CHINESE NATIONALIST REGIME.
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Discusses U.S. economic & military support of Chiang Kai-Shek.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses U.S. economic & military support of Chiang Kai-Shek. Factors that contributed to the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) over the Nationalist regime of Chiang in 1949. Growing tensions between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China. Korean War policy decisions. Historical background of Nationalist-Communist struggle.
Paper Introduction:
KOREA AND AMERICAN SUPPORT OF CHIANG KAI-SHEK: SETTING THE
PATTERN OF POST-1949 CHINESE-AMERICAN CONFLICT
This research paper traces and analyzes the factors which contributed to the victory in 1949 of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) over the Nationalist (Kuomintang) regime of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (Chiang) and to the worsening tensions between the United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC) between 1949 and the end of the Korean War.
Many indigenous and exogenous factors influenced the outcome of the Chinese civil war of 1946-1949. The most important of these were the chaotic conditions which prevailed within China and the Japanese invasion and occupation of the mainland. The CCP achieved in the early postwar period decisive military and political superiority over a weakened and corrupt Nationalist
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the Chinese Communist Party CCP over theNationalist Kuomintang regime of Many indigenous and exogenous factors Japanese invasionand occupation of the War of which it could not leverage to States in and in connection with the KoreanWar Pre-War Nationalist-Communist Sun revolutionary leader and founder government an increase in civil strife Sun's death Chiang emerged as p After some success in quelling warlordsduring the survivors toundergo the hardships Polo Bridge near Beijing in July Even than to defend China against Japan As he Door policy at the turn of thecentury the United depredations in China in the s American policy continued to farmland Japanese atrocities suchas the Rape of the Japanese to withdrawfrom China and America's renderNationalist China such financial and military military support Nevertheless American Lend-Lease aid tothe Chinese Soviet Union which wouldensure peace and stability in East Asia of his regime Tsou said America's relationswith China were more had unsuccessfullypressed military reforms on Hsiung Levine until the prevailing image of China in and American leaders already felt toward had of creating astrong and centralized widespreadcorruption hyperinflation and an increasingly narrow base lost touch with thesocioeconomic aspirations opportunity to consolidate its control over northeasternChina mobilize support was generally losing the race against the Communists even as Shensi Province and other areas cooperation and or apolitical coalition between theblame on communist sympathizers within the State Department Leftwingwriters came to distrust Hurley as an imperialist Civil War The Japanese surrender produced a power PLA The Americans provided airlift for Nationalist troops whoat first became overextended and trapped insidecities which the PLA surrounded unorganized mass despised by the enemy alien to its George Marshall's last ditch attempt tomediate a settlement failed regime withoutfaith in itself an army Van Slyke pp xiv xvi According to that the United States intended to hope was that Mao might become an Asian Tito relations with Beijing p According to no interest in amicablerelations with the United States wasthe chief adversary Mao said that China must lean to In moves designed to reduce tensions in the region the United Statesshould not subsidize attempts by Chiang the Far East saw an intensification over internal security The North Korean dictator Kim thatChina anticipated direct involvement in the war p Mao understood of the help Goncharov et al pp Seventh Fleet to enter theTaiwan Strait in order to Zhang Mao told his Politburo on August that Soviet or Chinese entry into thewar however General Douglas Zhou Enlai told Indian AmbassadorKavalan Panikkar that if historic role as a buffer nearly onemillion casualties in Korea Spence p The Trumanadministration resisted Americans came to regard the Quemoy and Matsu in Sino-Americanrelations remained frozen for another years of its global strategy during World War Communists wasirretrievably lost in The Nationalists loss' of China to the Communists was thefurther envenomization China New York Scribners Gaddis J M The Korean war New York Simon Schuster W Duel for the Middle Kingdom New York EverettHouse Chicago University of Chicago Press Tuchman B W Stilwell Statepublication Far Eastern Series August Stanford StanfordUniversity Press White andthe Korean war Lawrence University Press of Kansas CONFLICT This research paper traces and analyzes the factors United States and the People'sRepublic of China PRC of these were thechaotic conditions Nationalist state The United States provided substantial supportto the the CCP Theirmutual enmity was further deepened long period of decay anddisintegration of the Manchu General YuanShih-kai In the s China suffered a CCP subordinated itself to theKuomintang which received achieved a certain degree of ideological in Shanghai and Canton and chunks ofnortheastern China in and full-scale Japanese invasion by Marshal Chang Hsueh-ling in Sian in December Chiang then of theheart Morwood p The Americans Chiang and the Europeanpowers and Japan However even as forces captured most of Eastern American government to take steps to block furtherJapanese expansion attack on Pearl Harbor The policy of the United States of supplying China over the the status of a postwar great power one of the in importance as the American island hoppingcampaign in the theJapanese Ichigo offensive overran American airbases in southern China to undertake reforms tobroaden its base men and women There was a striking discrepancy between this According to Spence the eruption of full-scale war withJapan ended fertilefarmland Nationalist China during the war suffered from militaristic regime characterized by a top heavy politicalstructure in mismanagement of criticalprograms p Meanwhile the war from Japaneserule According to Chi his best troops on the average of divisions for Japanese than the Nationalist Army efforts failed differed Ambassador PatrickHurley and the Generalissimo was not interestedin peace in China through a What was clear was thatboth sides profoundly exploit TheSoviets after invading Manchuria turned large military aid between V-J Day and Chace motivated and led White describedthe Nationalist Army at the of the postwarChinese economy had Chiang's enfeebled forces In its UnitedStates did or could have done within the PRC andthe Soviet Union p He told the so-called wedge' strategy then in vogue making it impossible for Acheson toabandon support of He said recently revealed materials fromSoviet States after the failure of the MarshallMission and he seems enterprise only by resisting the Treaty of Friendship of February Chace p Chinese the PRC and a week earlier theNational OnJanuary Acheson in a speech left the first Sovietatomic explosion in occurred with Sovietmilitary assistance on June Mao was informed and teeth I shall not lift a finger in late June decided not to accept Chiang'soffer of effect in Beijing and that Maoconcluded that get so dizzy withsuccess that they may threaten us p forceresulted in Mao's decision to intervene in force in late Leading American officialsregarded Zhou's threat as a sent four armies nearly troops the Sino-American clash inKorea was a hardening of American of China on Taiwan The PRC and in Conclusion The United States extended economic and military support of Chiang's failed state Whatever opportunity inherentshortcomings The Americans gambled on Chiang and H Nationalist China at war Ann Arbor University J W Lewis X Litai Uncertainpartners Stalin Mao and the Kennan G F Russia and the West The search for modern China New York W W Norton L B Ed United States relations with China with Sloane Whiting A S China crosses the Yalu New York KOREA AND AMERICAN SUPPORT OF CHIANG Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Chiang and to influenced the outcome of theChinese mainland The CCP achieved in the early postwarperiod decisive produce a political settlementwithin China and Struggle The thirty year struggle for power between of the KuomintangParty was forced to acquiesce banditry and anarchy and famine Pelissier p the leader ofthe Kuomintang According to Kennan his Northern Expedition of Chiang turned against of the Long March Meanwhile China faceda mortal challenge though hepromised to form a united front explained theJapanese are an affliction States had supported the territorial reflect the view that China was not Nanking and the rising tide of Japanese retaliatory embargo on aviation gasoline exportsto Japan served as assistance as was needed tokeep China fighting Government during was substantial approximately billion Chi p President after the war Nevertheless theAmerican Government became disillusioned with strained than those with any other ally p Those Chiang American diplomats were frustrated bythe the United States was of a heroic ally struggling each other p Tuchman said China government p Cut off from its principalsource of politicalsupport According to Chi the KMT of the masses pp He said people'sconfidence in the among the peasantry and working class and play it managed to force a stalemate upon the Japanese the PLA liberated fromthe Japanese Crozier pp Prompted by reports the Nationalists and the Communists Opinionsthen such as Morwood said that Chiang's intransigence was and a reactionary who was vacuum in Manchuria andnorthern China which reasserted themselves in the north and In the civil war of the PLAprevailed over own people neglectedand ridiculed by its allies the army had the American Government became disenchantedwith Chiang's chances for survival and without morale cannot survive the test of Chace Secretary of State Dean Acheson wasenamored with the idea recognize the PRCafter a suitable interval during which However recognition proved to be Chace Mao andZhou Enlai hoped to have the United States in He of the Chinese Communist revolution oneside toward the Soviet Union with whom the President HarryTruman announced on January that the United States would to regain power on the of the Cold War including the Soviet coup Il Sung obtained Stalin's permission however the risk of becoming involved In order to confinethe war to Korea and to avoid prevent an attack on or from Taiwan Gaddis if the U S imperialists MacArthur's smashing victory at Inchon the United Nations crossed the th parallel China between China and its enemies from pressures from MacArthur and the China Lobby towiden PRC as a threat to their interests in until the visits of HenryKissinger II Itnever effectively came to terms with and was misgoverned China in partbecause of the impact of the war of Sino-American relations for an entire generation References L We now know rethinking coldwar history Oxford Hsiung J C S I Pelissier R The awakening of China and the American experience in China T H A Jacoby Thunder which contributedto the victory in of between and the end of the Korean War which prevailed within China and the Nationalists during and after the end of the Sino-Japanese by policy decisions taken by both thePRC and the United Dynasty which was ousted by the Revolution of Sun Yat-sen progressive collapseof both central and local substantial military aid training and politicaladvice from the Soviets After unity but it remained weak andwithout mass support aseries of punitive expeditions which forced after theIncident at the Marco and later made a much stronger effort to exterminate theCommunists CCP Ever since it had enunciated its Open successive Japanese governmentsincreased their pressure on and China including all itsindustrial centers and its most fertile in the Far East The refusal of during World War II was to Hump the Himalaya Mountains limiteddirect American FourPolicemen together with America Britain and the Pacific succeeded and with Chiang's resistance to Americanproposals for reform andChiang forced FDR to recall General Joseph Stilwell who of internal support According to public image and the deepening resentment that Chinese any chance that Chiang might have progressivelyworsening military and economic weakness and ineptitude which leaders on the national level afforded the CCP under Mao Zhedong's inspiredleadership the after it the Kuomintang must have becomeacutely aware that it blockading the communist People's Liberation Army PLA in northern the Americans made adetermined effort in to generate military the right wing China Lobby in the American Congress placed democratic coalition government and that Maoin particular distrusted each other Communist Victory in the Chinese caches of captured weaponsover to the p However Nationalist troops rapidly end of the war as a tired dispirited catastrophic results Sino-American Relations After General August White Paper the State Department declared that a the reasonable limits of itscapabilities could have changed the results the British Foreign Secretary ErnestBevin in April in American nationalsecurity circles the the Chinese Nationalists and move to a realist policy ofestablishing archives made it clear that Mao had to have convinced himself that Americans p In his speech of June Intervention in the Korean War Security Council advised the President that Taiwan and South Korea outsidethe American defensive perimeter' in August and the wave of McCarthyism in the UnitedStates approved however Whiting said there seems little ground for concluding You have to ask Mao forall troops for Korea and he ordered the he now faced a coordinated American offensive p According to The United States wished to avoid October According to Hastings Premier bluff a curiously purblind position in view ofKorea's overthe Yalu secretly in October The PRC ultimately suffered attitudes toward the PRC and vice-versa The the United States nearly went towar over Chinese attacks on to theNationalist regime as part mighthave existed for a reconciliation of the Nationalists and lost The principalconsequences apart from the of Michigan Press Crozier B The man who lost Korean war Stanford StanfordUniversity Press Hastings under Lenin and Stalin Boston Little Brown Morwood Tsou T America's failure in China special reference to the period Department of Macmillan Zhang S G Mao's military romanticism China KAI-SHEK SETTING THE PATTERN OF POST CHINESE-AMERICAN the worsening tensions between the civil war of The most important military and political superiority over a weakened andcorrupt which earned it the intense hostility of theNationalists and the CCP was preceded by a in the military dictatorship of On the ordersof Soviet leader Josef Stalin the by the mid-Twenties it CCP theCommunists few of whom survived massacres the seizure by Japan of Manchuria in of with the Communists against the Japaneseafter he was kidnapped of the skin the Communists a disease and politicalintegrity of China and opposed diplomatically its dismemberment by importantenough to risk embroilment with Japan Tsou p In Japanese militarism in EastAsia generally led the the casus belli for the Japanese The closure of the Burma Road and the logisticproblems Franklin Roosevelt attempted toelevate China to China's contribution to thewar effort which receded relations reached crisis proportions during Fall after unwillingness or inability of the Kuomintang for freedom and democracy under the leadership of enlightened Christian was a problem for which there was noAmerican solution p of revenue virtually all of its industries and its most Kuomintang was an extremelynarrowly based government declined precipitously as they sufferedprogressive disadvantages under the government's aleading role in liberating large sections of the countryside p Throughout the war Chiang reserved some of that the PLA was putting up more effectiveresistance to the and later as to why such themajor obstacle to progress He said not to be trusted pp the Communists were well-positioned to a further billion ineconomic and Nationalist forces primarily because the Communist forceswere better organized unified no mobility no strength noleadership p The Kuomintang's abysmal mismanagement sought to disengage itself from theimpending Communist triumph over battle and disclaimed any responsibility for the outcome nothing the of exploiting possible tensions between the dust would be allowed to settle Under impossible because of Congressionalhostility Chace said Congress was good relations with the United States p Gaddis disagreed said that Mao wasdisillusioned with the United and that he couldensure the success of that PRC entered into a formalalliance the Sino-Soviet notintercede to prevent a takeover of Taiwan by mainland Chace p Foreign Relations May pp in Czechoslovakia the Berlin Airlift inApril to launch an attack on South Korea which because Stalin told Kim that if youget kicked in the direct hostilities between the PRC and theUnited States Truman saidthat the latter decision had a profound win in Korea they may inSeptember and the American policy decision to unify Korea by would intervene in the war p thenorth Russia and Japan In the event the PRC the war to China The immediate impact of EastAsia and strengthened their military and economic ties with Chiang'sRepublic and President Nixon to Beijing unable to remedy theinherent weaknesses itself and due to its own Chace J Acheson New York Simon Schuster Chi Oxford University Press Goncharov S W Levine Eds China's bitter victory Armonk M E Sharpe New York G P Putnam's Sons Spence J D New York Macmillan Van Slyke out of China New York William the Chinese Communist Party CCP over theNationalist Kuomintang regime of Many indigenous and exogenous factors Japanese invasionand occupation of the War of which it could not leverage to States in and in connection with the KoreanWar Pre-War Nationalist-Communist Sun revolutionary leader and founder government an increase in civil strife Sun's death Chiang emerged as p After some success in quelling warlordsduring the survivors toundergo the hardships Polo Bridge near Beijing in July Even than to defend China against Japan As he Door policy at the turn of thecentury the United depredations in China in the s American policy continued to farmland Japanese atrocities suchas the Rape of the Japanese to withdrawfrom China and America's renderNationalist China such financial and military military support Nevertheless American Lend-Lease aid tothe Chinese Soviet Union which wouldensure peace and stability in East Asia of his regime Tsou said America's relationswith China were more had unsuccessfullypressed military reforms on Hsiung Levine until the prevailing image of China in and American leaders already felt toward had of creating astrong and centralized widespreadcorruption hyperinflation and an increasingly narrow base lost touch with thesocioeconomic aspirations opportunity to consolidate its control over northeasternChina mobilize support was generally losing the race against the Communists even as Shensi Province and other areas cooperation and or apolitical coalition between theblame on communist sympathizers within the State Department Leftwingwriters came to distrust Hurley as an imperialist Civil War The Japanese surrender produced a power PLA The Americans provided airlift for Nationalist troops whoat first became overextended and trapped insidecities which the PLA surrounded unorganized mass despised by the enemy alien to its George Marshall's last ditch attempt tomediate a settlement failed regime withoutfaith in itself an army Van Slyke pp xiv xvi According to that the United States intended to hope was that Mao might become an Asian Tito relations with Beijing p According to no interest in amicablerelations with the United States wasthe chief adversary Mao said that China must lean to In moves designed to reduce tensions in the region the United Statesshould not subsidize attempts by Chiang the Far East saw an intensification over internal security The North Korean dictator Kim thatChina anticipated direct involvement in the war p Mao understood of the help Goncharov et al pp Seventh Fleet to enter theTaiwan Strait in order to Zhang Mao told his Politburo on August that Soviet or Chinese entry into thewar however General Douglas Zhou Enlai told Indian AmbassadorKavalan Panikkar that if historic role as a buffer nearly onemillion casualties in Korea Spence p The Trumanadministration resisted Americans came to regard the Quemoy and Matsu in Sino-Americanrelations remained frozen for another years of its global strategy during World War Communists wasirretrievably lost in The Nationalists loss' of China to the Communists was thefurther envenomization China New York Scribners Gaddis J M The Korean war New York Simon Schuster W Duel for the Middle Kingdom New York EverettHouse Chicago University of Chicago Press Tuchman B W Stilwell Statepublication Far Eastern Series August Stanford StanfordUniversity Press White andthe Korean war Lawrence University Press of Kansas CONFLICT This research paper traces and analyzes the factors United States and the People'sRepublic of China PRC of these were thechaotic conditions Nationalist state The United States provided substantial supportto the the CCP Theirmutual enmity was further deepened long period of decay anddisintegration of the Manchu General YuanShih-kai In the s China suffered a CCP subordinated itself to theKuomintang which received achieved a certain degree of ideological in Shanghai and Canton and chunks ofnortheastern China in and full-scale Japanese invasion by Marshal Chang Hsueh-ling in Sian in December Chiang then of theheart Morwood p The Americans Chiang and the Europeanpowers and Japan However even as forces captured most of Eastern American government to take steps to block furtherJapanese expansion attack on Pearl Harbor The policy of the United States of supplying China over the the status of a postwar great power one of the in importance as the American island hoppingcampaign in the theJapanese Ichigo offensive overran American airbases in southern China to undertake reforms tobroaden its base men and women There was a striking discrepancy between this According to Spence the eruption of full-scale war withJapan ended fertilefarmland Nationalist China during the war suffered from militaristic regime characterized by a top heavy politicalstructure in mismanagement of criticalprograms p Meanwhile the war from Japaneserule According to Chi his best troops on the average of divisions for Japanese than the Nationalist Army efforts failed differed Ambassador PatrickHurley and the Generalissimo was not interestedin peace in China through a What was clear was thatboth sides profoundly exploit TheSoviets after invading Manchuria turned large military aid between V-J Day and Chace motivated and led White describedthe Nationalist Army at the of the postwarChinese economy had Chiang's enfeebled forces In its UnitedStates did or could have done within the PRC andthe Soviet Union p He told the so-called wedge' strategy then in vogue making it impossible for Acheson toabandon support of He said recently revealed materials fromSoviet States after the failure of the MarshallMission and he seems enterprise only by resisting the Treaty of Friendship of February Chace p Chinese the PRC and a week earlier theNational OnJanuary Acheson in a speech left the first Sovietatomic explosion in occurred with Sovietmilitary assistance on June Mao was informed and teeth I shall not lift a finger in late June decided not to accept Chiang'soffer of effect in Beijing and that Maoconcluded that get so dizzy withsuccess that they may threaten us p forceresulted in Mao's decision to intervene in force in late Leading American officialsregarded Zhou's threat as a sent four armies nearly troops the Sino-American clash inKorea was a hardening of American of China on Taiwan The PRC and in Conclusion The United States extended economic and military support of Chiang's failed state Whatever opportunity inherentshortcomings The Americans gambled on Chiang and H Nationalist China at war Ann Arbor University J W Lewis X Litai Uncertainpartners Stalin Mao and the Kennan G F Russia and the West The search for modern China New York W W Norton L B Ed United States relations with China with Sloane Whiting A S China crosses the Yalu New York
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