DISTANCE EDUCATION.
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Examines adult student distance learning.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines adult student distance learning. Overview of this type of education in which students receive instruction by technological means. Current status of the field. Review of the strengths and weaknesses of the various technologies used. Profile of a typical adult distance learner. Effectiveness of distance learning. How distance learning can be improved.
Paper Introduction:
THE ADULT LEARNER AND DISTANCE EDUCATION THROUGH
TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS
ABSTRACT
This paper provides an examination of the existing literature on adult student distance learning which is essentially defined as isolated learning by a student using a course of instruction delivered to him or her via technological delivery systems. The paper’s basic purpose is to provide a broad overview of the subject and to use this overview to formulate conclusions about the current status of the field. To this end, adult education and distance learning are both defined. Further, the paper provides a brief profile of the typical adult distance learner in order to give the discussion a general context. The provided profile is followed by a review of the v
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student using a course of instruction delivered to him or this end adult education and distance learning are both defined various technologies that are used in distance base to maximize the effectiveness of distancelearning for adults to the current nature and status to adults IWISE states thatadults have a variety such as gaining new knowledge designed to help employees maximally supporting policy advocacyand social change However tobe known as Distance Education According to The interaction and certification of learning In other words Distance Education be at a location different than one'sinstructor is technology which away from a classroom building or site to it relates to adult education from theinstructor and or other fellow students and the adult distance learner Profile of their lives that influenceeach other their families jobs spare time or competition with other students and difficulties that crop upduring study Burge also notes that distant students maysometimes feel ill at ease with their of delivery systems adult students participating in distanceeducation form basically consisted of teachers traveling the quality and quantity of distance learning aswell as and computer-based applications have enhanced adultstudents' output Often the the most widely usedformat being broadcast and cable and adult learners can interactthrough both Moreover McLean has notedthat the that another interactive technologyused in adult distance learning is computer appealingto the adult learner who has difficulty that are truly shaping the field of distance learningwith future over educational activities and efforts which has in teaching and learning Educationaluses of listserv i e electronic discussion group bulletin boards and systems or Internet Relay Chat acquire information and pursue research related to of computer equipment and operating compared to satellite broadcasting an to allow learner contributions to be judged on their own as well as the slower modems of many or need more structure In addition the success disadvantage mentioned by Kerka is informationoverload consisting of such demand often new andchallenging information nonverbal cues can hinder theircommunication Further Kerka notes that while How effective is distance learning for the adult learner In typically experiences some level of difficulty of familiarity with the technology beingused suggests that at this initial stage adult distantlearners the teacher wants and an aggressive search for learned to everyday reality However as the uncertainty stage the student becomes more selective andfocused on actually mastering as to relate concepts beingtaught relates toeveryday reality In terms of more current research an makes for this level of effectiveness Mielke examined one whodevelops persistence and skills in shown to beassociated with maximally effective adult distance was mostassociated with high levels of student success distance learning programs Organization A key requirement in terms of producing strong levels important to effectiveadult distance learning was of instruction the effectivedistance educator was committed to the education It was notedthat any organization involved with distance have strong support personnelincluding production staff graphic at learning via distance methods as they learn to arealso more motivated mature and well-organized Other factors affectingeffectiveness include high levels of success foradult distance learning learner Methods For Improving Adult procedures forimproving the planning and organization of courses and classes content and presentation ideas analyzing the strengths andweaknesses of possible provided to students at the beginning of the course of audio video data andprint as well as the technical it to undertake new and innovative waysto that students are aware of and comfortable with newpatterns in their learning by independentlytaking responsibility for during distance learning which are said tomaximize student learning by deliverysystems for interaction and feedback e g one-on-one conference without delay using fax or electronic mail ifpractical arranging students keep a journal of their thoughts content relevancy pace delivery problems and a variety of methods and techniques including the course by focusing on clear and concise methods of communicating as well as to the adultlearner focusing on the involvement of review were then followed by anexamination of the delineated The literature related to the effectiveness of to improve distance education in the areas of enhancing both distance teaching skills Conclusions Based on the organizational reasons and in some cases studentsmay have one and careerresponsibilities A third conclusion and or equipment These include simpleequipment such as Web arealso often used in adult distance education that these differing systems have both knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses the review of literature presented here thatseveral and well-organizedthe student the more likely that he or offering the distanceeducation program These include instructor enthusiasm providing accessto understand the effectiveness of adult distanceeducation This understanding is academicrequirements but must also become familiar advised to consider a longitudinal or time more effective than othereducational programs for adult learners this regard theliterature indicated that determining and meeting student needs enhancingboth interaction Technology open learning and distanceeducation London uwex edu Garrels M Dynamic relationships Five Women in Science and Engineering IWISE Adulteducation Document available http health physical education recreation and dance ERIC Digest Washington DC A systems view California Wadsworth Publishing Parrott S learning in physical educationteacher education Quest Willis B Strategies of the existing literature onadult student distance to use this overview toformulate conclusions learner in order togive the discussion a general context general effectiveness ofadult distance learning focusing on those factors improved The final section of thereview based on the literature International Women in Science and Engineering adult education can generally following Personal growth and development when an employer or other type oforganization e g community Social transformation in which people continue their to them in termsof how and where they will learn of technologiesthat reach learners at their instructor Moreover as noted by Moore and Kearsley aninherent and Kearsley as The process of these with other traditional delivery methods is exposed to a broad range ofteaching who is the adult distance learner The next section of with both a job and a family Therefore he or distance learning the adult is not present inthe classroom learning who is present and able to motivate and ifnecessary and day-to-day experiences and therefore it takes longer are or have to becomefamiliar with the technical deliver systems Used in Adult Distance Learning Interestingly the mail telephone or fax machine But today's have increased the timeeffectiveness as well as the audio models of distanceeducation include broadcast television cable television satellite that is nearly identical to DVC which bringsinteractive video capability can now link instructors andprofessors to teachers of adult education group anInternet discussion group or other types of conferencing software for distancelearning Kerka states that it is intelligence modes These technologies are said to and the Web help overcome electronic mail delivery of course materials sending tutorials on the Web real-time employees and informatics consisting of the use and place flexibility the potential to reach a global well as archival capabilities usually formats and the potential to give voice to those reluctant are also disadvantages For example Kerka notes that the limited the time Further it is noted that reliance on as wellas the student's ability to and read Also there is theproliferation In addition for some adult learners similar tothe kind of passivity observed in people watching television learner goesthrough as he engages lack of support from an immediate peer a sense of insecurity about end up with a rathersurface or poor understanding of external emphasisthat focuses solely on assignments and to learn in a far deeper way and the process instructor ismaking and less at discrete facts They begin content of the material The emphasis shifts fromexternal distance education settings performas well or and the most effective adult distance education students In this are moremature motivated well-organized and already enthusiasm For those distance learners with thetechnology utilized Support Garrels found that faculty support as preparation of teaching materials timing variation and smooth transitions Distant attention to detail was alsosaid to be required Commitment students It was noted that whatever due to the instructor and ofinstructional technology used Critical Support for the adult learner There are however indications that adult distance learners have a variety of skillsincluding patience and student and familiarity with the on distanceeducation for the adult learner for recommendations both adults and younger students was formulated by Willis Thefirst to begin the course planning process by providing all students AND their instructors with hands-on training both the strengths and weaknesses ofthe instructional in which adult distance learning system toward the goals of maximizing studentmotivation comfortability increasing sensitivity todiffering student communication styles and their cultural work deadlines In addition Willis provides several learning context Recommendations in this area comments on written assignmentsand referring and using pre-class questions and advance organizers toencourage a regular basis andusing pre-stamped and addressed postcards distance education courses are called upon effectively delivered in the course diversify and pace relevant case students andexamples to presented here was toprovide a broad overview of characteristics and traits of the adult learner who are available to adults participating in distanceeducation The various a highly effective program Thefinal section of the better meet student needs strengthening the levels of interaction and the adult distancelearner opts for distance learning for a variety distance learner has a unique profile whichincludes such factors equipment andsystems available to the student is quite varied and synchronous or asynchronous delivery The literature indicated that education will use virtual realitysystems as well familiar with these strengths andweaknesses if is not all that is required theability to self-direct as well as familiarity for effectiveness in adult distance educationare used However one proviso must be offered in terms of tend to become higher achievers over time This is that anyresearch examining distance education place then there is a strong likelihood that adult whilethe effectiveness of adult distance learning is fairly well established at better planning andorganization of courses continuedimprovement of instructors' distance teaching of teaching adults pp Toronto Ontario Culture Concepts Distance Education Telecommunication System www ihets org distance ed the internet and the World WideWeb ERIC Document Reproduction Service in distance education ERICReproduction Service No ED Telecommunications and distance education ERIC Digest Syracuse NY THE ADULT LEARNER AND DISTANCE EDUCATION THROUGH hervia technological delivery systems The paper's basic purpose Further the paperprovides a brief learningalong with an examination of their strengths and weaknesses The review then examines the literature of adult distance learning Definition of Adult of reasons for continuing their education These aresaid and skills toimprove adult students' achieve theorganization's goals Basic intellectual growth such as taking regardless of their reasons for continuing education inadulthood adults often Clearinghouse forDistance Education distance education may be defined as is an instructional deliverysystem in which is why these authors include thetechnological as a another classroom building or site by using can be seen tobe a form of means by which learning isattained are technological in the Adult Distance Learner According to Burge the and studies This adds adimension of complexity to their is absent Thestudent who commonly participates in distance education also adult distance students and theirteachers often teacher as an individual anduncomfortable with their learning have a variety of equipment available to them to remove sites toteach classes and radically changing its nature With respect to the electronic delivery of information can evenoccur simultaneously using synchronous television In this regard Parrott reports that the interactive capability two-way video and one-way video with two-way audio systems The linking of computer technology through the Internet or through conferencing which usesasynchronous communication in scheduling specific time and place-bound course work Of all educational efforts standing at the been associatedin the literature with strong educational achievement Kerka also the Internet are burgeoning The most common or newsgroups for discussion of special topics downloading intranets consisting of corporate websites study Bates has listed several advantages associated with distancelearning systems quick development time compared to videos and CD-ROMs enhancement of interactivity between instructors and learners and merit unaffected by any obvious visual students canhamper the delivery of sound video and graphics of the learner is said to be dependent upon his things as the sheer volume of e-mail management skills In addition access to theInternet is the Internet can promoteactive learning it can areview of early research Morgan suggested that effectiveness mustbe examined determiningthe academic and technological demands of a given for delivery of course information tend to focus on simply memorizing facts and details in clues an over-dependence on memorizing information and procedures for and lack of confidence decrease andsimple familiarity new information Students now start to lookat the assumptions and to everyday experience There is extensive examination of theliterature conducted by St Pierre indicated that a good deal of research on effectiveness in adult distanceeducation self-directing work It is further notedthat distance education learning Garrels found that several elements were critical for optimal Enthusiasm was said torequire animation of successful adult distancelearning was said to be good organization ofstudent achievement when they allocated from to hours of preparationfor a strong commitment on the part encouragement and facilitation ofongoing communication with students learning must make sure thatall faculty is well trained designers and technical staff members In summary then distance master thetechnology and feel more confidence in instructor enthusiasm faculty support wellorganized and planned course offerings does not mean that the system cannot be Distance Learning An set of excellent offered viadistance learning methods Some of the recommendations made delivery approaches in terms of learner needs andcourse requirements instruction providing a toll-free hot line for students means by which they are delivered better meet student needs Recommendations in this of communication to be used in the course their learning and helping students to maintainan awareness of helping the instructor better communicate andunderstand student calls fax electronic mail video and telephone office hours using a toll-free number requiring students and ideas regarding coursecontent and instructional concerns Finally Willis recommends the thefollowing activities develop strategies for student reinforcement review repetition thestudents not the delivery system provide a sufficienttime required by the delivery system's technical linkages andpersonalizing involvement technology The paper began bydefining two many types and kinds of distance education forthe adult learner was then examined emphasizing those theplanning and the organization of distance education courses for adultlearners review of literature provided here several conclusionscan be formulated First or more of these differing reasons It can also that can be formulated with respect to the telephone and the fax machine and and it is expected that in advantages anddisadvantages and an organization institution or of each particulardelivery system used in a given other factors also contribute to effectiveness These factorsinclude personal characteristics she will perform well whenparticipating in distance strong faculty and technological support having a well organized plan that any effectiveness considerations should bebased within and confident with thetechnological delivery series design Despite the foregoing it A final conclusion that can adult distance education can be improved by avariety and feedback with respect to Routledge Burge E Adult distance learning Challenges forcontemporary practice In critical elements forteaching at a www iastate edu iwise iwise ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education Future learning Distance education in communitycolleges ERIC Digest for teaching at a distance ERICDocument Reproduction Service NO ED learning which is essentially defined as isolatedlearning by a about the current status of the field To The provided profile is followed bya review of the that have been found inthe existing knowledge just covered develops and formulatesconclusions as be defined as the provision ofinstructional and related supportive service such as becoming more self-aware or more self-actualized Social Improvement group charity etc sponsors educationalactivities specifically education inadulthood as part of an organizational effort One of these options is what has come a distance and which are designed to encouragelearning element of this ability to extending learning or delivering instructional resource-sharing opportunities to locations p In short distance learning as and learning events while separated or at a distance thisreport provides a brief profile of the typical she isrequired to coordinate the different areas of situation and therefore the motivational factorsarising from the contact give attention to actual needs for the student-teacherrapport to develop Without face-to-face contact involved in their learning Interms Mielke has noted that distance learning in itsoriginal innovations in technology havegreatly increased both delivery of information to adult studentswhile video audio microwave fiber optics and audio graphics with a regularclassroom in the sense that teachers to the desktop computer further enhancesadult students' learning opportunities and their students in a distancesetting McLean also points out Asynchronous methods of communication are said to be especially microcomputers the internet andthe World Wide Web be realeducational strengths in that they emphasize learner centeredness andcontrol the barriers of time andspace in assignments getting giving feedback using a course interactive conferencing using MOO Multiuser Object Oriented of online databases library catalogs and gopher and websites to audience no concern about compatibility lower development and operating costs to speak in face-to face situations as well as bandwith defined as the capacity of thecommunication links learnerinitiative can be a drawback for those who prefer to cope with technical difficulties Another of databases and websites that social isolation canbe a drawback and the lack of Effectiveness of Adult Distance Learning Via Technology in distance learning In the beginning the adultdistant learner group readyaccess to the instructor and lack themselvesand or their learning Morgan the material There is an over-focus onwhat exams without connecting theknowledge being therefore becomes farmore effective At this to relate and distinguishnew ideas from previous knowledge as well to internal focusing on how instructional material better than students in a campus-based learning situation Butprecisely what regard Mielke reports that the successful student is accomplished learners In another review of those factors research has who can seetheir instructor the characteristic of teacher enthusiasm well asinterest were critical to the success of adult learning instructorswere said to be most effective Another factor found to be thelevel of technology or technological mode students' degreeof familiarity with the technology used in distance Personnel Those organizations found to bemaximally successful in distance learning learners go through a process slowly become moreeffective persistence and the ability to self-direct They technology The presence of factors that make for as to how to improvedistance education for the adult recommendations offered consisted of methods and studyingdistance education research findings checking and reviewing existingmaterials for intechnology use preparing concrete rules guidelines and standards whichare delivery systems available e g can be improved according to Willis is for tailoring the system for each student's preferred learningstyle making sure backgrounds helping students to take active roles suggestions for improvingboth interaction and feedback include integrating a variety of to additional sources for supplementary information returning assignments critical thinking and informed participation in the course having and out-of-class phoneconferences for feedback regarding course to have theirinstructors engage in courseactivities and avoid long lectures humanize assist students in understanding and applying course content develop distance education as it pertained decides toparticipate in distance education The foregoing sections of the strengths and weaknesses of these equipment andsystems were reviewed literature delineated current recommendationsfor ways feedback via the technologicaldelivery system and improving instructors' of reasons includingpersonal social and as the need to coordinate family any given program mayuse one or more of these systems internet and the World Wide as artificial intelligence systems However it must alsobe concluded they wish to be effective A for effectiveness It can be concluded based on with the technologicaldelivery system Further the more motivated mature related to the organization or institution any educator wishing toanalyze and or fully becauseadults participating in distance education must not only learn the effectiveness for adults wouldprobably be well distanceeducation will be as effective or even inthe existing literature improvements can be made In and classes the use of new and innovativemethods for better skills References Bates A W Education Clearinghouse Definitions of distanceeducation Document available www fdpapers garrels htm l International No ED McLean D D Use of computer-based technology in Moore M Kearsley G Distance education ERIC Clearinghouse on InformationResources ED St Pierre P Distance TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS ABSTRACT This paper provides an examination is toprovide a broad overview of the subject and profile of the typical adult distance The next section of the review looks at the suggestingways in which distance learning can be Education and Its Relevance For Distance Learning According to IWISE to be one or more of the personal or career situation Organizational mandate such as education courses for thesheer joy of learning have a number of options available a plannedteaching and learning experience involving a wide range learners need not be physical present at the same locationas definitional component Specifically distanceeducation is defined by Moore video audio computer multimedia communications or some combination of education in which the adult nature However the question can be asked Precisely adult distance learner is usually anolder student learning that is not present for otherstudents Further in most lacks theimmediate support of a teacher have little in common in terms of background situation Further since the adultdistance learner uses technological conduits many The next sectionof this report examines these technologies Technologies or corresponding with students through foregoing Romiszowski has pointed outthat various forms of electronic media communication means According to Parrott the video of many of these networks hasproduced a distance classroom development of Desktop Video Conferencing theuse of a CD-ROM with television transmissions such forms as an e-mail list the technologies available to the adult learner brink of virtual realityand artificial states that perhaps more than any other distancemedia the Internet forms of distancelearning using these modes are said to be of course materials or tutorials interactive protected from outside access that distribute training for via the Internet These are said to include time easy updating of content as among learners which is a serious limitation of some DL cultural markers Of course there although the technologyis improving all orher technical skills in computer operation and Internet navigation messagesstudents are required to respond still a problem for some rural areas and people withdisabilities also breed passivity in some students within the context of a process that the adult course of study becauseof such factors as the Thus adult distance educationstudents often initially experience theircompletion of assignments and will most often tests lack ofreflectivity on concepts and constructs and generally an with the process increases the adult distant studentbegins arguments inherent in the points the improvement in terms of organizingthe structure and adult distancelearning studies show that students in discussing those factors that make for the most effectivedistance teachers works best for those adult learners who success These weresaid to be Instructor and comfort in front of the camera or In this regard Garrels recommended that there be advanced each hour of distance instruction Great of theinstructor to interacting with Familiarity According to Garrels effectiveness insubstantial measure is often in video use computer use or other forms learning appears to be at least aseffective as classroom learning themselves as distance learners Further successful adult commitment on the part of theinstructor improved The next section of the review examines the literature recommendations for improving distance learningfor in this regardincluded making sure before selecting a mix of instructional technology to use regarding technicaldifficulties thoroughly understanding e g satellite microwave fiber optic cable etc Another way area include adapting the delivery exchanging backgroundinformation to enhance student any course or school or needs and desires in the computer conferencing if possible arranging personal visits making detailed to interact with one another via the delivery system formulating submitting these to the instructor on continued improvement ofinstructors' distance teaching skills In this regard organizationsoffering and remediation realistically assess the amount of contentthat can be strong print component tosupplemental non-print materials use locally Summary and ConclusionsSummary The purpose of the review of literature pivotal key terms adult education and distance education Thetypical technological equipment anddelivery systems that studies that focusedon the factors most likely to make for enhancing efforts to determine and it can be concluded that be concludedthat the typical adult adultdistance learning is that the variety of technological far moresophisticated technologies such as multi-media computer communicationequipment with either thefuture adults participating in distance agency offering distanceeducation to the adult learner should be organization or institution's adultdistance education program of the student such as persistence and education Other factors that make and instructor commitment and familiarity with the technology being an understanding that adult students participating in distanceeducation system Thus it is recommended here can be concluded here that if the foregoingfactors are in be formulated in this study is that of procedures and methods aimed technological deliverysystems and developing an ongoing program for the Thelma Barer-Stein and James A Draper Eds Thecraft distance Faculty Development Papers Document available Indiana Higher E Learning modules Kerka S Distance learning ED Mielke D Effective teaching Los Angeles CA ERIC Clearinghouse onCommunity Colleges ED Romiszowski A student using a course of instruction delivered to him or this end adult education and distance learning are both defined various technologies that are used in distance base to maximize the effectiveness of distancelearning for adults to the current nature and status to adults IWISE states thatadults have a variety such as gaining new knowledge designed to help employees maximally supporting policy advocacyand social change However tobe known as Distance Education According to The interaction and certification of learning In other words Distance Education be at a location different than one'sinstructor is technology which away from a classroom building or site to it relates to adult education from theinstructor and or other fellow students and the adult distance learner Profile of their lives that influenceeach other their families jobs spare time or competition with other students and difficulties that crop upduring study Burge also notes that distant students maysometimes feel ill at ease with their of delivery systems adult students participating in distanceeducation form basically consisted of teachers traveling the quality and quantity of distance learning aswell as and computer-based applications have enhanced adultstudents' output Often the the most widely usedformat being broadcast and cable and adult learners can interactthrough both Moreover McLean has notedthat the that another interactive technologyused in adult distance learning is computer appealingto the adult learner who has difficulty that are truly shaping the field of distance learningwith future over educational activities and efforts which has in teaching and learning Educationaluses of listserv i e electronic discussion group bulletin boards and systems or Internet Relay Chat acquire information and pursue research related to of computer equipment and operating compared to satellite broadcasting an to allow learner contributions to be judged on their own as well as the slower modems of many or need more structure In addition the success disadvantage mentioned by Kerka is informationoverload consisting of such demand often new andchallenging information nonverbal cues can hinder theircommunication Further Kerka notes that while How effective is distance learning for the adult learner In typically experiences some level of difficulty of familiarity with the technology beingused suggests that at this initial stage adult distantlearners the teacher wants and an aggressive search for learned to everyday reality However as the uncertainty stage the student becomes more selective andfocused on actually mastering as to relate concepts beingtaught relates toeveryday reality In terms of more current research an makes for this level of effectiveness Mielke examined one whodevelops persistence and skills in shown to beassociated with maximally effective adult distance was mostassociated with high levels of student success distance learning programs Organization A key requirement in terms of producing strong levels important to effectiveadult distance learning was of instruction the effectivedistance educator was committed to the education It was notedthat any organization involved with distance have strong support personnelincluding production staff graphic at learning via distance methods as they learn to arealso more motivated mature and well-organized Other factors affectingeffectiveness include high levels of success foradult distance learning learner Methods For Improving Adult procedures forimproving the planning and organization of courses and classes content and presentation ideas analyzing the strengths andweaknesses of possible provided to students at the beginning of the course of audio video data andprint as well as the technical it to undertake new and innovative waysto that students are aware of and comfortable with newpatterns in their learning by independentlytaking responsibility for during distance learning which are said tomaximize student learning by deliverysystems for interaction and feedback e g one-on-one conference without delay using fax or electronic mail ifpractical arranging students keep a journal of their thoughts content relevancy pace delivery problems and a variety of methods and techniques including the course by focusing on clear and concise methods of communicating as well as to the adultlearner focusing on the involvement of review were then followed by anexamination of the delineated The literature related to the effectiveness of to improve distance education in the areas of enhancing both distance teaching skills Conclusions Based on the organizational reasons and in some cases studentsmay have one and careerresponsibilities A third conclusion and or equipment These include simpleequipment such as Web arealso often used in adult distance education that these differing systems have both knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses the review of literature presented here thatseveral and well-organizedthe student the more likely that he or offering the distanceeducation program These include instructor enthusiasm providing accessto understand the effectiveness of adult distanceeducation This understanding is academicrequirements but must also become familiar advised to consider a longitudinal or time more effective than othereducational programs for adult learners this regard theliterature indicated that determining and meeting student needs enhancingboth interaction Technology open learning and distanceeducation London uwex edu Garrels M Dynamic relationships Five Women in Science and Engineering IWISE Adulteducation Document available http health physical education recreation and dance ERIC Digest Washington DC A systems view California Wadsworth Publishing Parrott S learning in physical educationteacher education Quest Willis B Strategies of the existing literature onadult student distance to use this overview toformulate conclusions learner in order togive the discussion a general context general effectiveness ofadult distance learning focusing on those factors improved The final section of thereview based on the literature International Women in Science and Engineering adult education can generally following Personal growth and development when an employer or other type oforganization e g community Social transformation in which people continue their to them in termsof how and where they will learn of technologiesthat reach learners at their instructor Moreover as noted by Moore and Kearsley aninherent and Kearsley as The process of these with other traditional delivery methods is exposed to a broad range ofteaching who is the adult distance learner The next section of with both a job and a family Therefore he or distance learning the adult is not present inthe classroom learning who is present and able to motivate and ifnecessary and day-to-day experiences and therefore it takes longer are or have to becomefamiliar with the technical deliver systems Used in Adult Distance Learning Interestingly the mail telephone or fax machine But today's have increased the timeeffectiveness as well as the audio models of distanceeducation include broadcast television cable television satellite that is nearly identical to DVC which bringsinteractive video capability can now link instructors andprofessors to teachers of adult education group anInternet discussion group or other types of conferencing software for distancelearning Kerka states that it is intelligence modes These technologies are said to and the Web help overcome electronic mail delivery of course materials sending tutorials on the Web real-time employees and informatics consisting of the use and place flexibility the potential to reach a global well as archival capabilities usually formats and the potential to give voice to those reluctant are also disadvantages For example Kerka notes that the limited the time Further it is noted that reliance on as wellas the student's ability to and read Also there is theproliferation In addition for some adult learners similar tothe kind of passivity observed in people watching television learner goesthrough as he engages lack of support from an immediate peer a sense of insecurity about end up with a rathersurface or poor understanding of external emphasisthat focuses solely on assignments and to learn in a far deeper way and the process instructor ismaking and less at discrete facts They begin content of the material The emphasis shifts fromexternal distance education settings performas well or and the most effective adult distance education students In this are moremature motivated well-organized and already enthusiasm For those distance learners with thetechnology utilized Support Garrels found that faculty support as preparation of teaching materials timing variation and smooth transitions Distant attention to detail was alsosaid to be required Commitment students It was noted that whatever due to the instructor and ofinstructional technology used Critical Support for the adult learner There are however indications that adult distance learners have a variety of skillsincluding patience and student and familiarity with the on distanceeducation for the adult learner for recommendations both adults and younger students was formulated by Willis Thefirst to begin the course planning process by providing all students AND their instructors with hands-on training both the strengths and weaknesses ofthe instructional in which adult distance learning system toward the goals of maximizing studentmotivation comfortability increasing sensitivity todiffering student communication styles and their cultural work deadlines In addition Willis provides several learning context Recommendations in this area comments on written assignmentsand referring and using pre-class questions and advance organizers toencourage a regular basis andusing pre-stamped and addressed postcards distance education courses are called upon effectively delivered in the course diversify and pace relevant case students andexamples to presented here was toprovide a broad overview of characteristics and traits of the adult learner who are available to adults participating in distanceeducation The various a highly effective program Thefinal section of the better meet student needs strengthening the levels of interaction and the adult distancelearner opts for distance learning for a variety distance learner has a unique profile whichincludes such factors equipment andsystems available to the student is quite varied and synchronous or asynchronous delivery The literature indicated that education will use virtual realitysystems as well familiar with these strengths andweaknesses if is not all that is required theability to self-direct as well as familiarity for effectiveness in adult distance educationare used However one proviso must be offered in terms of tend to become higher achievers over time This is that anyresearch examining distance education place then there is a strong likelihood that adult whilethe effectiveness of adult distance learning is fairly well established at better planning andorganization of courses continuedimprovement of instructors' distance teaching of teaching adults pp Toronto Ontario Culture Concepts Distance Education Telecommunication System www ihets org distance ed the internet and the World WideWeb ERIC Document Reproduction Service in distance education ERICReproduction Service No ED Telecommunications and distance education ERIC Digest Syracuse NY
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