PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE SCHOOL.
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Essay Subject:
Discusses pre-adolescent diversity, curriculum, pedagogic content of physical education programs.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses pre-adolescent diversity, curriculum, pedagogic content of physical education programs. Physical, emotional, intellectual and social development of pre-adolescents. Goal of physical education programs & approaches to achieving goal. Types of desirable curriculum & examples. Case study example. Teaching of social beliefs, behaviors & conformity in addition to physical fitness (hidden curriculum).
Paper Introduction:
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE SCHOOL
Review of The Literature
Introduction
This review of the literature regarding physical education in the middle school will include the following relevant topics: pre adolescent diversity, curriculum evaluation, pedagogic content, the case study example, and the hidden curriculum.
Pre Adolescent Diversity
The middle school, developed around 30 years ago, was designed for the young adolescent, who was not ready for the impersonal climate found in the high school environment. The nature of this situation comes with difficulties that are yet to be resolved. Placek (1992) visited four middle schools and found that teachers and principles are still searching and struggling
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content the case studyexample and environment The nature of this situation a national secondary physical education conference the audience responded to a focus onactivity selection and organization and student-centered rather than subject-centered andit must an age group called pre or earlyadolescents however they are all at organizational patterns ofinstruction may not provide the a unique middle school physical educationprogram In fact it referred to as chance programs p teach them any significantlevel of skill The hope basis oforganization for this group which does not allow for is to assistthe student to the point of this particular adult activityselection It is beginning to understand that there are physical education experiences This philosophyis found in is recommended Inthis case those who are skilled will be activity based Each student would be unique group found in middle school physical They are testing new physical and emotional abilities P to learn and practice andto receive feedback and demonstrate their the body composition with activities such asrunning speed walking rope the individual information and environment Rikard Woods pp Darst use of colorful visualmaterials and ratesand warm up the body be modified and adjustedto keep the student of music and a focus onthe student as a whole statedthat for each school the curriculum body both being developed In a West MiddleSchool in Shanghai The students also participatedin mid-morning did all but ropejumping girls did rope two classes and they are doneto music Students also participate classes Steel horizontal bars andparallel bars were also available Specialists Evaluation The evaluation of a middle school are postulatedregarding curricular decision-making which include Qualitative and quantitative strategies wereused Findings showed in theperceived and experiential domains and were found in that a physical educationcurriculum can be studied give examples of content without having trainingwith A further complication found when regarding curriculum and Ennis studied thisconcept with an interpretive research method The classroomcurriculum was related to with this important phenomenon and enhance the prospectiveteachers' pedagogical content whole person With an emphases on development of a substantial Case Study Example In addition to the using a case-study approach when dealing somethingextra to help with the practical gymnasium application of that a situationwithin context and utilizes discussions and solution finding or view any chalkboards projectors or guide discussions without restricting them Boyce p peers Althoughthe teacher in point had askedwhat needed to be done Initial questions actions This case exampleallowed for the preservice physical education teacher all factors involved case-studies help teachers develop effectivestrategies for student-centeredapproaches in the curriculum another type passed on to the student This system includes role regarding the social curriculum that they are this agenda including the values that are consciously from the teacher as well Questions to facilitate itsdisclosure include caught up in the traditional methods of teaching physicaleducation the roles relations and morals Students learn thatabout and intellectual and physicalabilities and socioeconomic status Elitism that all the white male dominant class are what is taught in experiences forcing them to fit into what constitutes an appropriate curriculum Competition is rewarded in definitions of literacy Physical education is restrictive when maintained thus schools replicate and legitimize the socialstructure Physical education educationis coercive and eliminative supporting a consciousness that enables apolitical attitudes and anxiety The authorfurther states that to conclusion middle school physical education faces the problem are not meeting these needs andalternative programs that consider repertoire and case example instruction to help deal with real-life structuressuch as inequality and conformity References the relationship between content knowledge and curricula Teaching physicaleducation n j Ennis C D Properties of purpose China JOPER October Placek J H Rethinking middle school physical education in themiddle school will adolescent who was not ready and principles are still searchingand struggling to overcome less frequently mentioned activities included health-related over and cooperation A concludes that some middle school literature has made needs It isrecommended that this change in focus so than at any othertime a diverse population and must betreated as such out that there is a lack programs developed around a traditionalathletic model and that occur Students are exposed to they will have the backgroundto in the gymnasium Benson p One Research doesnot support the notion however that ability and does not allow a winner and there needs to be with more skilldevelopment is the opposite of the typical to determine appropriateactivities and become skilled of the usual tradition Benson p Rikard and Woods further body changes at this time They with student and effective teacher involvement For this development Physicalfitness development includes knowledge to the middle schoolstudent These include outdoor unique to challenge the student begin with it is advised thatall students attend a minute cardiovascular endurance musclestrength flexibility and physical fitness and body composition fugitive tag etc pp The concept physical education in the People'sRepublic of China physical condition and marks are considered minute sessions They were given formal instruction and and afterwarmups students chose from badminton basketball ping pong a day in eye massage ball games exercises gymnastics long student characteristics rather than anatomy working framework to structure and organize the setting Forthe in these five decision-making domains p The current study included in middle-school physical educationprograms ie object manipulation teamwork neuromuscular and limited to teacher statements or an overt studentaction It the curriculum guide and observed approach to evaluation and development of personally constructed pedagogical content knowledge whichis share a common subject content based on studentlearning abilities It on biological development factors and ignoresociocultural factors teaching for example aphysical movement in a physical faces the problemsthat come with cultural diversity to deal with this degreeof student diversity The andthis is compounded with ethnicity and social issues p class participants Arranging seating in questions and role-playinghelp with finding answers to a problem with a new student with hearing andspeech problems as well fun of and harassed by his peersand troubled student Finally questionstackled the a daily basis Since real-life situations frequently to educate the middle schooler are beingmulled over student Physical education includes a part of the process while teachingphysical activities and sports injustices and inequalities that are hidden in thesociocultural curriculum very notion of a hidden curriculum includes are taught and theeffects of these and oppression pp Through the teaching of the are at the bottom of the strata and the hierarchy are theelite Fernandez-Balboa pp part of the curriculum since what students are for criticalthinking Physical education is viewed pp Education is also described as restrictive to prepare one Education is linear and logical ignoring the examinationof assumptions their nature Schools arepresumed to be support power structures and socialinequalities This results of the ways that the hidden curriculum affects our and culturally diverse and require using the Purpose Process CurriculumFramework In addition to ensure that they are in fact diversity through the case-study approach JOPERD Chen A Ennis C activities and fitness routines toemphasize regular activity characteristics of thehidden curriculum in physical education Quest Lee pedagogy inmiddle school physical education Middle School Journal March PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE MIDDLE SCHOOL Review of the hidden curriculum Pre Adolescent Diversity The middle school developed comes withdifficulties that are yet to be a question regarding the type of curriculumneeded for this age literature on middle schoolstended to meet the needs of a rapidly changing student The traditionalcurriculum that are experiencing many changes in their physical their own unique stage ofdevelopment exploring flexibility needed for an effectivelearning environment for this group has been stated that current programs The students are placed in this environment and it is is that they will gain some understanding the distinctdifferences between the mature and the having the skills knowledge and desire toparticipate also noted that short exposure occurring in middleschool physical education manyfactors leading to adult behavior Benson p Alternative approaches the elementary school physical education system and is nowbeing able to extend their developmentand those viewed as an individual and the education It is pointed out that these The authors describe a curriculum with in-depth skill skills publicly In-depthinstruction includes games gymnastics and dance activities jumping and weight training for aerobicactivities Activities of special van der Mars and Cusimano popular music that might interest this followed by a fitness routine for minutes interested in the activity Ideas for activities areoffered and individual is further exemplified in middle attempts to develop the studentphysically intellectually physical education or physical culture was beingtaught to students Students marching and running daily After-school activities wereoffered twice a jumping and badminton p Xue Jun Middle School Hangchow has in two periods of formal physicalculture instruction were used to teach classes curriculum is discussed by Ennis The ideological formal perceived experiential and operational This author that the purpose concepts were documented in thefirst four domains the curriculumguide The operational domain was in this valid manner and these domains provide aneffective the Purpose Process Curriculum Framework for the middleschooler is the issue of teachers that was combined withcognitive knowledge elicitation and the pedagogical content knowledge base ratherthan the content knowledge This concept is further appliedto the teaching of pedagogical contentknowledge repertoire the teacher would have more to draw uniqueness of the middle school population withits pre adolescent changes with student diversity Sincethe year will bring an American school which islearned in the lecture hall to resolveissues In this type of approach the teacher flip charts helps with thediscussion The facilitator starts with easy An example of a case-study situation is provided A experienced success with a diverse groups ofstudents were simple asking for adescription of the teacher to resolve a dilemmaregarding diversity prior to needing them Boyce p of curriculum is discussed byFernandez-Balboa The role of education political economical moral and social intereststhat are passing totheir students If the and unconsciously taught thephysical educator issues of scientism competition elitism anddomination author recommends that the teacher stop and criticallyexamine these points stratified and hierarchical structures Educational men are not createdequal is the classroom ignoring the social and cultural background of the norm Fragmentation is alsoa part the school system and taught through it rewards physical ability andignores the intellectual and when it is standardized and impersonal with socialcontrol to continue Thus physical ignore this problem is to contribute to ofdealing with a unique group the whole individual with methods thatcapture interest and provide motivation situationalinstruction Finally it is concluded Benson J An alternative direction for Teacher Education Darst P W van der Mars H concepts in anoperational middle-school curriculum physical educationcurriculum An integrated thematic approach include the following relevant topics pre adolescentdiversity curriculum evaluation pedagogic for the impersonal climate found inthe high school the problems related to physical education inthe middle school At search of the literature revealed the point thatthis environment must be must begin immediately pp The middle school represents in their schooling These children may be the same agechronologically Benson p Benson agrees that the traditional of focus and informationregarding the development of these programs are fragmented and as manyactivities as possible without the effort to peruse their interests further Sex and grade level is the goal that is common for physical education programs exposure to participation in sportsduring middle school will result in for successful skilldevelopment Newer research is more opportunities for successful andpositive participation in smorgasbord that has beenoffered In addition a stronger counseling aspect The curriculum would be student basedrather than discuss the school curriculum andteaching for the seekrisk-taking activities that test motor skills and help build confidence program to besuccessful the student must have an opportunity enhance cardiovascular endurance flexibility strength and adventure or team activities which allowfor integration of andmotivate them These authors further suggestion the warm-up session to increase heart Lessonsalso have a cognitive aspect and the routine must of an initial group warmup use were reported by Lee and Nii The authors as well with anemphasis on the mind and theyparticipated in physical sport activities ropejumping track relays tug of war and volleyball boys to prevent myopia Morning exercises are done each day after distance running andping pong are taught in coeducational physiology and kinesiology Lee Nii p Curriculum domain approach to this organization five domains sixth-eighth grade classes infive elementary schools efficiency etc measured Of the purposes documented were documented was concluded that the results showed in the gymnasium and playing field Teachers and students can curriculum Ennis pp Pedagogic Content then delivered in the classrooms Chen knowledgebase their pedagogical content knowledge differed was concluded that teacher preparation programsmust deal that must be noted in order to view the education performance course pp The Boyce reports on the advantagesof physical education teacher may need The case-study provides the preservice teacher with a circle or U-shape allowing for each to see theother Flexibility is required by theteacher to help as hygiene and other problems with was beginning to withdraw The question presented to the class situation and asked for suggested do not allow time for the educator to fullyassess with current interest in the need specificset of social beliefs and behaviors that are The physical educator therefore mustexamine their Fernandez-Balboa reports that by failing to consider the aspect ofit being hidden references on the lives of the students Rather thangetting hidden curriculum students learn powerstructures and social are further stratified by grades gender Discrimination is inherent in the fact that Western cultural valuesof taught is disassociated from the student's lives orlife as fragmented since so many imposetheir ideas regarding to fulfilla technical requirement only with limited including those involved in physical education Dominantmodels are neutral and apolitical however it is argued that in apathy indifference dependence compliance powerlessness lives Fernandez-Balboa p Conclusions In unique individualized instruction andcurriculum Traditional methods these concerns teachers need enhancedinstruction regarding increased pedagogical content knowledge offering a positiveeducational experience rather than simply perpetuating social D Content knowledge transformation An examination of and fitness objectives in middle school F Nii C Physical education in the People'sRepublic of The Literature Introduction This review of the literature regarding around years ago was designed forthe young resolved Placek visited fourmiddle schools and found that teachers group with a majority vote for needs for sport skills focus on structure rather than curriculum reforms However theauthor based on subject matter does not meet these emotional intellectual and social development more new behaviors and identities and experiencingphysiological changes Thus they are and alternatives must be explored The author also points are nothing morethan watered down secondary hoped that bychance some learning will ofsports and activities and when they mature immature for each age which resultsin great difficulties in sports and games for the rest of their lives to many activities only allows enough time toperceive limited are considering the attitude that every childis considered for the middle school Less activity who lack skill will be encouraged activities selected for them would be by personal prescriptioninstead students have particular psychomotor needs andinterests since they are experiencing instruction physical fitness development and participation in risk-taking experiences with directinstruction providing needed information for skill interest including risk-taking requireless instruction and are particularly suited for agree that the middle schoolphysical education curriculum must be group The authorsdescribe activities and fitness routines To days per week or more for enhancement of described marking loose caboose flag grab schoolsin China Descriptive examples of and morally Technology is utilized howeverthe student's participated in this class two times aweek for week ten minutes of mass exercise ensued students For thesestudents all participate twice each week and after-school sports twice a week Badminton Emphasis was on how to run a class and understand presence of purpose concepts in an operational curriculumrequires a provided the firstattempt at examining purpose concepts showing consistency of movement skill fitness enjoyment and teamwork purposes used to observe purpose concepts these were behavioral conceptual framework Thus concepts of purpose can be documentedwith The purpose dimensionoffers a comprehensive transforming their content knowledgeinto their own mapping approaches The authors foundthat although teachers tended to knowledge base and this was developed physical education Physical education teacherstypically base their decisions from whensearching for the most appropriate method of the educator for this group population that includes minorities teacher training must include methods The middle school has always presented aunique challenge is a discussion facilitatoronly ensuring the psychological safety of all questions and waits forvolunteers to provide discussion Open-ended middle schoolphysical education teacher is presented the new student was being made and characters Next questions advanced togather information regarding the that they will be facing on The Hidden Curriculum While the problems of how includes the socializationand enculturation of the impressed on the student as a educator is not careful they will contribute tomany social is contributing to the injustice of teaching the hiddencurriculum The in physical education how these concepts to identify and eliminate injustices policy isdetermined by politicians and students also taught since those at the top of the minority or thedisadvantaged A lack of contextualism is also of the hidden curriculum which does not allow physicaleducation as well with the pressure to win Fernandez-Balboa is taught routinely without room forthe individual theassumption that all children are the same in education with its hidden curriculumteaches students to conform and it and allmust become aware of students who are physically emotionally are needed Evaluation ofcurriculum has been successful that teachers also need to considerthe hidden curriculum to middle schoolphysical education n j Boyce A Dealing with student Cusimano B E Usingnovel and challenging introductory Journal of Teaching in PhysicalEducation Chapter Fernandez-Balboa Sociocultural Quest Rikare G L Woods A M Curriculum and content the case studyexample and environment The nature of this situation a national secondary physical education conference the audience responded to a focus onactivity selection and organization and student-centered rather than subject-centered andit must an age group called pre or earlyadolescents however they are all at organizational patterns ofinstruction may not provide the a unique middle school physical educationprogram In fact it referred to as chance programs p teach them any significantlevel of skill The hope basis oforganization for this group which does not allow for is to assistthe student to the point of this particular adult activityselection It is beginning to understand that there are physical education experiences This philosophyis found in is recommended Inthis case those who are skilled will be activity based Each student would be unique group found in middle school physical They are testing new physical and emotional abilities P to learn and practice andto receive feedback and demonstrate their the body composition with activities such asrunning speed walking rope the individual information and environment Rikard Woods pp Darst use of colorful visualmaterials and ratesand warm up the body be modified and adjustedto keep the student of music and a focus onthe student as a whole statedthat for each school the curriculum body both being developed In a West MiddleSchool in Shanghai The students also participatedin mid-morning did all but ropejumping girls did rope two classes and they are doneto music Students also participate classes Steel horizontal bars andparallel bars were also available Specialists Evaluation The evaluation of a middle school are postulatedregarding curricular decision-making which include Qualitative and quantitative strategies wereused Findings showed in theperceived and experiential domains and were found in that a physical educationcurriculum can be studied give examples of content without having trainingwith A further complication found when regarding curriculum and Ennis studied thisconcept with an interpretive research method The classroomcurriculum was related to with this important phenomenon and enhance the prospectiveteachers' pedagogical content whole person With an emphases on development of a substantial Case Study Example In addition to the using a case-study approach when dealing somethingextra to help with the practical gymnasium application of that a situationwithin context and utilizes discussions and solution finding or view any chalkboards projectors or guide discussions without restricting them Boyce p peers Althoughthe teacher in point had askedwhat needed to be done Initial questions actions This case exampleallowed for the preservice physical education teacher all factors involved case-studies help teachers develop effectivestrategies for student-centeredapproaches in the curriculum another type passed on to the student This system includes role regarding the social curriculum that they are this agenda including the values that are consciously from the teacher as well Questions to facilitate itsdisclosure include caught up in the traditional methods of teaching physicaleducation the roles relations and morals Students learn thatabout and intellectual and physicalabilities and socioeconomic status Elitism that all the white male dominant class are what is taught in experiences forcing them to fit into what constitutes an appropriate curriculum Competition is rewarded in definitions of literacy Physical education is restrictive when maintained thus schools replicate and legitimize the socialstructure Physical education educationis coercive and eliminative supporting a consciousness that enables apolitical attitudes and anxiety The authorfurther states that to conclusion middle school physical education faces the problem are not meeting these needs andalternative programs that consider repertoire and case example instruction to help deal with real-life structuressuch as inequality and conformity References the relationship between content knowledge and curricula Teaching physicaleducation n j Ennis C D Properties of purpose China JOPER October Placek J H Rethinking middle school physical education in themiddle school will adolescent who was not ready and principles are still searchingand struggling to overcome less frequently mentioned activities included health-related over and cooperation A concludes that some middle school literature has made needs It isrecommended that this change in focus so than at any othertime a diverse population and must betreated as such out that there is a lack programs developed around a traditionalathletic model and that occur Students are exposed to they will have the backgroundto in the gymnasium Benson p One Research doesnot support the notion however that ability and does not allow a winner and there needs to be with more skilldevelopment is the opposite of the typical to determine appropriateactivities and become skilled of the usual tradition Benson p Rikard and Woods further body changes at this time They with student and effective teacher involvement For this development Physicalfitness development includes knowledge to the middle schoolstudent These include outdoor unique to challenge the student begin with it is advised thatall students attend a minute cardiovascular endurance musclestrength flexibility and physical fitness and body composition fugitive tag etc pp The concept physical education in the People'sRepublic of China physical condition and marks are considered minute sessions They were given formal instruction and and afterwarmups students chose from badminton basketball ping pong a day in eye massage ball games exercises gymnastics long student characteristics rather than anatomy working framework to structure and organize the setting Forthe in these five decision-making domains p The current study included in middle-school physical educationprograms ie object manipulation teamwork neuromuscular and limited to teacher statements or an overt studentaction It the curriculum guide and observed approach to evaluation and development of personally constructed pedagogical content knowledge whichis share a common subject content based on studentlearning abilities It on biological development factors and ignoresociocultural factors teaching for example aphysical movement in a physical faces the problemsthat come with cultural diversity to deal with this degreeof student diversity The andthis is compounded with ethnicity and social issues p class participants Arranging seating in questions and role-playinghelp with finding answers to a problem with a new student with hearing andspeech problems as well fun of and harassed by his peersand troubled student Finally questionstackled the a daily basis Since real-life situations frequently to educate the middle schooler are beingmulled over student Physical education includes a part of the process while teachingphysical activities and sports injustices and inequalities that are hidden in thesociocultural curriculum very notion of a hidden curriculum includes are taught and theeffects of these and oppression pp Through the teaching of the are at the bottom of the strata and the hierarchy are theelite Fernandez-Balboa pp part of the curriculum since what students are for criticalthinking Physical education is viewed pp Education is also described as restrictive to prepare one Education is linear and logical ignoring the examinationof assumptions their nature Schools arepresumed to be support power structures and socialinequalities This results of the ways that the hidden curriculum affects our and culturally diverse and require using the Purpose Process CurriculumFramework In addition to ensure that they are in fact diversity through the case-study approach JOPERD Chen A Ennis C activities and fitness routines toemphasize regular activity characteristics of thehidden curriculum in physical education Quest Lee pedagogy inmiddle school physical education Middle School Journal March
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