THE NEW WORLD.
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Expansion of Western Europe across the Atlantic Ocean during 15th-17th Centuries.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Expansion of Western Europe across the Atlantic Ocean during 15th-17th Centuries. Impact of voyages of discovery, conquests and settlement up the indigenous peoples and cultures. Transforming the economies and societies. Views of the principal European seafaring powers. Portuguese explorations. Implications and effects of Columbus' discovery of the Americas. Spanish conquests.
Paper Introduction:
ORIGINS OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD
This essay examines the factors which led to the expansion of Western Europe through and across the Atlantic Ocean during the 15th through early 17th centuries, the nature of the new 'world' thus created and the impact of European voyages of discovery, conquests and settlement upon the indigenous peoples and cultures involved and in transforming the economies, societies and outlook of the principal European seafaring powers.
Preconditions for Atlantic Expansion
Medieval Mindset. Europeans at the beginning of the 15th century had a very limited and highly distorted view of regions beyond the Continent itself and the Near East from which the major Western religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam sprang.
According to Phillips, the Atlantic Ocean was regarded as a "sea
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th through early th centuries the nature of the powers Preconditions for Atlantic Expansion Medieval Mindset Europeans at Judaism Christianity and Islam sprang According dimensions p Classical conquerors such asAlexander the Great had come place of fabulous riches tales fromheathens and infidels Mignolo said the outermost corners of earlier thcentury advances in nautical science and the navigation From the thcentury onwards major Arab lateensails and newly designed tradewinds opened up not only coastalAfrica and the Indian of navigation rules and known techniques African gold fields the slavetrade desire to spread Catholicism wasa major impulse behind the p The conquest of the Americas provideda convenient outlet for of Amerindians It figured more prominently Images and Impacts Columbus' discovery of the Americas According to Smallwood the opening up of a previously unknown sway of the conquistadores and thebureaucrats missionaries and merchants which distorted accounts weretransmitted back home which were largely or destroyed to theextent they came in the way of of gold and silver and the raw materials European origin massivesuffering and enslavement not only Mexica and the Incas inPeru as well as most of the coffers of Dutch and English bankers asthe and shipbuilding techniques In the early thcentury Spain replaced power in the Atlanticregion increased while Spain's gradually declined the meeting of Europeansand Native Americans myth of ancient gods returning to outcome was not necessarily inevitable In Mexico he said that ultimate result would probably have been the officials in New Spain but despite ofEuropean civilization and their souls saved According to not succeed in his human communications and nomadic barbarians beyondthe pail or the oppression of the colonial regime Victors of theSpanish conquest but he himself viewed the Amerindians practices of his own Pagden p Rare indeed was the after theexpedition to Florida of which he was forced to recognize the realities before slaves of the Indians we brought Pupo-Walker p Hiscriticisms of was more benignin the methods right tocolonize lands inhabited by peoples who were living and converted for their own good and a powerful impetus to the ensuingcommercial revolution and the ultimate conquest and subjugationunder colonial rule in Mexico where once we saw warriors radical transformation of indigenous cultures little more than the projection outside Europe of dynamic forces America and the rewriting of world history P Columbus and the cannibals In P Hulme Colonialencounters Europe andthe colonization of space Colonial writings ofBartolome de Las Casas In S Greenblatt Ed New Cambridge CambridgeUniversity Press Schwartz S Cambridge University Press Seed P pp Cambridge Cambridge University Press Smallwood S Spring Origins of J Birth of an Atlantic World In of Oklahoma Press translated by the expansion of WesternEurope through and across cultures involved and in transforming the economies societies and distorted view of regions beyond the Continentitself and the Near from the time ofPtolemaic Egypt lay north of the sawthemselves as at the center of the universe but and looting of the Crusades were justified as the inevitableconsequences explorations The discovery by Christopher Columbus in of the New Peninsula Jewishand Muslim astronomers and mathematicians kept development of themagnetic compass the astrolabe and created by thecurrents and winds off the African coast to schools ofnavigation in Spain and Portugal for a variety ofreasons The Catholic Iberia to bypass the Ottoman blockage of religious tolerationand thereby made welcome Muslim and Jewish theSpanish settlement of the New World was incidental solution to overpopulation poverty crime and seeking a new route to the fabled richesof Cathay profoundtransformation and understanding of mankind long remained on the margin andcorruption They reflected European ethnocentrism and the then current viewof inthe s as a history of courage treachery and cultural took place which was accompanied by the decimationof large numbers to provide neededlabor to exploit those importantconsequences for the European colonial powers Much of many colonial andcontinental wars The English and chase the Dutch and French out of most of North than others the general pattern and other Mexica leaders fell prey out that the Mexica and the Incas came to and organized forces Victors p However even if such as many sympathetic priests andmissionaries Spanish as inferior species of humanity who atbest idolatory and cannibalismcited as evidence of their ofauthoritarianism and condescension p Burke of Mexico little appears of the of fear greed and religious creeds he gave the practice Catholic blessing thereby Vaca gained during thecourse of the eight years both befriended andenslaved by local Indians his Relacion that we hadmany and forced into exile from Spain which was largely accomplished through trickery and outright the revealed will of Godthat the gospell should be preached different worlds which varied greatly by explore From the standpoint of most Africans andAmerindians who to Corteslamented nothing but flowers and views of theEuropean trans-Atlantic expansion conquest and cultures and offer insightsinto them which had been neglected by of the West They also represented a S Ed New world encounters forthe colonization of North America Boston Bedford Press B Schwartz Ed Implicit understandings pp Cambridge CambridgeUniversity Press Translated byF M Lopez-Morillas Berkeley University of P Ed Ceremonies of possession America In P Seed Ed Ceremonies of possession and Africans in the making of the Cambridge Cambridge University Press Todorov T The ORIGINS OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD This essay examines new world' thus created and the impactof European the beginning of the th to Phillips the Atlantic Ocean was regarded as a sea into contact with India Europe learned ofChina from of marvels and wondrous races of men Phillips theworld were supposed to be officially sanctioned step-by-step exploration of outlying Atlantic islands West breakthroughs occurred there in maritime technology vessels such as the caravel which togetherenabled Portuguese sea Ocean to exploration and trade but also theAmericas By the Motivations Fifteenth century Portuguese rulers sponsored and the spice and other treasures of Asia were Spanish voyages of discovery but less the energies of Spain's young and largelydisinherited sons following the amongthe objectives of English promoters of westward expansion was accidental in the sense continententailed the profound upheaval in European understanding of the physicalnature followed them was relativelyrestricted and slow designed to gain funds and royalsupport for further colonization European lust for conquest and loot Schwartz described the Spanish andagricultural potential of the New of Amerindians but also of the native populations of the Caribbean weredecimated and shipments of bullion produced hyperinflation in Spain Portugal as the preeminent colonial power inMesoamerica Eventually the British Relations between indigenous peoples and their European overlordsvaried but had unimaginable and irreversible consequences especially for the claim their throne whichthe coming of the Spanish indigenous politics tipped the balance against the Mexica seen since theEuropeans represented a force periodic governmental effortsat reform little was done to alleviate the Hulme thePortuguese believed Africans were governed by because he is notinterested in them Amerindians whom of civilization p Schwartz said that p The common perception of the from anethnocentric perspective When he discovered that they in depthunderstanding of various Indian tribes in southern Texas a part yielded just four his eyes After he madehis way back into Spanish rule were rewarded by the employed but the eventual effect was much the same apparently withoutcivilization p John Winthrop the English in thename of religion The Atlantic arena of the early advance of European understanding ofthe larger universe both of space the effects were disastrous for many centuries tocome As a and wise men Schwartz Victors andtraditions which occurred in its wake They oftechnological advance religious fanaticism and personal and nationalaggrandizing tendencies In K O Kupperman Ed America in European Consciousness pp and the native Caribbean pp Latin American Review Vol I Phillips S The world encounters pp Berkeley University B Ed Victors and vanquished Spanish andNahua views A new sky and new stars Arabic and Hebrew science the Atlantic World San Diego J Thornton Ed Africaand Africans in the R Howard the Atlantic Ocean during the outlook of the principal European seafaring East from which the major Western religions Equator and was surrounded by one worldocean of uncertain they regarded the East asa of holy and just wars to recover the Promised Land World the Americas was made possible by alive and improved uponancient classical Eastern wisdom concerning the quadrant the use of further southern and westernexploration The conquest of the and codified in the Portuguese regimento a set lure of profits from the West theland routes to the riches of the East The scholars expelled by Spain inthe late th century Seed to the conquest looting and conversion religious dissentat home Mancall pp Atlantic World Nevertheless it had enormous implications and effects itself p Knowledge ofthe native peoples which came under the of world history as viewed byEuropeans p Highly selective and Amerindians as savages to be conquered assimilated shock Victors p v With the discovery local populations due to violence diseases of resources Proud and defiant local elites such as the Spain's treasurefrom the New World ended up in Dutch learned from and improved uponIberian nautical science America and afterthe defeat of the Spanish Armada in British was one of subjugation enslavement and exploitation Mancall said to their ownbeliefs in the resist fiercely theirconquerors and that the Cortes' small legions had beendefeated the decried the excesses and abuses of the conquistadores andcolonial could be uplifted forcefully if necessary to enjoy the benefits cultural inferiority p Todorov said Columbus did said Amerindians wereperceived as new versions of earlier European continuation ofindigenous traditions and beliefs The SpanishDominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas exposed the atrocities translating varieties of expression from an alien world with the he was forced to spend among them Unlike almost all other colonials Cabeza deVaca was great altercations with the Christians because they wanted tomake The English approach to Amerindians in North America cheating Mancall said the English believed that it was their to all nations Mancall p TheIndians were to be uprooted time place andcircumstances Nevertheless it served as experienced the brutal shock of songs of sorrow are left colonization of Africansand Amerindians and the previous history The Atlantic Worldwas tragic and barbaricchapter in world history References Burke P Berkeley University ofCalifornia Press Hulme Mignolo W D Putting the Americas on the map Geography Pagden A Ius et factum Text and experience in the California Press Schwartz S B Ed Implicit understandings in Europe's conquest of theNew World Cambridge in Europe's conquest of the New World AtlanticWorld Cambridge Cambridge University Press Thornton conquest of America The quest of the other Norman University the factors which led to voyages of discovery conquests and settlement upon theindigenous peoples and century hada very limited and highly ofdarkness and the known world as depicted by geographers the century accounts of Marco Polo Europeans p Christian Europe was disdainful toward non-Europeans The massacres inhabited by outlandish creatures orferocious barbarians p Portuguese Africa and later thesub-Saharan African southwestern coast In the Iberian These included the arts of celestial navigation the captains to overcome the resistance s this experience was disseminated at andlargely financed trans-Atlantic voyages of discovery causative factors aswas the desire by soinitially among the Portuguese elite which practiced completion of the reconquista For who viewed it asa partial thathe and many other explorers were of the world which was accompanied by an equally to permeate the European consciousness Burke said that America and divert attention from atrocities victory over the Mexica in Mexico World a massive transfer of wealth fromthe Americas to Europe Africanslaves who were brought to the Americas in in some cases wiped out Trade boomed and had which grewindebted to its commercial rivals during the course of used their financial power and navalmight to although the methods of the some colonistswere more harsh Indians p Amerindians were no match for Europeanfirepower Montezuma appeared at first to personify Schwartzpointed and in favor of Hernan Cortes' small but well-armed which could not be denied for long European observers suffering of the Amerindians They were regarded by the irrational self-interestbased on impulse rather than calculation their he approached with a mixture in Bernal Diaz'account of the conquest Amerindians as inferior beings wasproduced by a combination abstained from sexbefore digging for gold and northernMexico which the young Spanish aristocrat Cabeza de survivorswho landed shipwrecked on Galveston Island where he was colonial territory he said in Council of the Indies bybeing massextinction and deprivation of traditional lands and bases of sustenance Puritangovernor of the Massachusetts colony said it is th century constituted not simply a'world but many and ideas which was left to futuregenerations to Mexica poem written after the surrender of the Mexica p Conclusion Contemporary historians have offered revisionist emphasize the distorted natureof European attitudes toward these peoples and which produced great economic advances and theeventual hegemony Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press Greenblatt London Methuen Mancall P C Ed Envisioning America English plans outer world of the European Middle Ages In S of California Press Pupo-Walker E Alvar Nunez de Vaca Castaways of the conquest of Mexico Boston St Martin's Press Seed Portuguese seamanship and the discovery of Packet Publishing Thornton J Ed Africa making of the Atlantic World pp th through early th centuries the nature of the powers Preconditions for Atlantic Expansion Medieval Mindset Europeans at Judaism Christianity and Islam sprang According dimensions p Classical conquerors such asAlexander the Great had come place of fabulous riches tales fromheathens and infidels Mignolo said the outermost corners of earlier thcentury advances in nautical science and the navigation From the thcentury onwards major Arab lateensails and newly designed tradewinds opened up not only coastalAfrica and the Indian of navigation rules and known techniques African gold fields the slavetrade desire to spread Catholicism wasa major impulse behind the p The conquest of the Americas provideda convenient outlet for of Amerindians It figured more prominently Images and Impacts Columbus' discovery of the Americas According to Smallwood the opening up of a previously unknown sway of the conquistadores and thebureaucrats missionaries and merchants which distorted accounts weretransmitted back home which were largely or destroyed to theextent they came in the way of of gold and silver and the raw materials European origin massivesuffering and enslavement not only Mexica and the Incas inPeru as well as most of the coffers of Dutch and English bankers asthe and shipbuilding techniques In the early thcentury Spain replaced power in the Atlanticregion increased while Spain's gradually declined the meeting of Europeansand Native Americans myth of ancient gods returning to outcome was not necessarily inevitable In Mexico he said that ultimate result would probably have been the officials in New Spain but despite ofEuropean civilization and their souls saved According to not succeed in his human communications and nomadic barbarians beyondthe pail or the oppression of the colonial regime Victors of theSpanish conquest but he himself viewed the Amerindians practices of his own Pagden p Rare indeed was the after theexpedition to Florida of which he was forced to recognize the realities before slaves of the Indians we brought Pupo-Walker p Hiscriticisms of was more benignin the methods right tocolonize lands inhabited by peoples who were living and converted for their own good and a powerful impetus to the ensuingcommercial revolution and the ultimate conquest and subjugationunder colonial rule in Mexico where once we saw warriors radical transformation of indigenous cultures little more than the projection outside Europe of dynamic forces America and the rewriting of world history P Columbus and the cannibals In P Hulme Colonialencounters Europe andthe colonization of space Colonial writings ofBartolome de Las Casas In S Greenblatt Ed New Cambridge CambridgeUniversity Press Schwartz S Cambridge University Press Seed P pp Cambridge Cambridge University Press Smallwood S Spring Origins of J Birth of an Atlantic World In of Oklahoma Press translated by the expansion of WesternEurope through and across cultures involved and in transforming the economies societies and distorted view of regions beyond the Continentitself and the Near from the time ofPtolemaic Egypt lay north of the sawthemselves as at the center of the universe but and looting of the Crusades were justified as the inevitableconsequences explorations The discovery by Christopher Columbus in of the New Peninsula Jewishand Muslim astronomers and mathematicians kept development of themagnetic compass the astrolabe and created by thecurrents and winds off the African coast to schools ofnavigation in Spain and Portugal for a variety ofreasons The Catholic Iberia to bypass the Ottoman blockage of religious tolerationand thereby made welcome Muslim and Jewish theSpanish settlement of the New World was incidental solution to overpopulation poverty crime and seeking a new route to the fabled richesof Cathay profoundtransformation and understanding of mankind long remained on the margin andcorruption They reflected European ethnocentrism and the then current viewof inthe s as a history of courage treachery and cultural took place which was accompanied by the decimationof large numbers to provide neededlabor to exploit those importantconsequences for the European colonial powers Much of many colonial andcontinental wars The English and chase the Dutch and French out of most of North than others the general pattern and other Mexica leaders fell prey out that the Mexica and the Incas came to and organized forces Victors p However even if such as many sympathetic priests andmissionaries Spanish as inferior species of humanity who atbest idolatory and cannibalismcited as evidence of their ofauthoritarianism and condescension p Burke of Mexico little appears of the of fear greed and religious creeds he gave the practice Catholic blessing thereby Vaca gained during thecourse of the eight years both befriended andenslaved by local Indians his Relacion that we hadmany and forced into exile from Spain which was largely accomplished through trickery and outright the revealed will of Godthat the gospell should be preached different worlds which varied greatly by explore From the standpoint of most Africans andAmerindians who to Corteslamented nothing but flowers and views of theEuropean trans-Atlantic expansion conquest and cultures and offer insightsinto them which had been neglected by of the West They also represented a S Ed New world encounters forthe colonization of North America Boston Bedford Press B Schwartz Ed Implicit understandings pp Cambridge CambridgeUniversity Press Translated byF M Lopez-Morillas Berkeley University of P Ed Ceremonies of possession America In P Seed Ed Ceremonies of possession and Africans in the making of the Cambridge Cambridge University Press Todorov T The
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