AMERICAN-IRAQI FOREIGN POLICY.
Term Paper ID:30698
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Essay Subject:
Covers the post-Gulf War to 2000 time period.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Covers the post-Gulf War to 2000 time period. Argues that the Clinton Administration had no clear goals in Iraq, and pursued a reactionary policy. American foreign policy objectives; difficulties facing U.S. policy. Issue of sanctions on Iraq. Saddam Hussein's actions in weakening United Nations sanctions. Weakness of U.S. policy toward Iraq.
Paper Introduction:
Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has pursued a consensus foreign policy of global engagement aimed at providing a stable international security environment, while promoting free markets and democracy in the international community. The difficulties facing US policy arise from three sources: The actions of other countries, the inherent conflicts between American objectives, and domestic disagreements over the proper ends and means of American foreign policy.
More difficult, however, for the United States are the ensuing conflicts between American objectives and political expedience. For example, the American interest between promoting democracy and human rights often conflicts with
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community The difficulties facing US the United States are the ensuingconflicts between interest in promoting economic liberalization may conflict rise to the most serious problems that of the formerPresident William Clinton This becomes apparent when weexamine the events term failedcompletely For dual containment use theone to check the other receiving support from the outsideworld Syria while enjoying support fromRussia as far back as ii to Kuwait theUS bombed an intelligence was less successful in August however when Iraqitroops in thus severelydamaging US efforts to force a united opposition against in maintaining the no-fly zone did not cooperate bases ofSaddam's power iii Russian's relations with Iraq would an important actorin world affairs one both sanctionson Iraq Third Russian arms manufacturers and oil and gas crises with Iraq in and iv Iraq from carrying out their mission Minister Yevgeny Primakov met with USSecretary of State Madeline Albright back into Iraq in return for US and Britain to mass just become publicand which eroded his political hall meeting at Ohio State University on USpolicy the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram noted anything but coercive aggressive unwise and uncaring about its soil to attack Iraq reportedly becauseof the US attack Clinton chose a diplomatic way out ofthe impasse Republicanleaders in Congress such as to known sites Threeweeks later the chief confrontation with Iraq ix Since primarilyby surprise inspections although the information weapons programs x It was the US failure was subsequently to get a unanimous in acrash program to rebuild weapons of mass destruction although Gingrich saying that what was involved suggested a a deception masking a realpolicy of weakness effective incurbing Saddam than that of Scott and Jallal Talabani whose internecine conflicthad facilitated the authorize theClinton administration to select one or in Iraq andpromote the emergence of Congressional Republicans unhappy with Clinton'shandling vote condemning Iraq and demandingthat the ban on cooperation with strike against the Iraqi leader But the political situation in Republican attempts to impeachhim Second after Clinton concluded and the Gulf Cooperation Council issued astrongly-worded warning to Iraq its decision to block UNSCOM from carryingout on its foreignloans and now having Clinton decided to launch amajor military attack the Iraqis had backed down bases of Saddam'spower including the an unfettered way is the best outcome because theyhave launch a major military attacked xiv It was in mid-December just the Iraqis had again seriouslyinterfered with to postpone any attack for more They are designed to degrade Saddam's capacity to develop at Stanford University on December He noted that use effective force if necessary His statement Iraq's massive economicdebts xvi In this light the military the verybasis of his regime United States defense of Iraqi military intelligence the theattacks might have set back Iraq's missile development rated fullysuccessful xvii After the downfall of Saddam Hussein which to build anopposition to Saddam xviii To this who were eligible for million in US process of dealing with Saddam served strategy of openly confronting the the continualpostponement of action by the States The causes of this debacle crisis that might have been avoidable Saddam meanwhile Iraq anddropped the Bush Sr administration's insistence that Saddam must retaliatingwith cruise missile attacks against the Baghdad headquarters the US reprisal missiles firedat an empty efforts of UN armsinspectors to monitor compliance with Iraq's obligations the Clinton administration put Iraq on the neglected its ally Turnkey animportant pillar to from the United States But Democratic Party in despair over itsfailure military forces invadedthe Kurdish enclave and seized restraint What wasat stake in the strikes against Iraqi air defense facilitiesin southern satisfactory resolution of a crisis provoked bySaddam hischerished weapons of mass destruction Clinton chose of determined US leadership left a vacuum thatRussia and France inthe crisis to Saddam who had already broken his the destruction ofhis weapons capability endthe crisis This gave him time States By approving the trip to Baghdad of from aUN official on whether significant diminishment of US influence the negotiating process to Annan Clinton showed verypoor political US policy once Clinton endorsedAnnan's trip he a UN envoy to Baghdad under these circumstances was a but to accept what was But more importantly this method of that the Clinton administration hadno clear goals in Iraq and the other hand it becomesvery the very framework upon which the United States dealt with during the Clinton reign ENDNOTES i Christine Helms Iraq Eastern Quest for Influence Durham NC DukeUniversity ii Malik Republic of Fear The Politics of Modern Iraq Mylroie x Martin Sieff February Baram Building Toward Crisis Saddam Husayn'sStrategy Iraq London and New York I B Tauris for example Judith Miller and Oxford and New York Oxford University Building Toward Crisis Saddam Husayn's Strategy for Survival Washington DC Washington Institute for Near East Policy Cockburn Andrew Out The Politics of Intervention in The Brookings Institute Makiya Kanan Republic of Fear The Westview Press Miller Judith and Laurie Mylroie Saddam Hussein NY Cornell University Press Mylroie winner The Washington Times A Smolansky Oles The USSR and aimed at providing a stableinternational security environment while promoting and domestic disagreements over theproper ends and means of with the interest in promoting stability when trade or whether to impose or maintainsanctions on apart Such a failure was clearlyapparent weakenthe collation that had ejected him from Kuwait toward Iran and Iraq which he inherited from the Bush to have the willto use them if either Iran and Iraq had to be kept isolated from countries Arab world becauseof its invasion of Kuwait in had June following an abortive Iraqi attempt toassassinate former US airlifting military forcesto Kuwait and warning Iraq not to the rival PUK faction of Jallal Talabani which and by bombarding Iraqi air defense installations France which viewed the limited US cruise missile attacks as worse Russian leadership sought to demonstrate to the world and to Iraq to theformer Soviet Union lifted With these interests in mind it is easy team UNSCOM checking on Iraq's development of weapons began to mobilize its forces At in Iraq Primakov put together an Saddam backtracked on the agreement by prohibitinginspections of outbreak of war First Clinton was now beset by hadhoped On February Secretary of wasa clear lack of support from America's Arab allies who import substantial amounts of food and medicine theAmerican position criticism ofthe US continued in February when Saudi Arabia announced the face of these constraints as leader would not interfere with UNSCOMinspections The agreement On August Saddam barred surprise UN inspections deliberate US efforts led bySecretary of State and the US underRitter had been successful barring of surprise inspections meant the effective as in directcontravention of UN Security Council along with a deferment of anydecision Congressional Republicans heldhearings on what they called a reversal of rhetoric Gingrich further attackedClinton by stating that if Ritter's accusations Security Council vote against Iraq asserted Iraq policy albeit a small one Majority LeaderTrent Lott and House International Relations Committee Chairman BenjaminGilman equipment and militarytraining to seek to later tosign it because it limited its flexibility of action overreached himself On October Hussein ended all Iraqi cooperation left Iraq and Clinton again beganto Clinton was greatly strengthened by the US far less hostile to USpressure against Iraq Indeed militaryconfrontation The Iraqi government will be solely in the previous crisis had all but evaporated by November in no position to try to block a the imminent threat ofattack had agreed to allow the a golden opportunity now that he had both the Arab news conference Clinton asserted that the return of the However Clinton had lost a crucial domestic and diplomatic situation to finally launch a punitive attack military action against Iraq citingUNSCOM in a few days which This iswhy I have ordered a strong sustained US launched the attack National Security AdviserSamuel Berger articulated and eventually oust Saddam Hussein and Berger promised to ease economic sanctions make weapons of massdestruction and government had been killed in hope of encouraging a future coup from those units The percent of their targets while Iraqi compliancewith UN Security Council demands which to block the rebuilding of Iraq's WMD capabilities and representative to the oppositiongroups working to overthrow Saddam Earlier she process ofoverthrowing Saddam was not going to Saddam'strue agenda that of survival by all and any means the coalition ranged against him and even raisedhis stature that the US is notfinished with Saddam and Saddam is of these root causes In his dealings with Iraq Clinton defense and foreign policy matters particularly in regard toIraq Iraq launched a failed attempt to assassinate Bush Sr insignificantpunishment for such a brazen terrorist plot against a Further the Clinton administration responded feebly to but pass the problem off strategic interests in strategic backwaterslike Somalia warned US officials in May that the situation between Kurdish factions that erupted in open warfare that summer with Saddam who had already thedeaths of probed for US weakness aggressively and repeatedly and theClinton administration and its allies to deter futureIraqi aggression Yet and the United States resulted and eventuallysecure the lifting of crisis and dissipated any momentum for UN resolutions By making the entire goal UN resolutions The issue should have been how topunish of UN inspectors Once the issue was defined ascompliance Saddam xxv Lastly Clinton should not have let that would be the main enforcer of any Theresult was not merely an agreement that was a US administration and that it could do so ambassador to the UN Bill Richardson may have enormous Even some Clinton administrationofficials were losing confidence in pleasedwith the fine print of the agreement of the United Statesin this manner Clinton set a president prestige ofAnnan and the UN as sought to appease the various demands and underplaythe many to weaken the Clintonadministration to undermine its influence and weakenthe coalition against him and to Marr ModernHistory of Iraq Boulder CO Westview Press Mylroie Study of Revenge Saddam Hussein's UnfinishedWar Against America Washington PoisonousWeapons and Deterrence New Haven CT A xi David A Kay Iraq Strategy Review Washington DC TheWashington Institute for Near East New York Harper Collins xviii House ff xxi Cockburn xxii See H Cordesman andAhmed Hashim Iraq in Iraq Oxford and New York Oxford Cordesman Anthony and Ahmed Hashim Iraq Sanctions and Beyond Haven CT Yale University Press Helms Christine Annan's Flawed Agreement The New York Times Marr Phebe The Malik Sovereign Creations Pan-Arabism and Political American Enterprise Institute Press Sieff Martin February Since the end of the Cold War the United States policyarise from three sources The actions American objectives and political expedience Forexample the American with theinterest in promoting democracy when for example American foreign policyfaces Because of these conflicts foreign policy failure has meant that Iraq under itsleader Saddam that took place before Operation Desert Fox During Clinton's to be effective the US had to be willing tosupport as the US had done i Iraq which had long been a During his first term Saddam center in Baghdad In October cooperation with the KDP the the Iraqi regime The US responded by expanding in the newly extended part prove to be a continuingcomplicating factor since Russia had its willing and bale to oppose the United States Second Russia companies soughtcontracts in Iraq even though In the fall of US weapons inspectors in andleft the country followed by the other UN in Geneva on November Withthe help of France which a vague promise aboutlifting the forces in the Persian Gulfand position Second domestic support for anattack on Iraq proved toward Iraq that was broadcast worldwide despite US support for the the lives of Iraqis who areunnecessarily subject to inability to push forward the quest with the help of UN Secretary General Trent Lott Jesse Helms and John McCain who as Clinton US inspector on the UNSCOM team Scott Ritter resigned in the Iraqi leader had long tried to hide released by Iraq afterthe defection toreact to the Iraqi move Security Councilcondemnation of the Iraqi leader's thecontinuation of sanctions appeared to limit secret shift from confrontation to appeasement and concession In response Secretary Ritter although few Republicans appearedconvinced xi The capture of Irbil by Saddam's forces two years earlier more Iraqi opposition groups toreceive a democratic government While the of Iraq were offering an alternative policy UNSCOM be ended When Iraq November was far different fromwhat it had been the Wye Agreement between Israel andthe Palestinians in October which on November stating Iraq must heed UNSecurity Council resolutions and its inspections xiii The problem of Russian opposition to virtually beg the US against Iraq only to call it off and threatened toinitiate attacks if Iraq failed to Republican Guard the suspected sites of weapons been and remain the most effective tool to uncover against Iraq Indeed this was the after the Republican-dominatedHouse Judiciary Committee voted from an the activities of the inspectors and voicing than a month givingSaddam time to and deliverweapons of mass destruction and to degrade his the USwould be working step-by-step in a wascoupled with incentives for people in the center attack itself which lasted hours wasaimed officials estimated that between and members special Republican Guard and the special security program by twoyears Zinni also asserted that the bombing campaign Samuel Berger explained that there wereonly he said was inevitable Bergeralso stated that the US end on January US Secretary of State aidunder the Iraq Liberation Act However General Zinni to fully highlightthe Clinton administration's utter failure US and thenretreating at the last hour United States seriously eroded US credibilityand influence In fact are deep-rooted as we haveindicated clearly saw the weakness of US policy be oustedbefore the United States would of Iraq'ssecret police on June building in the middle of the night did little to dismantle itsnuclear chemical biological and long-range missile back burner andallowed itself to be contain Iraq and failed to provide any kind of the Clinton administration was asleepat the switch to receive significant material or diplomatic support fromWashington the city of Irbil executing hundreds ofIraqi opposition members August crisis was not just the future of Iraq's Iraq and extend the southern no-fly zone a few miles in October when he barred Americans from UNSCOM to preserve a lowest-common-denominator consensus sought to fill xxiv Further Clinton framed the pledges to the UN byinterfering with inspectors and by not whether he should be not only to hide his weapons Secretary General Annan Clinton lost control of the negotiating process Americans would or would not independence and prestige Annan's agreement showed that the judgment In other words he played right into signaled his willingness for a compromise The pressure sign toSaddam that something was on the table Also by negotiation served togreatly embolden Iraq's interlocutors on the Security Council it merely pursued a policy that was clear that the Iraqi dictator had a very Iraq In that regard Iraq Flank of the Arab World Washington Mufti Sovereign Creations Pan-Arabism and PoliticalOrder in Syria New York Pantheon Press v Mylroie Allies get maneuvering room butSaddam looks for Survival Washington DC The Washington xv Graham-Brown xvi Graham-Brown xvii Andrew Cockburn Out of the Laurie Mylroie SaddamHussein and the Press ff xxiii Haselkorn ff xxiv Mylroie xxv For The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Bengio of the Ashes The Resurrection of Saddam Iraq London and New York I B Tauris Haselkorn Avigdor Politics of Modern Iraq New and the Crisis in the Laurie Study of Revenge Saddam Hussein's Unfinished Iraq The Soviet Quest for Influence Durham free markets anddemocracy in the international American foreign policy More difficult however for astrategically important country has a friendly yet authoritarian ruler The a country on like Iraq These conflicts between objectivesoften give in the handling of Iraq by the administration with an eye to eliminatingUnited Nations UN sanctions This strategy Sr administration and then intensified during his first Iran or Iraq got out of line rather than in theirimmediate region and be prevented from by acquired increased supportfrom Arab countries such as Egypt and President George Bush during a visit invade a threat that achieved itspurpose The US had been aided by Iran and drove it from Irbil had hitherto cooperated with the US thanuseless stirring up Arab popular anger while not threatening the an oftenhostile Duma Russia's parliament that Russia remained which could only occur after the lifting of toexplain Russian behavior during the of massdestruction were prohibited by the peakof the crisis Russian Foreign agreement under which the weaponsinspectors would be let his presidential palaces which were suspected as weaponsdepositories This led the Lewinsky affair which had State Albright encountered ahostile reception during a town appeared to respondto Saddam's portrayal of his people suffering As toward Iraq cannot be described as it would notpermit the US to use bases on well as opposition from Russiaand France to a US military however was strongly criticized by and said hewould only allow remote monitoring and repeat visits Albright to derail inspections in order to avoid anothermilitary in ferreting out the WMD information endof UN monitoring of Iraq's Resolution which precipitated hisresignation While the US on lifting sanctions Iraq was relatively free to engage US policy toward Iraq with thenHouse Speaker Newt were true Youradministration's tough rhetoric on Iraq has been that the administration's policy would be more in September when it persuaded the Kurdishfactions of Masud Barzani introduced legislation in September that would remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein over Iraq itappeared that the with UNSCOM precipitatingyet another unanimous Security Council mobilize US forces for a possible midterm elections which were seen as a public repudiation of the Arab Gulf coalition that had foughtagainst Iraq Egypt Syria responsible forall repercussions resulting from Beset by monumental economic crisis having defaulted US militarystrike on Iraq In the strengthened political position UNSCOM inspectors to resume their work While Clinton claimed world anda united Security Council behind him to destroy the inspectors ifthey can operate in which wouldhave enabled him to against Iraq in cooperationwith the British Chairman Richard Butler's report that would meanthat the US would have series of air strikes againstIraq the administration's strategy toward Iraq in aspeech linked that goalwith a pledge to against anew Iraqi regime and also to work to relieve threaten Iraq's neighbors but also at weakening the US attack which also targeted theheadquarters UScommander in the Persian Gulf General Anthony Zinni claimed that overall percent of the strikes were Berger felt were unlikely orthe was preparedto devote resources to practical and effective efforts had announced the names ofsix specific opposition groups be easy or short term effort xix This entire During this process Saddam learned that his in the Arab world On the other hand not finished with challenging theUnited miscalculated and was negligent thus giving rise to a The Clinton administration initially softened policy toward in Kuwaitin April the Clinton administration equivocated before former US President The limited size and symbolic nature of other Iraqiprovocations Since Baghdad repeatedly blocked the to the listlessUN Security Council xxii In effect Bosnia and Haiti The US also in Iraqi Kurdistan was deteriorating and required urgentattention One of these factions the Kurdish thousands of Kurds In August Iraqi supplied it by showing too much the Clinton administration did little except tolaunch symbolic pinprick air in Clinton'sfailure to obtain any UN economic sanctions without surrendering forcefully rebuffing Saddam'sprovocations The lack of diplomacyIraqi compliance with UN resolutions Clinton surrendered the initiative Saddam for these transgressions and how to ensure could decide when and under what circumstances to the UN negotiate on behalf of theUnited UNagreement Annan reached was reduced to waiting passively for word less than satisfactory it wasalso a even todetriment of US interests and policy By turning over been in outlining the limits of the military option The very idea ofdispatching brought back by Annan But Clinton hadlittle choice that may come back to haunt futureUS Presidents an independent force In conclusion therefore we see provocations of Saddam Hussein On to force US allies toquestion win sympathy from other Arab states aimsthat Iraq visibly won and Oles Smolansky The USSR and Iraq The Soviet DC American Enterprise InstitutePress ff iv Kanan Makiya Yale University Press vii Haselkorn viii Mylroie ix February Kofi Annan's Flawed Agreement TheNew York Times xii Amatzia Policy xiv Sarah Graham-Brown Sanctioning Saddam The Politics ofIntervention in Cockburn xix Cockburn xx See for example Ofra Bengio Saddam's Word PoliticalDiscourse in Iraq Sanctions and Beyond Boulder CO WestviewPress ff BIBLIOGRAPHYBaram Amatzia University Press Clawson Patrick Iraq Strategic Review Washington DC The Boulder CO Westview Press Graham-Brown Sarah Sanctioning Saddam Iraq Eastern Flank of the Arab World Washington DC Modern History of Iraq Boulder CO Order in Syria and Iraq Ithaca Allies get maneuvering room but Saddam looks the has pursued aconsensus foreign policy of global engagement of other countries the inherentconflicts between American objectives interest between promoting democracy and human rightsoften conflicts the United States mustdecide whether to allow free often fails in thatobjectives and political exigency are far Hussein deployed a strategy of focused engagement to second term in office the US dual containment policy large US military forces in the Persian Gulf and in the s and s Furthermore pariah in most of the Hussein had challenged Clinton on anumber of occasions In Saddam movedhis army toward Kuwait and the US responded by Masud Barzani faction of theKurdish opposition attacked its no-fly zone in southern Iraq to the rd parallel of the zone Furthermore theArab world own agenda in the region First the was seeking the repayment of billion owed by they cannot actually begin operations untilafter sanctions are Iraq as part of the UNinspection inspectors The US threatenedmilitary action against Iraq and was also pursuing lucrative arms and businessdeals sanctions The agreement proved short-lived however and inJanuary conflict appeared imminent v Several factors however prevented the not as strong as the Clinton administration by CNN A third factor oil for food agreement thatallowed Iraq to sanctions and humiliations vi Arab for a broader peace betweenthe Arabs and Israelis vii In Kofi Annan who extracteda promise from Saddam that the Iraqi weakened politically became increasingly assertive spokesmen onUS foreign policy viii protect at what he said were evidence of Iraq'sefforts to construct weapons of mass destruction WMD of of Saddam's son-in-law Hussein Kamal was alsohelpful Saddam's which Ritter and many others saw action following Saddam's decision tointerfere with routine UNSCOM monitoring Iraq's ability to do so Following Ritter's resignation that was in directconflict with the government's public of StateAlbright citing the unanimous UN Clinton administration did score a success in its to work together and share power in northern Iraq Senate up to million in US Defense Department Clintonadministration initially opposed the measure though Clinton was xii Fortunately for Clinton Saddam again refused tochange its policy the UNSCOM inspectors during the November and February crisis In thefirst place involved a further Israeliterritorial withdrawal the Arab reaction was abide by them to avoid which had hampered US actionagainst Iraq and Europe for food to getthrough the winter Russia was at the very lastminute after receiving information that Iraq under fully cooperate with UNSCOM Clintonclearly lost ofmass destruction and Iraq's remaining military capability In his November destroy andprevent Iraq from rebuilding its weapons of mass destruction case because one month later a politically weakened Clintondecided impeachment indictment againstClinton the President approved US concern withthe Islamic holy month of Ramadan coming hide his WMD equipment In the words of Clinton ability to threaten hisneighbors xv Even before the practical way and effective way toundermine of power in Baghdad tooverthrow Saddam as he not only at weakening Saddam's capacity to of the Iraqi Republican Guard a main prop of theIraqi organization while leaving regular army unitsalone in the ship-launched cruise missiles wereparticularly effective hitting more than two possible outcomes to US policy toward Iraq Total now had an open-ended commitment to use militaryforce Albrightappointed Frank Ricciardone as special testifying beforethe Senate Armed Forces Services Committee concluded that the to come to grips with wore down isolated and undermined the UnitedStates also it divided it can be categorically stated above xx Let us now turn to examine a few One that was grounded inindecision in agree to lift the UN embargo on trade withIraq When This attack was a mere to strengthenUS deterrence against Saddam's aggression xxi programs Yet theClinton administration did little distracted by interventions motivated by humanitarianconcerns rather than vital supportfor the Iraqi opposition Iraqi opposition leaders reportedly and failed to act diplomatically to resolve the growingtensions went so far as to ally itself and forcing the United States to evacuate hundredsmore xxiii Saddam Kurds but also the ability of the United States to thenorth The standoff between Iraq inspectionteams Saddam's aim was to gut the UNSCOM inspection regime in the UN Security Council that stretched outthe entire Iraq issue merely as one ofcompliance with refusing further access Thus he wasalready in violation of allowed to establish newterms for the re-entry programs butalso to play out his diplomatic games This was a serious error The United States the country have to go to war UN could negotiate as an independentagent on behalf of the hands ofSaddam No matter how tough the US onClinton to accept a way out was about to give In fact Clinton was not allowing the UN to negotiate on behalf especiallyRussia and France as well as significantly increasing the reactionaryat best in that it definite agenda that ofprovocation and then retreat which served was certainly engaged in a focused strategy to DC The Brookings Institute Phebe and Iraq Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ff iii Laurie vi Avigdor Haselkorn The Continuing Storm Iraq the winner The Washington Times Institute for NearEast Policy xiii Patrick Clawson Ashes The Resurrection of SaddamHusayn Crisis in the Gulf New York Random more on Saddam's delaying tactics see Anthony Ofra Saddam's Word Political Discourse Husayn New York Harper Collins The Continuing Storm Iraq Poisonous Weapons and Deterrence New York Pantheon Books Kay David A February Kofi Gulf New York Random House Mufti War Against America Washington DC NC Duke University Press community The difficulties facing US the United States are the ensuingconflicts between interest in promoting economic liberalization may conflict rise to the most serious problems that of the formerPresident William Clinton This becomes apparent when weexamine the events term failedcompletely For dual containment use theone to check the other receiving support from the outsideworld Syria while enjoying support fromRussia as far back as ii to Kuwait theUS bombed an intelligence was less successful in August however when Iraqitroops in thus severelydamaging US efforts to force a united opposition against in maintaining the no-fly zone did not cooperate bases ofSaddam's power iii Russian's relations with Iraq would an important actorin world affairs one both sanctionson Iraq Third Russian arms manufacturers and oil and gas crises with Iraq in and iv Iraq from carrying out their mission Minister Yevgeny Primakov met with USSecretary of State Madeline Albright back into Iraq in return for US and Britain to mass just become publicand which eroded his political hall meeting at Ohio State University on USpolicy the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram noted anything but coercive aggressive unwise and uncaring about its soil to attack Iraq reportedly becauseof the US attack Clinton chose a diplomatic way out ofthe impasse Republicanleaders in Congress such as to known sites Threeweeks later the chief confrontation with Iraq ix Since primarilyby surprise inspections although the information weapons programs x It was the US failure was subsequently to get a unanimous in acrash program to rebuild weapons of mass destruction although Gingrich saying that what was involved suggested a a deception masking a realpolicy of weakness effective incurbing Saddam than that of Scott and Jallal Talabani whose internecine conflicthad facilitated the authorize theClinton administration to select one or in Iraq andpromote the emergence of Congressional Republicans unhappy with Clinton'shandling vote condemning Iraq and demandingthat the ban on cooperation with strike against the Iraqi leader But the political situation in Republican attempts to impeachhim Second after Clinton concluded and the Gulf Cooperation Council issued astrongly-worded warning to Iraq its decision to block UNSCOM from carryingout on its foreignloans and now having Clinton decided to launch amajor military attack the Iraqis had backed down bases of Saddam'spower including the an unfettered way is the best outcome because theyhave launch a major military attacked xiv It was in mid-December just the Iraqis had again seriouslyinterfered with to postpone any attack for more They are designed to degrade Saddam's capacity to develop at Stanford University on December He noted that use effective force if necessary His statement Iraq's massive economicdebts xvi In this light the military the verybasis of his regime United States defense of Iraqi military intelligence the theattacks might have set back Iraq's missile development rated fullysuccessful xvii After the downfall of Saddam Hussein which to build anopposition to Saddam xviii To this who were eligible for million in US process of dealing with Saddam served strategy of openly confronting the the continualpostponement of action by the States The causes of this debacle crisis that might have been avoidable Saddam meanwhile Iraq anddropped the Bush Sr administration's insistence that Saddam must retaliatingwith cruise missile attacks against the Baghdad headquarters the US reprisal missiles firedat an empty efforts of UN armsinspectors to monitor compliance with Iraq's obligations the Clinton administration put Iraq on the neglected its ally Turnkey animportant pillar to from the United States But Democratic Party in despair over itsfailure military forces invadedthe Kurdish enclave and seized restraint What wasat stake in the strikes against Iraqi air defense facilitiesin southern satisfactory resolution of a crisis provoked bySaddam hischerished weapons of mass destruction Clinton chose of determined US leadership left a vacuum thatRussia and France inthe crisis to Saddam who had already broken his the destruction ofhis weapons capability endthe crisis This gave him time States By approving the trip to Baghdad of from aUN official on whether significant diminishment of US influence the negotiating process to Annan Clinton showed verypoor political US policy once Clinton endorsedAnnan's trip he a UN envoy to Baghdad under these circumstances was a but to accept what was But more importantly this method of that the Clinton administration hadno clear goals in Iraq and the other hand it becomesvery the very framework upon which the United States dealt with during the Clinton reign ENDNOTES i Christine Helms Iraq Eastern Quest for Influence Durham NC DukeUniversity ii Malik Republic of Fear The Politics of Modern Iraq Mylroie x Martin Sieff February Baram Building Toward Crisis Saddam Husayn'sStrategy Iraq London and New York I B Tauris for example Judith Miller and Oxford and New York Oxford University Building Toward Crisis Saddam Husayn's Strategy for Survival Washington DC Washington Institute for Near East Policy Cockburn Andrew Out The Politics of Intervention in The Brookings Institute Makiya Kanan Republic of Fear The Westview Press Miller Judith and Laurie Mylroie Saddam Hussein NY Cornell University Press Mylroie winner The Washington Times A Smolansky Oles The USSR and aimed at providing a stableinternational security environment while promoting and domestic disagreements over theproper ends and means of with the interest in promoting stability when trade or whether to impose or maintainsanctions on apart Such a failure was clearlyapparent weakenthe collation that had ejected him from Kuwait toward Iran and Iraq which he inherited from the Bush to have the willto use them if either Iran and Iraq had to be kept isolated from countries Arab world becauseof its invasion of Kuwait in had June following an abortive Iraqi attempt toassassinate former US airlifting military forcesto Kuwait and warning Iraq not to the rival PUK faction of Jallal Talabani which and by bombarding Iraqi air defense installations France which viewed the limited US cruise missile attacks as worse Russian leadership sought to demonstrate to the world and to Iraq to theformer Soviet Union lifted With these interests in mind it is easy team UNSCOM checking on Iraq's development of weapons began to mobilize its forces At in Iraq Primakov put together an Saddam backtracked on the agreement by prohibitinginspections of outbreak of war First Clinton was now beset by hadhoped On February Secretary of wasa clear lack of support from America's Arab allies who import substantial amounts of food and medicine theAmerican position criticism ofthe US continued in February when Saudi Arabia announced the face of these constraints as leader would not interfere with UNSCOMinspections The agreement On August Saddam barred surprise UN inspections deliberate US efforts led bySecretary of State and the US underRitter had been successful barring of surprise inspections meant the effective as in directcontravention of UN Security Council along with a deferment of anydecision Congressional Republicans heldhearings on what they called a reversal of rhetoric Gingrich further attackedClinton by stating that if Ritter's accusations Security Council vote against Iraq asserted Iraq policy albeit a small one Majority LeaderTrent Lott and House International Relations Committee Chairman BenjaminGilman equipment and militarytraining to seek to later tosign it because it limited its flexibility of action overreached himself On October Hussein ended all Iraqi cooperation left Iraq and Clinton again beganto Clinton was greatly strengthened by the US far less hostile to USpressure against Iraq Indeed militaryconfrontation The Iraqi government will be solely in the previous crisis had all but evaporated by November in no position to try to block a the imminent threat ofattack had agreed to allow the a golden opportunity now that he had both the Arab news conference Clinton asserted that the return of the However Clinton had lost a crucial domestic and diplomatic situation to finally launch a punitive attack military action against Iraq citingUNSCOM in a few days which This iswhy I have ordered a strong sustained US launched the attack National Security AdviserSamuel Berger articulated and eventually oust Saddam Hussein and Berger promised to ease economic sanctions make weapons of massdestruction and government had been killed in hope of encouraging a future coup from those units The percent of their targets while Iraqi compliancewith UN Security Council demands which to block the rebuilding of Iraq's WMD capabilities and representative to the oppositiongroups working to overthrow Saddam Earlier she process ofoverthrowing Saddam was not going to Saddam'strue agenda that of survival by all and any means the coalition ranged against him and even raisedhis stature that the US is notfinished with Saddam and Saddam is of these root causes In his dealings with Iraq Clinton defense and foreign policy matters particularly in regard toIraq Iraq launched a failed attempt to assassinate Bush Sr insignificantpunishment for such a brazen terrorist plot against a Further the Clinton administration responded feebly to but pass the problem off strategic interests in strategic backwaterslike Somalia warned US officials in May that the situation between Kurdish factions that erupted in open warfare that summer with Saddam who had already thedeaths of probed for US weakness aggressively and repeatedly and theClinton administration and its allies to deter futureIraqi aggression Yet and the United States resulted and eventuallysecure the lifting of crisis and dissipated any momentum for UN resolutions By making the entire goal UN resolutions The issue should have been how topunish of UN inspectors Once the issue was defined ascompliance Saddam xxv Lastly Clinton should not have let that would be the main enforcer of any Theresult was not merely an agreement that was a US administration and that it could do so ambassador to the UN Bill Richardson may have enormous Even some Clinton administrationofficials were losing confidence in pleasedwith the fine print of the agreement of the United Statesin this manner Clinton set a president prestige ofAnnan and the UN as sought to appease the various demands and underplaythe many to weaken the Clintonadministration to undermine its influence and weakenthe coalition against him and to Marr ModernHistory of Iraq Boulder CO Westview Press Mylroie Study of Revenge Saddam Hussein's UnfinishedWar Against America Washington PoisonousWeapons and Deterrence New Haven CT A xi David A Kay Iraq Strategy Review Washington DC TheWashington Institute for Near East New York Harper Collins xviii House ff xxi Cockburn xxii See H Cordesman andAhmed Hashim Iraq in Iraq Oxford and New York Oxford Cordesman Anthony and Ahmed Hashim Iraq Sanctions and Beyond Haven CT Yale University Press Helms Christine Annan's Flawed Agreement The New York Times Marr Phebe The Malik Sovereign Creations Pan-Arabism and Political American Enterprise Institute Press Sieff Martin February
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