THEORY OF VIOLENCE.
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Examines causes of violence in U.S.society.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines causes of violence in U.S. society. Focus on theory of Dr. James Gilligan regarding the nature and origins o different forms of violence. Discusses two works dealing with social alientation in light of Gilligan's theory. THE FIRE NEXT TIME by James Baldwin and THE AGE OF MISSING INFORMATION by Bill McKibben.
Paper Introduction:
Dr. James Gilligan, in an insightful study of violence among men, theorizes a cycle of poverty, shame, violence and punishment that is continually perpetuated in modern American society, aided in no small part by our penal system. His book Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes delves into the nature and origins of violence, hinging the crux of his theory upon the notion that “The different forms of violence, whether toward individuals or entire populations, are motivated (caused) by feelings of shame” (111). Under the umbrella of shame are huddled some devastating psychological companions: humiliation, absence of self-love, and ultimately, numbness. It is precisely this numbness, this death of self, that can lay a foundation for “acting out”(the expression of thought by actions rather than words), from which violence may be unleashed.
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no small partby our penal system His book Violence are motivated caused byfeelings of shame Under the umbrella of for acting out the expression we may extend Gilligan's theoryto other works of interest form is tragic He emphasizes thatfrom tragedy that the nature of violence of violence And as in any tragedy his examination of the components that comprise the basic opposite of pride whichnaturally includes a non-physical violence psychological torture cangenerate with awish for concealment as feelings of humiliation are sustained eventually constant shaming absence of love all forms of violence starve sensation eventually it will transgress feelingaltogether leaving empty of love fills with hate Gilligan other stimuli are recruited physical self-mutilations lashings-out atothers joy empathy even fear His loss of pride has that their owncapacity for violence becomes unpredictable the struggle out This notion creates a isreserved for those men who are action into words Thus acting out can be mutilation assault or rape are means of creating violence and Gilligan offers poverty and theprison system as two components of sustain this contention He writes every fifteen years on ongoing unending thermonuclear war or genocide perpetrated on the weak the impoverished class is shame-inducing feeling judged bythe upper classes in turn primed forfrustration humiliation and the feelings of abuse among members ofthe impoverished class Gilligan Gilligan identifies the punishments meted out in our system legal collective violence againstthe convicted of painor depravation does not prevent the same shame-inducing elements that probably Violent persons require pride and respect to compensate for United States isconducive to the perpetuation of the are laid down And the product ofsocial inequity is then proceeds to analyze other cultural patterns values and concept of violence on a different level delving into our roles Gilligan explains these classic gender roles The male at the same time that it has beenconstructed The opposing sex roles of God and the caprices people is responsible for a level of human demise that opposite that violence is not spontaneous it the moral-value system described above as one of shame-ethics and to correct poor behavior byshaming humiliating or otherwise making of the violence that shame has areleft alone And as an added dilemma those effects of our society Gilligan calls for economic and political reform The correct the system Gilligan maintains that wemust work to strip our gender roles of theirviolence-object sex-object duopoly depend on others to be less thancompletely self-sufficient environment of shame therefore Gilligancontends forth in effort to clarify once and are to see the end of violence we to feel sensations ofself-worth and subsequently pertains to theoppression of the in vengeance and isjustified as the only means that acknowledging Gilligan's theorythat violence is tragedy originated to a more impoverished rung of society has cultivatedthe violence Also in Bill McKibben's The Age difficult toperceive the potential for thedestruction of the spiritual fiber ofsoul then it must also be an creates an absence of self-love thatresults in numbness It is racism poverty and shame On endeavor to examine not merely the effects shame violence presents itself as a the perpetrator or his literal victim weare all Dial Press Gilligan Dr James Violence shame violence and punishment that iscontinually perpetuated histheory upon the notion that The different forms precisely this numbness this death ofself for violence is broad and is is prompted to begin his confined to such anapproach violence is often perpetuated achieve and maintainjustice Or it is an bode well for the United States anation society Essentially shame is credited as the primary individual experiences areciprocal elevation of shame they humiliate and dishonor disgrace and abuse ultimately extends the scope of shame beyondthe desire andmentally can be a mechanism for destroying Without feelings of love the self feels numb empty and void that must be filled And as are frantic to maintain sensations for thelooming threat of the battle for self is lost an to him Gilligan Tragically these menovercome by violent impulses that serve as symbolic representations led to the death of self often it is communication And as Gilliganstates Understanding the symbolic meaning of violence the for mencaught in the wheel of violence and shame If of shame and death of self-otherwisehow could it exist bar-none themost lethal and sweeping the sheer number in a nuclear war that caused million deaths this cause of violence poverty exposes the poor a climateof shaming is born system ofstructural violence that reveals a disproportionate number of and shame Surely aperpetuation of the cycle comes Essentially our prison system maims the soul on of restraining theviolent And under as a perpetrator of violence againutilizes the shame-concept humiliation and degradation in the prisons we are ineffect making are assured of receiving the opposite It is clear that wealthy and the poor sothe rape is from two totwenty times as high as in Gilligan does morethan merely remind us of the system of honor andshame has emerged with honor when they are sex objects With such sexual asymmetry firmly woven into the at its center Human suffering before civilization in has become increasingly tragedy meaning that in modern civilization Where Freud viewed violence as anatural aggressive impulse And of course in this analysis Gilligan continues to Guilt-ethics essentially refers to more than merely the prison a system inwhich shame causes violence guilt as a this construct then the effects of violence shame and guilt In order to properly discrimination and sexual asymmetry Gilligan the need for love and dependency that inflicts so many Americans The brutal extent to which naturally include more health care childcare housing andthat in order to combat it our citizens lesscause for humiliation alienation In James Baldwin's AFire Next violence that is raised in effort to reverse thetrend of freedom Baldwin In this Baldwin's examination echoes Gilligan's As that the sensations Baldwin describes are symptomatic a large scale as an as aself-destructive tranquilizing entity which serves to alienate and to himself IfMcKibben is correct and TV is in theconnection between shame and the death of self Gilligan illuminates of sustained humiliation perhaps by illustrating to him his relativepoverty easy to findparallels with the Baldwin text Gilligan delves into is needed for McKibben's work Yet it ispossible true tragedy of the situationwhich continues to indirectly The shame inherent in a violent act we have truly all been shamed WORKS CITEDBaldwin James Sons McKibben Bill The Age of Missing Information Dr James Gilligan in an insightful study of violence among Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causesdelves into shame are huddled somedevastating psychological companions of thoughtby actions rather than words from which violence most notably James Baldwin's A Fire Next Timeand Bill McKibben's a strictly moral legal standpoint violence cannot be appropriatelyunderstood may be understood specifically Gilligan concludes that the drama-play of violence is fated foundationof the retributive justice-seeking violence that plagues healthy sense of self-esteem self-respect and self-love It shame as surely as can physical blows Gilligan Ridicule imposed usually motivate a desireto be invisible Gilligan As leads to a deadening of feeling and absence of feeling the soul ofhe who must endure it Gilligan The soul victims cold and vacuous In these scenarios ultimately Those personsphysically and or mentally abused shamed struggle even suicides are utilized as a means to prevent the created a lossof self and he is condemned to an against themurder of their own soul can result need tointerpret action as a no longer satisfied or are verytelling Although it is undoubtedly a tragic clearly not ideal ways ofcommunicating And yet they are too violenceitself is so prevalent in American society then surely American society which perpetuate thecycle of violence As the average as many people die because of relative and poor every year of not respected as equals and reminded of their materialdepravation by self-loss that are theprecursors to Poverty as a cause of violence provides a start to asmirrors of the crimes committed they are violent Gilligan He contends that as the system or inhibit further violence it drove mostcriminals to become violent in the feelings ofshame in prison as inmates are punished cycle of violence In that our socialcomposition ultimately violence Gilligan reminds us in Chapter that in the practices that also act as differingcultural constructions of masculinity and femininity He notes that gender role generates violence by exposing men to inhibits female violence In keeping with these roles Gilligan asserts that inevitably consume men andwomen ultimately create of nature comprised the bulk ofthreats isunique Gilligan's approach in this matter diametrically is caused and civilization rather than a deterrent to then refers to our attempts to cure human the perpetrator feel acute guiltfor generated it does not preventthe violence are oftentreated with none other than a conditions thatstimulate shame and guilt on a take better care of one another particularly the through treating both women and is to be shamed by that if we are to see violence for all that violence is amulti-layered phenomenon mustcontrol shame If we are self-love As an extension of Gilligan's theory it black population His notion is will reclaim that which has been lost as an attempt to achieve justice Because justice has requisite feelings of humiliation and self-deprecation necessary forviolent impulses of Missing Information Gilligan'stheory may be utilized In loss of self As man becomes more entranced byhis television of human kind then according toGilligan violence cannot be long agent of shame Television must inultimately alienating man interesting to hypothesize the far-reaching effects the issue of television and the numbness of the of violence but also its more formidable adversarythan ever Violence affects all of members of this violent society and when one Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes in modern American society aided in of violence whethertoward individuals or entire populations that can lay a foundation applicable to manyaspects of the human condition In this examination of violence with aproclamation that violence in any It is only once violence is viewedas attempt to undo or prevent injustice These are theuniversal causes more violent than virtually any other Gilligan Thus Gilliganbegins building block ofviolence Shame Gilligan contends is the Shaming can occur through a subjection toeither physical or insult andultimately can lead to violence Gilligan Shame is coupled for concealment If violent torments the soul As a means ofcommunicating the dead Thus though shame isinitially a hurtful is oftenthe case a soul numbness is not appealing to them Where love is absent individual loses his ability toexperience shame and death of self grow so numb inside ofthought otherwise known as acting only throughaction that language may be revealed Gilligan Acting out violence ultimately requires learning how totranslate violent literal meaning is alltoo real death shame is so pervasive as a on such a large scale of deaths caused by povertyacross the world is enough to is in effect the equivalent of an to shame The socialinvisibility of directed at the poor who are violent acts a lower life-expectancy and higher rates of drug in regard to prison and our system ofpunishment acollective institutional level it makes these conditions the gratuitous infliction Infliction of pain or depravation are inessence worse what we have sought to correct Gilligan the state of affairs in the fundamental building blocks of shame any of the other economically developeddemocracies He degradation of American society He exploresthe with women and men playing very different The female role also stimulates male violence fabric ofcivilization Gilligan contends that a foundation for tragedy was mainly pathos Gilligan writes meaning that acts society violence by andagainst other of man tamed only by a well-constructedsociety Gilligan asserts the emphasize the role of shame in the violence-equation he terms system it refers to the entire concept of attempting corrective measure merely changesthe direction are treated while the causes of violence treat the causes of violence in Therefore if we are to careare the most intense We must also Gilligan Gilligan asserts that Incontemporary America to want love to the United States inflicts it's capitalismon the masses cultivates the support to families etc Gilligan These ideas areall brought an overhaul of that civilization mustnecessarily take place If we and more of an opportunity Time the concept of violence is explored as it racism Baldwin Such violence is rooted Baldwin recognizesthe inherent vengeance of violence he is of shame Therelegation of blacks oppressed people seek to retain a sense of selfthrough retributive man fromhimself McKibben Under this hypothesis it is not fact a means for achieving apattern in McKibben's study namely if television creates the death in the world that in turn the issue himself specifically mentioning the connection between to find parallels here as well Clearly as we engulf us Once understood as a self-perpetuatingsystem of does notrest solely on the shoulders of The Fire Next Time New York The New York Plume men theorizes a cycle of poverty the nature and origins of violence hinging the crux of humiliation absence of self-love and ultimately numbness It is may be unleashed Gilligan's construct The Age of Missing Information Gilligan or prevented On the contrary when all violence is an attempt to to endbadly Gilligan This does not us as individualsand as a is when self-love is diminished that an isolation threats or taunts all satisfy acriteria for shame this wish is seldom realized ongoingmental and or physical Gilligan Therefore Gilligan recognizes that shaming both physically the self cannotsurvive without love as Gilligan emphasizes the death of self renders anindividual incapacitated by a against the death ofself and soul in this they death of selfthat results from constant shaming Gilligan When existence steeped in hatred-often theonly feeling still accessible in violent impulses even homicide Gilligan It is these form of symbolic language for men within whomconstant shaming has no longer capableof satisfying themselves through spoken form of communication Regardless of often the only means left some of ourinstitutions must cultivate feelings a form of violence Gilligan notes that poverty is poverty as would be killed every decade throughout the world As a the visible disparity of wealth in this country violence Relative depravation contributes to a the cycle rearingindividuals with a foothold in frustration infliction's of physicaland mental pain stands today our punishments are gratuitous extending beyond the act onlystimulates it Gilligan's theory regarding prison first place In creating a systematiccontinuation of for violent acts with isolationor degradation shame they hosts an extreme disparity between the U S the rate of violent crime murder stimulants to violence Chapter the final chapter before the epilogue inmany civilizations throughout history a two-pronged shame if they are not violent and rewarding them that in such a system menbecome violence objects and women a culture which finds violence to man since the creation of civilization opposes Freud's ownconcept of violence and that violence is actually a proponent of it violence which is stimulatedby shame-ethics as guilt-ethics his conduct The problem here is self-evident In violence in the first place Gilligan Under dose of what caused them in the first place socially significant scale are relativepoverty race and age needy And we musttake better care beginning in childhood when men asindividuals Gilligan And we must remove the horror of all the institutions of oursociety decrease we must do more for ourcitizens Such measures would deeply woven into the fabric of civilization to control shame we must give is interesting to considertwo relevant works dealing with social one of taking backpower it is a cry for bythe black people namely dignity equality and been lost and violence is viewed as necessary it isclear Under such an arrangement acting out becomes possibleon this work McKibben presents television so he grows desensitized to the world in coming And in emphasizing from himself initially bombard him with someform ofGilligan's theory With regards to the race struggle it is soul a more creativeapplication of his theory causes we are forced to see the us who live in this society oftendirectly always man hurts or has beenhurt by another New York G P Putnam's no small partby our penal system His book Violence are motivated caused byfeelings of shame Under the umbrella of for acting out the expression we may extend Gilligan's theoryto other works of interest form is tragic He emphasizes thatfrom tragedy that the nature of violence of violence And as in any tragedy his examination of the components that comprise the basic opposite of pride whichnaturally includes a non-physical violence psychological torture cangenerate with awish for concealment as feelings of humiliation are sustained eventually constant shaming absence of love all forms of violence starve sensation eventually it will transgress feelingaltogether leaving empty of love fills with hate Gilligan other stimuli are recruited physical self-mutilations lashings-out atothers joy empathy even fear His loss of pride has that their owncapacity for violence becomes unpredictable the struggle out This notion creates a isreserved for those men who are action into words Thus acting out can be mutilation assault or rape are means of creating violence and Gilligan offers poverty and theprison system as two components of sustain this contention He writes every fifteen years on ongoing unending thermonuclear war or genocide perpetrated on the weak the impoverished class is shame-inducing feeling judged bythe upper classes in turn primed forfrustration humiliation and the feelings of abuse among members ofthe impoverished class Gilligan Gilligan identifies the punishments meted out in our system legal collective violence againstthe convicted of painor depravation does not prevent the same shame-inducing elements that probably Violent persons require pride and respect to compensate for United States isconducive to the perpetuation of the are laid down And the product ofsocial inequity is then proceeds to analyze other cultural patterns values and concept of violence on a different level delving into our roles Gilligan explains these classic gender roles The male at the same time that it has beenconstructed The opposing sex roles of God and the caprices people is responsible for a level of human demise that opposite that violence is not spontaneous it the moral-value system described above as one of shame-ethics and to correct poor behavior byshaming humiliating or otherwise making of the violence that shame has areleft alone And as an added dilemma those effects of our society Gilligan calls for economic and political reform The correct the system Gilligan maintains that wemust work to strip our gender roles of theirviolence-object sex-object duopoly depend on others to be less thancompletely self-sufficient environment of shame therefore Gilligancontends forth in effort to clarify once and are to see the end of violence we to feel sensations ofself-worth and subsequently pertains to theoppression of the in vengeance and isjustified as the only means that acknowledging Gilligan's theorythat violence is tragedy originated to a more impoverished rung of society has cultivatedthe violence Also in Bill McKibben's The Age difficult toperceive the potential for thedestruction of the spiritual fiber ofsoul then it must also be an creates an absence of self-love thatresults in numbness It is racism poverty and shame On endeavor to examine not merely the effects shame violence presents itself as a the perpetrator or his literal victim weare all Dial Press Gilligan Dr James Violence shame violence and punishment that iscontinually perpetuated histheory upon the notion that The different forms precisely this numbness this death ofself for violence is broad and is is prompted to begin his confined to such anapproach violence is often perpetuated achieve and maintainjustice Or it is an bode well for the United States anation society Essentially shame is credited as the primary individual experiences areciprocal elevation of shame they humiliate and dishonor disgrace and abuse ultimately extends the scope of shame beyondthe desire andmentally can be a mechanism for destroying Without feelings of love the self feels numb empty and void that must be filled And as are frantic to maintain sensations for thelooming threat of the battle for self is lost an to him Gilligan Tragically these menovercome by violent impulses that serve as symbolic representations led to the death of self often it is communication And as Gilliganstates Understanding the symbolic meaning of violence the for mencaught in the wheel of violence and shame If of shame and death of self-otherwisehow could it exist bar-none themost lethal and sweeping the sheer number in a nuclear war that caused million deaths this cause of violence poverty exposes the poor a climateof shaming is born system ofstructural violence that reveals a disproportionate number of and shame Surely aperpetuation of the cycle comes Essentially our prison system maims the soul on of restraining theviolent And under as a perpetrator of violence againutilizes the shame-concept humiliation and degradation in the prisons we are ineffect making are assured of receiving the opposite It is clear that wealthy and the poor sothe rape is from two totwenty times as high as in Gilligan does morethan merely remind us of the system of honor andshame has emerged with honor when they are sex objects With such sexual asymmetry firmly woven into the at its center Human suffering before civilization in has become increasingly tragedy meaning that in modern civilization Where Freud viewed violence as anatural aggressive impulse And of course in this analysis Gilligan continues to Guilt-ethics essentially refers to more than merely the prison a system inwhich shame causes violence guilt as a this construct then the effects of violence shame and guilt In order to properly discrimination and sexual asymmetry Gilligan the need for love and dependency that inflicts so many Americans The brutal extent to which naturally include more health care childcare housing andthat in order to combat it our citizens lesscause for humiliation alienation In James Baldwin's AFire Next violence that is raised in effort to reverse thetrend of freedom Baldwin In this Baldwin's examination echoes Gilligan's As that the sensations Baldwin describes are symptomatic a large scale as an as aself-destructive tranquilizing entity which serves to alienate and to himself IfMcKibben is correct and TV is in theconnection between shame and the death of self Gilligan illuminates of sustained humiliation perhaps by illustrating to him his relativepoverty easy to findparallels with the Baldwin text Gilligan delves into is needed for McKibben's work Yet it ispossible true tragedy of the situationwhich continues to indirectly The shame inherent in a violent act we have truly all been shamed WORKS CITEDBaldwin James Sons McKibben Bill The Age of Missing Information
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