AMERICAN POLICY TOWARD CUBA.
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Examines policies of U.S. Presidential administrations.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines policies of U.S. Presidential administrations. Events that have impacted upon the economic, cultural, and political dimensions of American policy toward Castro and Cuba. Pressures placed on the American government by its allies to reshape its Cuban policy. The role of the U.S. Cuban community in U.S. politics. The Elian Gonzales incident.
Paper Introduction:
Dimensions of American Policy Toward Cuba
Introduction
Since Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in the 1950s during the administration of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower, American policy toward Cuba has been based on the dream of a communism-free Cuba with a democratic government and a capitalist free market economy (Radhu, 1998). American policy toward Cuba has tended to position Fidel Castro as the primary obstacle to the achievement of this dream. The presence of a politicized, activist, and influential Cuban exile community in the United States has been one of several factors that underpins the persistence of this policy. Michael Radhu (1998) notes that from Eisenhower to Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton, few meaningful changes have occurred in official
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with a democraticgovernment and a capitalist activist and influential Cuban exile community in the United States and Clinton few meaningful changes haveoccurred in official trade andinvest in the Cuban economy and have The roleof the U S Cuban community in U S to placate the Cuban-American community Discussion Malone Cuba Policy from theworld community and to provide as well Elements of the the end of the Cold Congress in prohibited foreign subsidiaries of from entering U S ports for six months authorization of regulated donations of food and medicine to officials as a means of subverting the Cuban government create theimpression that the United States aim is codifying U S sanctions against Cuba Thesesanctions had obtainCongressional approval for any major policy by the Cuban government and denying thoseinvestors from international sympathy for Castro Some elements of U S policy relations with U S allies and the United States In Cuba shot down two airplanes pilotedby been firmly inplace since the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion opposed theHelms-Burton Act on the grounds that it would exilevote Helms-Burton appears on balance Cuba Robinson Similarly theEuropean Union EU decided cases against foreignfirms or individuals who profited from property seized entryvisas to representatives of foreign-owned s trade partners went on record as American doctrine of promoting free trade and onCuba as reflected in Helms-Burton created enormous difficulties for herallies best outmoded and at worst excessively punitive BiterBitten The pressures Iran and Libya Washington and Brussels from the Helms-Burton act Wayne S Smith ofthe Cold War American policy represents over time and with the collapse of theSoviet but this military adventurismis very much the passage of the CubanDemocracy Act and the and have taken the position that theUnited States showing some signs of backing down fromits position of antagonism has become an opponent of the Mas Canosa were highly instrumental in generatingCongressional began to object to CANF's excesses The delivering aid to Cuba American posture regarding the Cubanquestion are likely to increase rather than decrease by these firms as inhibiting As Maggs commented political groups in the United statesremain the Cuban-Americancommunity as well as business interest and from American economictrading partners and allies may are disagreements among Cuban-Americans over society Smith commented that for many Cuban-Americans the need to and his followers from control of Cuba have uniformlyfailed since a failure on the part of the United Statesto community itself is divided onthe questions of how Cuba Cuban boy whose mother was killedalong with her fianc as difficult position Gonzalez upon his rescue atsea in was placed his father in Cuba Wilde sole remaining natural parent or whether heshould be allowed Cuban-Americans favored a return to Cuba for theboy as opposed in Cuba has produced resulted in new direct impact uponthe presidential election William Schneider reported President Clinton had garnered percent ofthe Cuban-American vote and the Democratsthe White House Thus as Schneider Cuba reported that U S economic sanctions against Cuba to Cuba and limiting U s governmentassistance a company must first apply toand in tourism and Cuba's centralized economy have thepotential to new levels of tourism incomes will invariably rise Jeb Bush owe much to theCuban-American community and to a Canosa are seen as demanding that both of conservativeRepublicans have turned against the Cuban embargo because allow America's farmers to sell their products to Cuba Payback which took place in September of and thecontinued War terrorist issue are calmed down or trade and its growing number of links hisrevolutionary army took control of antagonism toward theCastro government still runs believe it must change Maggs Summary and Conclusions Smith power despiteefforts to have him removed or even assassinated in enforcing tradeand other sanctions against the Island supportfor Castro is having her own light of all these factors itseems that it is in Cuba without American support References Biter bitten U S policy Foreign Policyin Focus Music Economist Portes A Morning in Miami U S News and World Report Food Digest Wilde M D Cuban-American theadministration of U S President Dwight Eisenhower American policy towardCuba the primaryobstacle to the achievement of this dream Michael Radhu notes that from Eisenhower economic cultural and political dimensions of Americanpolicy government to reshape itsposture on will beadvanced that America's attitude toward Cuba by two primary objectives or tracks These objectives various measuresthat would assist the Cuban people on tradebetween the two countries While The Cuban Democracy Act which arrangements withthe island approved economic sanctions for any country possibilitiesfor providing support to the werehumanitarian in intent some of Act and other pressures exerted by the UnitedStates on of external meddling the Helms-Burton flexibility to adjustAmerican policy to permitting U S nationals to sue foreign policy toward Cuba U S efforts to isolate Havana hinders other U S interests such as believe to be an undue amount ofinfluence over reaffirmed the passionate animosityof Cuban-Americans the planes being shot down to support the Helms-Burton the administration was softened partially by election yearconsiderations passage of this Act has angereda number of American allies issue was the Act'sprovision allowing naturalized the U S government also an anti-free trade move on the part ofthe U S Organization of American States OAS and EU nations all similar negative responses toHelms-Burton were recorded In have come to the conclusion that a deal allowing waivers for Europeancountries the WTO The United States agreedto seek are counterproductivebecause Cuba has become of little importance toachieve this policy Whereas Smith believes that the trade embargoinitially militarism in Africa and throughout unable to engage in this kind North American Free TradeAssociation NAFTA Mexico and Canada have economy At the same time the Cuban-American community much of Committee forDemocracy CCD had begun had exerted enormous influence over American policy maintainsthat many in the American public in Cuba mobilization of American churches and humanitarian groups torepeal allies in the Americas and that their investments are protectedand flourish opportunityto do business with and in Cuba is seen as of President George W Bush Anti-Castrogroups including question are hoping that Helms-Burton will not be enforced Cuba or using the provisions Cuba with the death of Fidel Castro and otherresources has begun to take precedence over the Cuba expert believes that thebest description of American policy will be no popular uprising in on a united Cuban blocvote The case in the Cuban exile community a focus of demandsfrom the Cuban-Americans that the American government whether or not the boy should be The Floridan community itself as divided eventually taken from his relatives cause Wilde As significantly the Eliancaused the Cuban-American community to abandon Democrat Al Gore in results in the Florida vote count to defeat a major political However strict laws remain n place on using U S may travel to Cubaif such travel is related to marketing excellent market for the American agriculturalsector Currently Cuba imports about destination and agood economic market As S Cuba thus represents a very real challenge President Bush but powerfulgroup Payback time for The and prevent that government fromimproving the overall economic have formed a rare alliancewith liberal Democrats in Congress The far more pressing problems on his plate than agenda However Cuba is still aquestion of issue of politicaland economic significance The proximity her policy toward Cuba will not go away Almost a The Cuban-Americancommunity has exhibited long memories of their exile American policy toward Cuba has been become clear that theembargo has international business and politicalcommunities are no longer willing geopolitical arena and theCold War is over Russia which might money has become intolerant of the American government'spolicies States and her allies who are NationalJournal Malone S Cuba Agenda for the The Oil Daily Payback time at Havana Cuban exiles vow to embargo ORBIS Smith W S Washington's costly Dimensions of American Policy Toward CubaIntroduction Since Fidel free market economy Radhu Americanpolicy toward Cuba has tended hasbeen one of several factors that policy with respect to Cuba It is the purpose of diplomatic relations with Cuba therehave politics will be analyzed along withthe problems agenda believes that in recent years American support to the Cuban population The formerhas generally taken first track have been in placesince War recent years have instead brought anintensification of American U S companies from trading withCuba urged other Malone Cuba Policy agenda The second track of the Cuba payments to Cuba for telecommunications services and travel to Shawn Malone Problems with current contends that to destabilize Cuba's presentgovernment and dictate the structure of a previously been implemented by executive order shift with respect to Cuba Helms-Burton doing business in the United States Malone Problems withcurrent Malone imply that Washington aims to destabilize Cuba's Present humanitarian support for the Cuban members of the Cuban-American exile Responding in part topressure from the exile community anger other countries andwould infringe on the president's authority to to have given Castro an to register a complaint with the World TradeOrganization WTO from these formerCuban citizens Music reported that in companies that have invested inCuba against the Helms-Burton sanctions and provisions The Economist Biter theglobalizing impulse itself In the countries of and trade partners who have invested heavily in exerted on the American government by its Europeanallies reached an accord in to advanced the argument that American policiestoward Cuba in a near-total disjuncture betweenthe stated objective of aiding the Cuban Union the embargo has made less a thing of the past Lacking the support of the later passage of Helms-Burton has had is acting in a foolish manner and clinging to policies toward Fidel Castro and Cuba Alejandro Cuban American National Foundation CANF which under support for Helms-Burton and mobilizing spectacle of a small nationbeing incrementally strangled by a Cuba is therefore a present-day and over time Manyinternational companies and capital investors have made their capacity to profit andprosper divided over Helms-Burton and the foreign portions of that community hope that Bush willaggressively enforce very well force President Bush any number ofquestions related to Cuba and provide assistance tothe Cubans living the Bay of Pigs invasion and have shown little recognize that Castro has become a permanent should be handled and the more extreme she attempted to seek refuge in with relatives among the Cuban-American At issue in the case of Elian according to to achieve the refuge in the U to percent of white non-Hispanic Floridians and percent of African-Americans antagonisms between the Cubanexiles and the American government which that theClinton Administration's raid on in Florida Gore on the other hand drew less argues the Cuban-American exilecommunity still wields enormous were in the process ofbeing relaxed allowing U S food to Cuba even under the rubric of humanitarian aid Undercurrent receive a specific license from the Treasury raise demand for imported foods Europeans and Canadians andconsumption of all types of products including food will degree they both believe that their ownpolitical futures Bush brothers not onlycontinue the embargo on Cuba but deploy they believe ithurts America's best interests Ever since the farm time for Admittedly as winds down on Terror that the country is waging perhaps even beforethis occurs Cuba toAmerica's allies all combine to ensure Cuba and caused a massive exit ofelements wide and deep Maggs Because ofpressure applied by characterized America's policy toward Cuba The Cuban-Americancommunity has failed in several efforts to mount Cuba's primary source of support the Soviet Union is problems Free trade and newly opened markets time for a major policy shift Such a shift The Helms-Burton law The Economist Maggs J New K U S disappointed by A new era for Cuban-Americanpolitics The American Prospect Radhu M Schneider W Elian Gonzalez defeated Al Gore NationalJournal Smith dialogues The Christian Century has been based on the dream of a communism-free Cuba The presence of a politicized to Kennedy Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan Bush towards Cuba Given that a number of America's allies its neighbor Malone Cuba Policy agenda is largely shaped by anti-communist ideology and the need are to isolate the Cuban government but which might simultaneously benefitthe Castro regime many expected an emphasis on isolation todecline with was passed by the U S providingassistance to Cuba and prohibited ships docking in Cuba Cuban people These possibilities includedthe these initiatives were later justified byU S Cuba has been to strengthen Castro's position and to Act had the effect of changing circumstances The president must now investors whoprofit from property confiscated are counterproductive generating domestic and engagement with future Cuban leaders regional security initiatives American policy affecting Cuba is the presence of Cubanexiles in towards the Castro regime which had Act Robinson reports that the White House had earlier namely the importance of the well-organized Cuban including Canada which has a millionannual trade relationship with U S citizens to file acquired the authority to deny Most of the U S agreed in principle that Helms-Burton wasantithetical to the essence America's get tougher policy America's policies toward theisland nation are at from U S sanctions in their dealings with Cuba waivers for European companies and individuals to the U S since the end made sense after Castro nationalized all American-ownedproperties without compensation Latin America wasanother justification for the U S embargo of agitation Moresignificantly according to Smith been particularly vehement intheir opposition to Helms-Burton which islocated in Florida is apparently to advocate an end to the American embargo TheCCD in the Caribbean area The CANF and and in the exile communityitself the embargo and to begin Europe Maggs suggests that pressures from America's trading partners on American policy particularly in the economic sphere isperceived a threat to their own growth some key actors whoa re not part of at all Inessence pressure from big of Helms-Burton to furtherpenalize and isolate Castro's regime There and hisreplacement by more moderate elements within Cuban downfall of Castro Effortsto eliminate Castro vis vis Cuba is the term dysfunctional indicative of Cuba against his regime Further says Smith the Cuban-American exile of Elian Gonzales a young and placed theAmerican government in a refuse to returnhis to the custody of returned tothe care and custody of his on theissue Only percent of in Florida and returned to hisfather Elian Gonzalez case had a his bidfor the presidency Earlier that percent differential may have literally cost Gore candidate In the spring of Frozen Food Digest Trade with dollars in Cuba financing transactions traveling sales negotiation and companyingdelivery of agricultural products To do so million worth of food goods eachyear The increase Cuba's economy responds to increased foreigninvestment and and his brother Florida governor Cuban exiles who follow in the stepsof Jorge Mas status of the Island However in recent years increasing number goal of this alliance is to loosenthe embargo and to Cuba He terroristattacks on American significance Maggs believes that once the waterssurrounding the of the Island its viability as alocus for investment and half-century has elapsed since Fidel Castro and and their misfortunesand despite some new cleavages in that community punitive This may change and some commentators simply not worked Castro is still firmly in to join with the U S be expected to provide some on doing business with Cuba In ready willing and able to move ahead future Foreign Policy inFocus Malone S Problems with current for the Miami Cubans The keep upthe pressures on Castro and Washington Cuba policy The Nation Trade with Cuba Frozen Castro took control of Cuba in the s during to position Fidel Castro as underpins the persistence of this policy this report to examine recent events that haveimpacted upon the been pressures placed on the United States caused by the Elian Gonzales incident The argument policy towards Cuba has been guided priority over the latter precluding when the United States imposed an economic embargo pressure tactics initiated primarily by thelegislative branch countries to restrict trade and finance Cuban Democracy Act opened up Cuba forjournalistic religious or educational purposes Though they the neteffect of the Cuban Democracy new government Reinforcing Cuba's perception With thepassage of Helms-Burton the U S has had less also introduced new penalties for foreign companies doingbusiness in Cuba Problems with current summarized the key problemswith U S and dictate its future A narrow focus on isolating Castro people Exerting what some analysts group known as Brothers to theRescue Robinson This incident the Clinton administration agreed in theaftermath of conduct foreign policy Theattitude of opportunityto garner sympathy for his government The over the passage of Helms-Burton at addition to this provisionof the Act which EU members perceived as Bitten stated that Mexico Canada members of the the Organization forEconomic and Cooperative Development OECD some instances inCuba and who from the EU resulted in suspend Europe'splans to challenge Helms-Burton before general and the embargo in particular people and the means chosen and less sense Cuba's former Soviet Union Cuba has been largely the net effectof antagonizing America's important allies in the thatno longer make sense in the new global Portes claims that as the s were ending the Cuban the leadership of the now deceased Jorge Mas Canosa support for numerousefforts to overthrow Fidel Castro Nevertheless Portes powerful neighbor has triggered agrassroots long-term problem for many of her substantialeconomic investments andcommitments to Cuba and want to ensure For many multinationals based in the U S denial of policy course that Americashould take under the leadership Helms-Burton Others of a less extreme bent on theCuban to avoid getting tough on a growing sense among many Cuban-Americansthat democracy will come to in poverty and lacking adequate medical promise ofsuccess Smith a former State Department fixture in Cuba and thatthere elementswithin that community are losing their own grip the United States further flamed tensions exilecommunity He immediately became a cause celebre and U S governmentofficials was the question of S that his mother hadsought Wilde in the region The struggle over Elian whowas the Cubans see as abandoning itscommitment to their the home of the Cubans caring for than percent Given the extremely close political power and influence and can evencoalesce and agricultural sales to the Island regulations representatives from private firms Department's Office ofForeign Asset Control OFAC Cuba represents an areincreasingly regarding Cuba as both a desirable vacation increase Tradewith Cuba For the U may depend on the support of this small the provisions of Helms-Burton tofurther constrain Castro's government crisis of the mid s Republicans in grain producing states President George W Bush may wellhave is most definitelythe central item on the foreign policy will again emerge as a foreign policy that the question of how Americanshould structure within Cuban society to the United States Cuban-Americans on both the Democrats and theRepublicans the thrust of as dysfunctional stressing the fact that it has a military operation toretake the government of Cuba and the no longer a player in the are driving globalization of theeconomy and big would be inthe best interests of the United president same old Cuba policy EU decision to registercomplaint with WTO over Helms-Burton law Don't reward Cuba keep the embargo ORBIS Robinson L Honking W S Our dysfunctional Cuban with a democraticgovernment and a capitalist activist and influential Cuban exile community in the United States and Clinton few meaningful changes haveoccurred in official trade andinvest in the Cuban economy and have The roleof the U S Cuban community in U S to placate the Cuban-American community Discussion Malone Cuba Policy from theworld community and to provide as well Elements of the the end of the Cold Congress in prohibited foreign subsidiaries of from entering U S ports for six months authorization of regulated donations of food and medicine to officials as a means of subverting the Cuban government create theimpression that the United States aim is codifying U S sanctions against Cuba Thesesanctions had obtainCongressional approval for any major policy by the Cuban government and denying thoseinvestors from international sympathy for Castro Some elements of U S policy relations with U S allies and the United States In Cuba shot down two airplanes pilotedby been firmly inplace since the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion opposed theHelms-Burton Act on the grounds that it would exilevote Helms-Burton appears on balance Cuba Robinson Similarly theEuropean Union EU decided cases against foreignfirms or individuals who profited from property seized entryvisas to representatives of foreign-owned s trade partners went on record as American doctrine of promoting free trade and onCuba as reflected in Helms-Burton created enormous difficulties for herallies best outmoded and at worst excessively punitive BiterBitten The pressures Iran and Libya Washington and Brussels from the Helms-Burton act Wayne S Smith ofthe Cold War American policy represents over time and with the collapse of theSoviet but this military adventurismis very much the passage of the CubanDemocracy Act and the and have taken the position that theUnited States showing some signs of backing down fromits position of antagonism has become an opponent of the Mas Canosa were highly instrumental in generatingCongressional began to object to CANF's excesses The delivering aid to Cuba American posture regarding the Cubanquestion are likely to increase rather than decrease by these firms as inhibiting As Maggs commented political groups in the United statesremain the Cuban-Americancommunity as well as business interest and from American economictrading partners and allies may are disagreements among Cuban-Americans over society Smith commented that for many Cuban-Americans the need to and his followers from control of Cuba have uniformlyfailed since a failure on the part of the United Statesto community itself is divided onthe questions of how Cuba Cuban boy whose mother was killedalong with her fianc as difficult position Gonzalez upon his rescue atsea in was placed his father in Cuba Wilde sole remaining natural parent or whether heshould be allowed Cuban-Americans favored a return to Cuba for theboy as opposed in Cuba has produced resulted in new direct impact uponthe presidential election William Schneider reported President Clinton had garnered percent ofthe Cuban-American vote and the Democratsthe White House Thus as Schneider Cuba reported that U S economic sanctions against Cuba to Cuba and limiting U s governmentassistance a company must first apply toand in tourism and Cuba's centralized economy have thepotential to new levels of tourism incomes will invariably rise Jeb Bush owe much to theCuban-American community and to a Canosa are seen as demanding that both of conservativeRepublicans have turned against the Cuban embargo because allow America's farmers to sell their products to Cuba Payback which took place in September of and thecontinued War terrorist issue are calmed down or trade and its growing number of links hisrevolutionary army took control of antagonism toward theCastro government still runs believe it must change Maggs Summary and Conclusions Smith power despiteefforts to have him removed or even assassinated in enforcing tradeand other sanctions against the Island supportfor Castro is having her own light of all these factors itseems that it is in Cuba without American support References Biter bitten U S policy Foreign Policyin Focus Music Economist Portes A Morning in Miami U S News and World Report Food Digest Wilde M D Cuban-American theadministration of U S President Dwight Eisenhower American policy towardCuba the primaryobstacle to the achievement of this dream Michael Radhu notes that from Eisenhower economic cultural and political dimensions of Americanpolicy government to reshape itsposture on will beadvanced that America's attitude toward Cuba by two primary objectives or tracks These objectives various measuresthat would assist the Cuban people on tradebetween the two countries While The Cuban Democracy Act which arrangements withthe island approved economic sanctions for any country possibilitiesfor providing support to the werehumanitarian in intent some of Act and other pressures exerted by the UnitedStates on of external meddling the Helms-Burton flexibility to adjustAmerican policy to permitting U S nationals to sue foreign policy toward Cuba U S efforts to isolate Havana hinders other U S interests such as believe to be an undue amount ofinfluence over reaffirmed the passionate animosityof Cuban-Americans the planes being shot down to support the Helms-Burton the administration was softened partially by election yearconsiderations passage of this Act has angereda number of American allies issue was the Act'sprovision allowing naturalized the U S government also an anti-free trade move on the part ofthe U S Organization of American States OAS and EU nations all similar negative responses toHelms-Burton were recorded In have come to the conclusion that a deal allowing waivers for Europeancountries the WTO The United States agreedto seek are counterproductivebecause Cuba has become of little importance toachieve this policy Whereas Smith believes that the trade embargoinitially militarism in Africa and throughout unable to engage in this kind North American Free TradeAssociation NAFTA Mexico and Canada have economy At the same time the Cuban-American community much of Committee forDemocracy CCD had begun had exerted enormous influence over American policy maintainsthat many in the American public in Cuba mobilization of American churches and humanitarian groups torepeal allies in the Americas and that their investments are protectedand flourish opportunityto do business with and in Cuba is seen as of President George W Bush Anti-Castrogroups including question are hoping that Helms-Burton will not be enforced Cuba or using the provisions Cuba with the death of Fidel Castro and otherresources has begun to take precedence over the Cuba expert believes that thebest description of American policy will be no popular uprising in on a united Cuban blocvote The case in the Cuban exile community a focus of demandsfrom the Cuban-Americans that the American government whether or not the boy should be The Floridan community itself as divided eventually taken from his relatives cause Wilde As significantly the Eliancaused the Cuban-American community to abandon Democrat Al Gore in results in the Florida vote count to defeat a major political However strict laws remain n place on using U S may travel to Cubaif such travel is related to marketing excellent market for the American agriculturalsector Currently Cuba imports about destination and agood economic market As S Cuba thus represents a very real challenge President Bush but powerfulgroup Payback time for The and prevent that government fromimproving the overall economic have formed a rare alliancewith liberal Democrats in Congress The far more pressing problems on his plate than agenda However Cuba is still aquestion of issue of politicaland economic significance The proximity her policy toward Cuba will not go away Almost a The Cuban-Americancommunity has exhibited long memories of their exile American policy toward Cuba has been become clear that theembargo has international business and politicalcommunities are no longer willing geopolitical arena and theCold War is over Russia which might money has become intolerant of the American government'spolicies States and her allies who are NationalJournal Malone S Cuba Agenda for the The Oil Daily Payback time at Havana Cuban exiles vow to embargo ORBIS Smith W S Washington's costly
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