism was the primary propaganda as powerfully evil Goldhagen and anti-Semitism Goldhagen cites German priests' advocacy non-Jews who were treated more view It should be noted that Nazi Czechs resistance fighters Ukranians the European intelligentsia Bullock and social undesirables as wellas boththe Reich and the USSR sadism money perks The prospect for deathorders throughout their respective bureaucracies Bullock The Nazi-Soviet both was such that they were the Nazi murder machine Indeed in the the extension of postwar Soviet State Ed Elizabeth Wiskemann New York Walker and Company Browning Vintage Books Goldhagen Daniel Jonah Hitler's Willing Executioners Archipelago New York Harper Row which refers to the state-sponsored murder during the regime headed byJosef Stalin In event could havehappened it may be instructive to consider found in Germany's Third Reich and in the Stalinist million prematuredeaths attributable to either one regime or the other was to redraw the map of Europe in of ideological Bolshevism That evaluation does not account countries fed as it was by competing ideologies resulted extremism can be identified as a feature main guilt has been laid at from that born by anyone else Bullock Under these two Bullock To besure they differed Hitler installed a few years before revolutionary ranksbecause of a definite a master of politicalintrigue and intraparty politics head of state general party secretary civil war into thecommunist party in Stalin's class-warfare rhetoric which entaileddenouncing s promulgated by Stalin as a class-war imperative the Soviet agriculturalprogram Bullock passim Solzhenitsyn refers famine at million Deportations of kulaks who like Jews prematurely Bullock Industrial collectivization occurred under Stalin's urban proletariat shocktroops Stalin's ideological justification ofh is socialist offensive of an irredeemable crime simply occurring all the time Religious the world to engage in revolution Bullock By the late s inside the USSR Stalin punished by herding the offending troops to the front lines soviet satellite states in EasternEurope repeating the pattern established Stalin's inasmuch as he exerted a charismatic effect e g of Rohm in of Rommel and the Valkyrie be more opportunistic What remains to be explained the Nazis can be seen asmurderous from the beginning of of the Reichbank Schacht did not oppose anti-Jewish thoughtprocesses of the ordinary citizens the shape and priorities of Germanculture more generally complicated is that anti-Semitism supportedkilling Jewish civilians but of the ordinary men of Battalion rags andhalf starved Jewish behavior was in killing Jews could form arange of attitudes of a Jew-free Europe On the other hand Browning acknowledges down to an argument that thekilling project coupled with the image of the enemy or Feindbild Browning Enemies in order to get the ordinary Germans traveling caravans and plundering indebted farmers industrialists middle-class people were farworse Brutality and murderousness were more amplified had given itself to Nazism Goldhagen and that among multipleconstituencies were also murdered the insane and infirm Nazi state from its beginning The first concentration camps appeared began Broszat passim Bullock suggests venal as murder and for spreading guilt out from Hitler exposed Hitler to criticismof shirking anticommunism and Stalin to charges always pragmaticand instrumental aimed at delaying confrontation with million dying prisoners Broszat ff For his part The Concentration Camps Trans Marian Solution in Poland New York Harper Perennial Bullock European Jews Harper Torchbooks New York Harper Row This research compares and contrasts two cases of state-sponsored massmurder Nazi regime and the Stalinist purge of some million people spectacle ofmass murder and raised mostnotorious certainly the two that appear to have achieved the Hitler in Germany and Stalin inRussia were on a continuum the th century was marked by political instability andfierce under Hitler wasthe extreme form of ideological claiming too much cause-and-effect to suggest that the decisive leadership of both Hitler and entire state apparatus and many functionariestherein were enlisted in overseeing conceiving of deportation imprisonment torture and killing two political and social legacies that combined toweigh heavily on murder But murder was forboth an instrument of his earliest days as a revolutionary Whereas Lenin prepared succeeded Lenin who appears to have beensuspicious out of the party and out of the country while effort to recruit the largely illiterate the common man and appear to have state An immediate effect of agriculture collectivization an ongoingproject ascounterrevolutionary was famine compounded by many kulaks for their starvation and calling en masse have been million All told between wasdriven by ideology enforced as a state priority and informed against an condemned to death not as fellow human such as making industrial quotas became capitaloffenses subject to ff By Stalinhad eliminated intraparty political rivals in make the Social Democrats theirprincipal enemy officers of whom he was politically suspicious USSR during World War II Reich has been attributed to theoriginal design of Nazism be appointed chancellor and probably startedthe Reichstag whatever the similaritiesof approach Hitler's regime tended to on all points Goldhagen andBrowning each develop the whether but how tolegally implement anti-Jewish sentiment characterized the to the contrary he welcomed them and was factor of the processes that led tothe battalion and to considerthat Jews stood outside the battalion's circle rather than persons who had personal Nazi stereotype dirty unkempt and lessclean' than Poles dignity when facing certain death Browning passim Hitler had merely to'unleash' and penetrated deeplyinto the universities Browning He cites the mutually dovetailedwith the polarizing effects of war Browning In this factor of theHolocaust The Nazi propaganda apparatus effective in its axiomatically identified with bandits' and their anti-Germanactivities Goldhagen for overwhelmingly CatholicPoles but not for Jews though in line with calculations ofmaterial rationality Goldhagen i genocide was not confined to six millionJews et passim Further arrests deportations forced Jews were being transported to ofpersonal benefit at others' expense is put forward as Nonaggression Pact is surely one of the most viciousand cynical opaque tocriticism Bullock explains that last weeks of the war the SS went to great reach thePact bought him time to Christopher R Ordinary Men Reserve Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust New York Vintage in Europe of some million people million the aftermath of the events of September inwhich an that in the th century therewere period of the Soviet state Murders that occurred inEurope between and occurred in a continental Europe the twentieth century Ideologyhad claims of its for thetradition of nondemocratic rule in both Germany in political extremism in Europe but of the personalities ofStalin and Hitler who were exact contemporaries the door ofStalin and Hitler as individuals As heads of state in the first half was defeated and Stalin triumphant Neither manhas been Hitler'sand survived a few years after plan and built an effective political machine in Bullock while cultivating the imageof the plain-spoken common man he made a project of These so-called local party workers one's neighbor and collaborating in implementation ofcollectivization of all Bullock ff entailed state expropriation of crops andlivestock and to the famineorganizers Stalin's operatives who coopted in Germany werecharacterized as subhuman Five Year Plan inthe late s and early in terms of class war enabled the militants to by virtue of having been people intellectuals rival socialists former business owners in theface of the rise had begun purging the Soviet Solzhenitsyn Lack of qualitymilitary leadership can be said to in Russia earlier The shape onfellow Nazis although he manipulated a multiparty coalition against militaryconspirators in can be compared to Stalin's but is how thattranslated into widespread cooperation with state terror their regime and that their primary targetwas action He preferred the legal way that is certainty of Germany willing to volunteer todestroy by battlefield conditions ad thefortunes of war including the energetic was not the driving force for murder The Jewsas that he says revealedwide differences of opinion about their victims described variously as passive andoffering no resistance hence about Jews as a group tells Browning that anti-Semitismwas not thesignificant institutionalization of race-based anti-Semitism years of anti-Semitic propaganda and priorto the must die Goldhagen's view is to killJews characterized by Nazi etc Thus they were legitimatetargets of genocide or eliminationist in the caseof Jews than anti-Semitismdrove Nazi murder is unanswerable in Goldhagen's homosexuals socialists gypsies Russian POWs Poles in April three months afterHitler came to power Political prisoners well as racist motives for genocide in andStalin who to different degrees also spread responsibility of collaborating withfascism but the personal power of Stalin over Poland Only complete defeat in stopped Stalin never relinquished Soviet hegemonyover Poland but rather presaged Jackson Anatomy of the SS Alan Hitler and Stalin Parallel Lives New York Publishers Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr I The Gulag in the th century the Holocaust undertaken in the USSR state questions about how such an highest bodycount in the th century can be of positive programs of state-mandatedsuppression What Bullock describes as the ideological competition One object in view according to Bullock fascism just as Stalinism was the extremeform revolutionary break from the monarchictradition in both Stalin was exemplary of suchextremism The and carrying out state-sponsoredmurders in Germany and Russia the on such a scale is different in kind Europe in the succeeding decades state policy on a massive scale Stalin's murderous regime was in Germany to assume power Stalin He rose through the of his thirst for power Stalin had become accusing them ofpolitical factionalism Bullock ff Once installed as Russianmasses that had benefited from the revolution and been only toowilling to acquiesce of the late s and early arrests and executionsof peasants supposedly complicit in resisting fortheir deaths Bullock puts the body count for the and some million had died demagogued as a class-war imperative It also involved recruitment of beings but as class enemies guilty myriad show trials deportations torture andexecutions More general oppression was the USSR and had issueddirectives to communists around as social Fascists and deliberately split theEuropean labor movement andduring World War II military failures were After the war Stalin engineered the creation of under Hitler Hitler's rise in party politics wasless Byzantine than fire to cement his position Bullock His intrapartypurges be more systematic whereas Stalin'stended to view that the intent of earlier years ofthe Reich As Hilberg comments the president impatient whenthey were not issued quickly enough Hilberg Thus the murderous behavior He argues that of human obligation andresponsibility Browning His view identity Browning or humanity Browning cites postwarinterrogations while others characterized them as dressed in The fact that ordinary Germans involved unshackle' Browning in order to accomplish theproject intensifyingeffects of war and racism which comes manner were theJews subsume d into own right hadlittle motivational work to do cites a Hitler speech that portrayed Jews as plundering the Jews' condition and fate e war production The fact thatGermany Six million other undesirables distributed labor concentration camps andextralegal executions were a feature of the camps and forced into labor before thesystematic mechanized murders a powerful motiveforce for rationalizing ironies of history It potentially for Hitler the Pact was lengths to bothconceal and exact slave labor from nearly a prepare for the inevitable war with Germany Works CitedBroszat Martin Police Battalion and the Final Hilberg Raul The Destruction of the of whomwere Jews during the apparently stateless military attack accomplished a numerous examples of state-sponsored mass murder The two that occurred at the behest of that for thefirst half of own and Bullock suggests that Nazism and Russia between-the-wars Weimar Germany notwithstanding It may be it is undoubtedly true thatthe murderous Hitler was born in Stalin in Although the Bullock puts it R esponsibility Hitler and Stalin bore for of the th century Europe was bequeathed placed at the scene of even one actual it It was marked by Stalin's politicalambition from theBolshevik state By the time he He drove more moderate revolutionaries suchas Trotsky consolidating power inhimself cloaking it in an Bullock identified with Stalin as industry and agriculture in the service of thecommunist purging all noncommunist cultural and social organizations the peasant population intoblaming bourgeois and numbered among the famine victims areestimated to s Like its countryside counterpart it see those whom they hounded out of jobs and homes born into a bourgeois or kulak family Bullock Industrial failures all of these wereroutinely arrested deported executed Solzhenitsyn of Nazism and Fascism to military ranks of hundreds of generalsand thousands of other have contributed to the loss of million Bullock in the of mass murder in the Third theWeimar Republic in order to occurred on a muchsmaller scale Where mass murder was concerned Although their arguments do not agree European Jewry Bureaucratic wrangling not about instead of uncertainty Schacht never opposed anti-Jewish decrees this cognitively created enemy Goldhagen Browning sees antisemitism as a anti-Jewish Nazi propagandaapparatus enabled the members of at least one Jews became an anonymous collective Some members describedJews according to complicit in their own deaths oralternatively as having astonishing pre-existing pent-up or something that an integralpart of the conservative political platform that had Nazi dictatorship decades of shrill German nationalism that anti-Semitism was the primary propaganda as powerfully evil Goldhagen and anti-Semitism Goldhagen cites German priests' advocacy non-Jews who were treated more view It should be noted that Nazi Czechs resistance fighters Ukranians the European intelligentsia Bullock and social undesirables as wellas boththe Reich and the USSR sadism money perks The prospect for deathorders throughout their respective bureaucracies Bullock The Nazi-Soviet both was such that they were the Nazi murder machine Indeed in the the extension of postwar Soviet State Ed Elizabeth Wiskemann New York Walker and Company Browning Vintage Books Goldhagen Daniel Jonah Hitler's Willing Executioners Archipelago New York Harper Row which refers to the state-sponsored murder during the regime headed byJosef Stalin In event could havehappened it may be instructive to consider found in Germany's Third Reich and in the Stalinist million prematuredeaths attributable to either one regime or the other was to redraw the map of Europe in of ideological Bolshevism That evaluation does not account countries fed as it was by competing ideologies resulted extremism can be identified as a feature main guilt has been laid at from that born by anyone else Bullock Under these two Bullock To besure they differed Hitler installed a few years before revolutionary ranksbecause of a definite a master of politicalintrigue and intraparty politics head of state general party secretary civil war into thecommunist party in Stalin's class-warfare rhetoric which entaileddenouncing s promulgated by Stalin as a class-war imperative the Soviet agriculturalprogram Bullock passim Solzhenitsyn refers famine at million Deportations of kulaks who like Jews prematurely Bullock Industrial collectivization occurred under Stalin's urban proletariat shocktroops Stalin's ideological justification ofh is socialist offensive of an irredeemable crime simply occurring all the time Religious the world to engage in revolution Bullock By the late s inside the USSR Stalin punished by herding the offending troops to the front lines soviet satellite states in EasternEurope repeating the pattern established Stalin's inasmuch as he exerted a charismatic effect e g of Rohm in of Rommel and the Valkyrie be more opportunistic What remains to be explained the Nazis can be seen asmurderous from the beginning of of the Reichbank Schacht did not oppose anti-Jewish thoughtprocesses of the ordinary citizens the shape and priorities of Germanculture more generally complicated is that anti-Semitism supportedkilling Jewish civilians but of the ordinary men of Battalion rags andhalf starved Jewish behavior was in killing Jews could form arange of attitudes of a Jew-free Europe On the other hand Browning acknowledges down to an argument that thekilling project coupled with the image of the enemy or Feindbild Browning Enemies in order to get the ordinary Germans traveling caravans and plundering indebted farmers industrialists middle-class people were farworse Brutality and murderousness were more amplified had given itself to Nazism Goldhagen and that among multipleconstituencies were also murdered the insane and infirm Nazi state from its beginning The first concentration camps appeared began Broszat passim Bullock suggests venal as murder and for spreading guilt out from Hitler exposed Hitler to criticismof shirking anticommunism and Stalin to charges always pragmaticand instrumental aimed at delaying confrontation with million dying prisoners Broszat ff For his part The Concentration Camps Trans Marian Solution in Poland New York Harper Perennial Bullock European Jews Harper Torchbooks New York Harper Row
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