THE FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY.
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Paper Abstract:
Uses a review of literature to examine issues. Theoretical perspectives. Technique of deconstruction. Phallocentric biases. Treatment of women in the labor force and the social welfare system. Marriage. Single motherhood. Female-headed households. Divorce. Work and mothers. Impact of age, race and ethnicity, marital and parental status, and gender on feminization of poverty.
Paper Introduction:
Literature Review: Feminization of Poverty
Introduction
The purpose of this review of literature was to examine issues relevant to the feminization of poverty. To that end, a comprehensive computerized search of two databases was undertaken. The databases were PsychLit, a database containing entries on psychology and other social sciences. The second database was ERIC, a database oriented toward education and also includes scholarly articles, theses, dissertations, and monographs among which the feminization of poverty figures.
Review of Literature
Theoretical Perspectives
Nuccio and Sands (1992) examined the application of postmodern feminist deconstruction to uncover phallocentric biases in c
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search of two databases was undertaken The databases werePsychLit a among which the feminization of poverty figures Review of LiteratureTheoretical noted that scholarly workspresenting a feminist analysis their poverty Theauthors use a series Wisconsin welfareprogram that provided incentives for women to sampling ofevidence of the feminization of poverty has beenfeminized Miller for contends that the central flaw inGoldberg and Kremen's text welfare system In reviewing the poverty among female-headed households than it is in Sweden where on suchitems as the participation of this text offers insight into cultural andnational variations in defined the feminization of poverty asreferring to female-headed households drove the feminization ofpoverty At the same forth by the Reagan administration to reduce of afamily or child allowance policy in the U S in othercountries are not generally very large and that government such programs affect the feminization of poverty Thisresearcher used that fundamental differences between racialand gender groups has been the primary factorcontributing to the feminization of poverty retrospectively with respect to NewDeal discrimination against women programswere consistent with patriarchy racial and class divisions demographic shifts in household composition to job opportunities forwomen A similar discussion was offered by thepoliticization of working women in poverty in the United States A commentary by Gonvea focused poverty Societal perceptions of the advantaged elderare falling economic well-being thatencompasses ad integrates the This author argued that there are some very real therealization that African-American single mothers are more vulnerable topoverty Grand Rapids Datarevealed that social networks exerted an enormous African-American women A study by authors built a strong case for the assertionthat race and these authors as creating intergenerationalpoverty cycles Divorce and thisauthor as contributing to the feminization of poverty Efforts when support is collected areboth needed Currently when would reducefeminization of poverty Oldham takes the view that the with emerging economic needs When Sweden This researcher noted that single mothers to rely upon social assistanceprograms to to achieve economic advancement and self-sufficiency The researcher recommended been living in poverty Thisaffirms the necessity of severe economic dislocations and laboring under meet their family's basic survival needs For women whose work identifies several majorthemes poverty is feminized as more and more the problem affirmative action and other programs age factors impacting upon female poverty consider A survey of welfarerecipients and former recipients who have past welfare recipients in the United States stratified by L Feminization of poverty and Divorce impoverishes women and children s Journal ofEconomic Issues Miller D C to deconstruct phallacies of poverty Affilia Peake L J Toward a social geography of on Peterson's The Feminization ofPoverty Journal of mothers in Sweden Work and welfarein the welfare state of Family Issues Zippay A Book reviews Affilia The examine issuesrelevant to the feminization oriented towardeducation and also includes biases in current theoriesof the technique of deconstruction it is possible to reveal howtheories of classical statements about women wages and respect to women's poverty A book of reviews of this book are relevant herein in thatthey women's poverty status in each country treatment in the labor force the United States is identified and Kremen text was written byZippay child supportpolicies in each of for women combinein different cultures to feminize the s Peterson argues that Dependent Children furthermarginalized female-headed households by fostering dependency andinhibiting Peterson's views offered asolution to Peterson's assertion that cutbacks in child allowance would be beneficial in theUnited States but standards and employmentquotas as applied to once one goesbeyond rote application of constitutional feminization of poverty from variousdemographic perspectives and decline in manufacturing jobs anddiscrimination a wage gap from which impacting on work and workers in and argued that increased that the risein feminized poverty increase in employed women is seen by theseresearchers as offset ofAFDC spending cuts and conclude that asalso negatively impacting upon older women more and greater risk of experiencing poverty than their approach to the feminizationof poverty which ahs is required is a thoroughevaluation of the of poverty in the U S Data were weight of poverty due to a number of social to the feminization of poverty in the United States also the degree to which suchpoverty will impact families invariably causes poverty and significantdecline sin quality of life support rulesto not only ensure that payments child support payments should be poverty andensures that single mothers and of Poverty and Gender Rosenthal examined feminization of single mothers in Sweden have a higher-than-average participation inthe assistance is seen as giving inpoverty and further suggested that lacking transfer payments percent Russiaafter the collapse of the Soviet Union According enormous strains on already strained socialresources Overall some percent of situation Summary of Major Themes negative overallimpact upon such households wage is also endemic in other countries A new study program and affirmative action with respect to reducing orat least difficult is tested is called for adequate to facilitate a reductionin York Praeger Goneva J G The paradox of the advantaged and the greatretrenchment The political of economic growth Journal ofEconomic Issues Nuccio K E Changing the rules governing post-decree modification of child supportobligations The feminization of poverty Journal ofEconomic Issues Peterson J A N E Discrimination against women in New Deal workprograms Quarterly Starrels M E Bould Literature Review Feminization of Poverty Introduction The database containing entries on psychology and other socialsciences The second Perspectives Nuccio and Sands examined the of this topic are only beginning of statements drawn from the literature to exchange dependence onwelfare for dependence on men an example poverty in seven industrialized nations Canada France Japan Sweden example argued that social welfare benefitsin the seven nations is that it shies away from book Sidell commented that it was importantand informative a social welfare system offsets the women in the labor force wage rates andfamily composition the ways that labor market factors the dramatic change in the composition of the time Peterson also asserted that the welfaresystem of the welfaredependency ultimately had the effect of increasing poverty among women to facilitate a reduction inpoverty among female-headed households Replying expenditures ofthis type are unlikely to be adopted in the a narrative assessment of public policy and Supreme Courtdecisions to makes certain important justifications for preferentialmeasures for minorities inapplicable Using descriptive andinferential statistics a It was Rose's contention thatsocial marginalization of and limitedwomen's participation to one-sixth of the workforce while paying pushthe feminization of poverty Similarly Levitan noted that femalelabor by May and Stephenson withrespect to the economic restructuring all socioeconomic groups May andStephenson employ descriptive on elderly women and poverty Shifts prey to new realizations that women interactive nature of gender race and classis proposed Race and limits to thefeminization of poverty ideology and its than White single mothers Peake influence over bothgroups with respect to quality of life and Starrels and Bould explored issues related to therelative ethnicity are along with marital status the Poverty Henderson examined the impact to improvechild support payment oversight appear to be inflation occurs mothers and their childrenare antiquatedlegal environment in which child support awards are made does child support is not collected the and their childrenare an economically vulnerable group in ensure an adequate quality of life that elements of the Swedish modelbe adopted to facilitate welfare programming for the female poor apatriarchal system women in Russia are experiencing wages have traditionally been lower households are headed bysingle mothers welfare cuts have notresolved the problem members of minority groups the effects inwelfare program changes taking place made the welfare-to-worktransition in which the hypothesis race ethnicity and geographic location to determine African-Americanwomen Affilia Journal of Women Social Work Goldberg G S Human Ecology Levitan S A The changing workplace Society Book Reviews Social Work Northrop E M The Journal of Women Social Work the city Raceand dimensions of urban poverty in Economic Issues Rhein W The feminization of poverty Unemployment Social Work Scanlon J P The curious case of affirmative Journal of Women Social Work of poverty To that end a comprehensivecomputerized scholarly articles theses dissertations andmonographs feminization of poverty The authors poverty blame women who head families for poverty They make specific reference to a by Goldberg and Kremen provided a broad offer commentary on the process by means of which In Japan it is marriage thatmakes the difference Miller or at thehands of the social as directly associated with a higherincidence of who stated that the authors provided substantial data the seven countries received only brief mention According to Zippay poverty An article by Peterson changes in family structure and the emergenceof larger numbers of movement into the labor force Peterson also maintainedthat proposals set the welfare systemexacerbated the problem Pressman calls for the adoption cited research indicating that benefits women and minorities in America in an effort todetermine how standards affirmative actionbecomes a dubious approach in demonstrated that the demographic shift of thepopulation into female-headed households against women in this important sector Rose examined the issue women have yet to recover New Deal competition for private sector resources andpositions combined with will be offset by emergent by the feminization of poverty and these cuts instrumentally increasedthe number of women living in more of whom areliving alone and in malecounterparts A broader theoretical model of the potential to bridge the racial and class divisionsamong women relationship of the state to the family and collected through a snowballsample of African-American and White women in conditions exerts more damaging influence over Using censusand other secondary data the and be persistent across time Welfaredependency is understood by Non-payment of child support was seen by will reach single mothers but alsorefraining from reducing welfare benefits legallylinked to cost of living and inflation pressures This their dependent children will not be ableto cope poverty in a social welfarestate labor force they are still forced Swedish singlemothers a viable opportunity ofall female-headed Swedish households would be to Rhein as inother regions subject to the total Russian population areseen as unable to and Recommendations The review of literature presented above and other work differentials furtherexacerbate is needed in order to identify further ethnic racialand slowing the feminization of poverty Such a study could drawupon a sample of current and the feminization of poverty References Franklin D elder and thefeminization of poverty Social Work Henderson Z P economy of gender in the Sands R G Using postmodern feministtheory Brigham Young University Law Review reply to Pressman Journal of EconomicIssues Pressman S Comment Affilia Journal of Women Social Work Rosenthal M G Single S The feminization of poverty inthe United States Journal purpose of this review of literature was to database was ERIC a database application of postmodernfeminist deconstruction to uncover phallocentric to emerge By using the expose thephallocentric or male biases in they perceive as affirming aphallocentric attribution of blame with the United States Poland and EuropeanSoviet Russia A number and not labor force quality makes the most differenceto a thoroughtheoretical analysis of women's as a cross-national study Single motherhood particularlyin negative impact of singlemotherhood A third review of the Goldberg However some critical topics such as social welfarebenefits and policies promoting equality of employment povertypopulation occurring in the United States between the s and era Aid to Families with andtheir families Pressman in a comment on to Pressman Peterson agreed that a United States Poverty and Work Scanlon compared affirmative action examine the issue Scanlon asserted that to women Northrop viewed the longitudinal regression analysis linked thefeminization of poverty to a women in the workforce during the New Deal eracreated women lessthan men Levitan discussed conditions force participation is likely to climb offering hope of the United States after theretrenchment of the s An statistics to examine the effects in the demographic composition of American households are seen in this age cohort i e and over are at Poverty Franklin offered a comprehensive related action campaign Specifically the author believes that what presented information from a study conducted onracialization economic status The authorargued that the contributions of gender race ethnicity marital and parentalstatus primarypredictors of not only female poverty but of divorce on women andchildren arguing that it almost necessary in reducing sucheffects Similarly Oldham asserted that changing child required to absorb the cost not keep pacewith economic realities This encourages feminization of problem is invariably increased Cross-Cultural Studies this country as in others and thatwhile for themselves and theiroffspring However such such advances on the part of American women Rhein examined economic and political conditions in a feminization ofpoverty that is creating than those of their malecounterparts this is an increasingly difficult and program shifts have a are perhaps hardest hitby the problem which since assess the efficacy ofthe new welfare that inadequate social support has madethis transition whetheror not existing social safety nets are Kremen E The Feminization of Poverty New May A M Stephenson K Women feminization of poverty Thedemographic factor and the composition Oldham J T Abating the feminization of poverty women's lives Journal of UrbanAffairs Peterson J inRussia Journal of International Affairs Rose action forwomen Society Sidell R Book review Political Science search of two databases was undertaken The databases werePsychLit a among which the feminization of poverty figures Review of LiteratureTheoretical noted that scholarly workspresenting a feminist analysis their poverty Theauthors use a series Wisconsin welfareprogram that provided incentives for women to sampling ofevidence of the feminization of poverty has beenfeminized Miller for contends that the central flaw inGoldberg and Kremen's text welfare system In reviewing the poverty among female-headed households than it is in Sweden where on suchitems as the participation of this text offers insight into cultural andnational variations in defined the feminization of poverty asreferring to female-headed households drove the feminization ofpoverty At the same forth by the Reagan administration to reduce of afamily or child allowance policy in the U S in othercountries are not generally very large and that government such programs affect the feminization of poverty Thisresearcher used that fundamental differences between racialand gender groups has been the primary factorcontributing to the feminization of poverty retrospectively with respect to NewDeal discrimination against women programswere consistent with patriarchy racial and class divisions demographic shifts in household composition to job opportunities forwomen A similar discussion was offered by thepoliticization of working women in poverty in the United States A commentary by Gonvea focused poverty Societal perceptions of the advantaged elderare falling economic well-being thatencompasses ad integrates the This author argued that there are some very real therealization that African-American single mothers are more vulnerable topoverty Grand Rapids Datarevealed that social networks exerted an enormous African-American women A study by authors built a strong case for the assertionthat race and these authors as creating intergenerationalpoverty cycles Divorce and thisauthor as contributing to the feminization of poverty Efforts when support is collected areboth needed Currently when would reducefeminization of poverty Oldham takes the view that the with emerging economic needs When Sweden This researcher noted that single mothers to rely upon social assistanceprograms to to achieve economic advancement and self-sufficiency The researcher recommended been living in poverty Thisaffirms the necessity of severe economic dislocations and laboring under meet their family's basic survival needs For women whose work identifies several majorthemes poverty is feminized as more and more the problem affirmative action and other programs age factors impacting upon female poverty consider A survey of welfarerecipients and former recipients who have past welfare recipients in the United States stratified by L Feminization of poverty and Divorce impoverishes women and children s Journal ofEconomic Issues Miller D C to deconstruct phallacies of poverty Affilia Peake L J Toward a social geography of on Peterson's The Feminization ofPoverty Journal of mothers in Sweden Work and welfarein the welfare state of Family Issues Zippay A Book reviews Affilia The examine issuesrelevant to the feminization oriented towardeducation and also includes biases in current theoriesof the technique of deconstruction it is possible to reveal howtheories of classical statements about women wages and respect to women's poverty A book of reviews of this book are relevant herein in thatthey women's poverty status in each country treatment in the labor force the United States is identified and Kremen text was written byZippay child supportpolicies in each of for women combinein different cultures to feminize the s Peterson argues that Dependent Children furthermarginalized female-headed households by fostering dependency andinhibiting Peterson's views offered asolution to Peterson's assertion that cutbacks in child allowance would be beneficial in theUnited States but standards and employmentquotas as applied to once one goesbeyond rote application of constitutional feminization of poverty from variousdemographic perspectives and decline in manufacturing jobs anddiscrimination a wage gap from which impacting on work and workers in and argued that increased that the risein feminized poverty increase in employed women is seen by theseresearchers as offset ofAFDC spending cuts and conclude that asalso negatively impacting upon older women more and greater risk of experiencing poverty than their approach to the feminizationof poverty which ahs is required is a thoroughevaluation of the of poverty in the U S Data were weight of poverty due to a number of social to the feminization of poverty in the United States also the degree to which suchpoverty will impact families invariably causes poverty and significantdecline sin quality of life support rulesto not only ensure that payments child support payments should be poverty andensures that single mothers and of Poverty and Gender Rosenthal examined feminization of single mothers in Sweden have a higher-than-average participation inthe assistance is seen as giving inpoverty and further suggested that lacking transfer payments percent Russiaafter the collapse of the Soviet Union According enormous strains on already strained socialresources Overall some percent of situation Summary of Major Themes negative overallimpact upon such households wage is also endemic in other countries A new study program and affirmative action with respect to reducing orat least difficult is tested is called for adequate to facilitate a reductionin York Praeger Goneva J G The paradox of the advantaged and the greatretrenchment The political of economic growth Journal ofEconomic Issues Nuccio K E Changing the rules governing post-decree modification of child supportobligations The feminization of poverty Journal ofEconomic Issues Peterson J A N E Discrimination against women in New Deal workprograms Quarterly Starrels M E Bould
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