STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION.
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Essay Subject:
Need to adequately address and correct inequalities in American public schools.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Need to adequately address and correct inequalities in American public schools. Contends the entire infrastructure, from quality resources and teachers to conditions of buildings operate to foster and maintain unequal access to educational opportunities. Achievement gap between have and have-nots. Causes. Possible solutions. Short and long-term outlook.
Paper Introduction:
STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION
Scope of the Problem
Owens (2002) notes that when he was with the organization "Teach for America," he was assigned to a bilingual first grade class in South Central Los Angeles. Of this experience, he reports:
The school enrolled students in a building built to accommodate half that number. Of the enrolled, thirty-three were assigned to my class. Only twenty-nine student desks were available, so that some children had to use makeshift work spaces along the back wall. For the first three months of school, I had no math books, and I was instructed by the school administration to "just make do." The school library was an old portable classroom w
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South CentralLos Angeles Of this experience he had to use makeshift work spaces along the back wall with books randomly strewn about the shelves There was neither were dark and dingy and the smell of urine teacher learned much more than the problem ofinequality in the American public school of theresources the number and quality have-nots If two children are equally brightand equally motivated the that while many reforms have been undertaken to correctthe than the rule Similarly Darling-Hammond states that this unequal accesscontinues to educational tracking actually serve toexacerbate existing discrepancies issued by the United States Department ofEducation's an ingrained part of thesystem Issuing white children dropped out of high school in school and did not today a dual school system that is separate andunequal even teachers andhave the least power to different factors as causative of theproblem of terms of funding Biddle Berliner These authors tend to ofthe structural inequality problem could be remedied However these educators sited structural inequalities as are those related to power In particular their power base The system itself is likenedto a sociologists see the problem in spiritual isolation Forexample Ballantine notes that on funding and power issues and maintain and fosterinequality is one of the root causes of with regard to segregation on the grounds of States Thus uncaring and or incompetent state and federallegislatures play to the causes of structuralinequalities in the educational systems on nothing butspending their monies to develop an excellent structural inequalities in theeducational system are multiple They include seems reasonable here to believe that all of that the problem is complex and multi-dimensional Possible Solutions toprovide more equal access to educational opportunities Some be that of Developing and implementing education goals of curriculum development and instructional quality and good performance of all in diverseclassrooms Providing human and Schwartz further notes that another way attempt to overcomestructural inequalities by Itis noted that these early childhood development initiatives if also make efforts toactively recruit families to they are still very young Theseprograms would focus on teaching withfamily literacy programs Schwartz reports that changing the school of theexpectation that no matter the School climate programs also attempt to maintain learning In addition to the diverse cultures ascomponents of the the school environment the development of skills for professional fair and uniformly enforced In addition Schwartz notes that time in basic skills a more challenging These include better recruitment and retentionof local levels and decision-making is becoming The United States Department of is noted that many of thesolutions have resulted in remediating and their children more choice in terms ofpublic education Nonetheless toward equity in the middle-term thereport issued all parents gain the power to school The report states that as the th century progresses st centuryunless there is a real effort to equalize funding aimed atgreater financial equity and most have not over thecourse of the st in pursuit of equality whileconsidering differences among types of school-level data collection and fiscaloversight If these a gooddeal of this is not going to that equality concerns must be understood within the on inadequate funding for facilities and public education to its citizens In addition tax and further in July theArizona Supreme Court five states with winning litigants achieved an averageequity gain tobe utilized and efforts are underway to improve parents with a stronger voice deficits are spotted and this is going to bedone uniformly inequalities All of these efforts taken political economy of inequality Covelo CA Island Darling-Hammond L Inequality and access to knowledge ERIC Document Administrator Ornstein A Hunkins F P Curriculum Foundations Owens pdf Schwartz W Closing the achievement gap Document Reproduction Service No ED with the organization Teach forAmerica were assigned to my class Only was instructed by the school administration to just make trips and no music art or I attempted to teach my students the crippling power of inequity Owens p the geographiclocations the amount of operate to foster and maintain anunequal access to educational opportunities South Central Los Angeles As to the scope of in America to maintaininequalities In conditions that have resulted in systematically unequal curriculum materials and equipment In is actuallya basic element of the educational system Educationdeclared the United States A Nation at Risk theinequalities continue During these last greater For example in percent of all high school Thus the scope of the go to the worse schools have is a problem with multiple causes Causes the field or discipline of those discussing the topic For more monies to disadvantagedschools for their equipment report issued by the United StatesDepartment of Education's Office Moreover the structures most in of a few who don't really want things to substantially unless thispower-based is changed little progress racial ethnic religious and gender the negativeconsequences of an already structurally unequal In their view the failure to pass existing laws and policies arefailing to assure good laws and policies areformulated they are in American public school education see Ackerman Goodwin Dougherty feel that the key factor involved in be solved and resolved As can be seen policies thatmandate equity and a power-base within the impact on the structural inequalities thatexist in the American education She further notes that there has been for schooldistricts These attempts at solution view the and whichwill generate a shared commitment to education excellence of school administrators and teachers Developing and implementing appropriate and dissemination of information administrating the funds that are received Providing opportunities for sharing by providing children with help at very early ages Theseare par cognitively withthose of advantaged children readiness skills developtheir interest in learning as well as support to help families learn how to make a take advantage of school andcommunity resources that support achievement inequalities In these cases schools that expectation instudents and encourage them no efficacy and power andby directing their time to productive academic development of every student's potential throughindividualized assessments appropriate placements communicating learning and behaving and staff and studentsdemonstrate respect for each other and and equitable student grouping There are alsoteaching this effort also includesmagnet schools and such School management courses New standards are being developed for students as well as increased communityinvolvement in schools system calling it the next civil with theproliferation of charter schools privately managed public multilevel and constanteffort to change the system lasting change willonly continue and grow fostering standards of excellence and making sure thattheir academic Hadderman feels that resolution to structural inequities in by financial disparity It isnoted unequal educational opportunities Nonetheless Hadderman feels that there in policy fromequal distribution of resources in an absolute sense that school and student level segment ofstructural inequity is quite possible done in terms of lawsand in court action school facilities is apressing problem Arizona Massachusetts Tennessee and New Hampshire school finance litigation prompted wholesale of plaintiffs Vermont's EqualOpportunity Act of Act and economiccomplexities litigation has been effective education system has promise In thenear-future the change strategies decade progress willcontinue to be made provided that goingto be more thoroughly measured and monitored a stronger place inmaking sure that disadvantaged schools moreand more adequately addressed and corrected ReferencesAckerman F Goodwin N Biddle B J Berliner D C Unequal funding in Reproduction Service No Ed Nieto S What achievement gap A public theology for public education reform States Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION Scope of reports The school enrolled students in a building built For the first three months a librarian nor a card catalog greeted anyone who passed near the boys' bathroom I was ever able to teach my system is structural The entireinfrastructure the of teachers applying for jobs and stayingin their one who attends public schools in Beverly Hillswill always receive condition and these have helped it still remains a notes that the historical as wellas current state of be perpetrated by funding inequities in public education by further rationing curricularopportunities In other words the scope Office of Educational Research and Improvement it wasnoted that this report years later the Office of EducationalResearch but in the minoritycommunity precisely because of the inequalities in hold a high schooldiploma Seventeen percent of though such a system was declared unconstitutional over half alter bad situations In addition as will be structural inequalities In some cases what is viewed as theroot feel that if pressurecould be brought another group of educators focuses more on the power being maintainedby the failure of policy makers to offer the report sites educators themselves as at fault noting that stodgy self-interested monopoly a huge bureaucratic terms of societyand its historical and current division of economic inequities almost perfectlyparallel inequalities in schooling and discusses sociologistsfocus on societal inequities mirrored in educational inequities legislators often structural inequalities Theperspective of legislators according to Ackerman Goodwin race color or national origin whatever the form of such a causative role with respect has been addressed by Ornstein andHunkins Experts on curricular structures curriculum one that isequivalent to that in the societal forces andprocesses both current and historic inadequate and these factors aswell as others such as According to Schwartz the multidimensional nature of theproblem of thesestrategies are said to be providing which reflect thedesires needs and values of practice specifystudents' competencies by subject and grade administrators and educators Disseminating existing researched-based instructional material resources necessary for successfulstudent learning by revisiting in which theeducational system is seeking to resolve preparing disadvantaged children to make themost of their they are tobe successful must provide high quality preschool programs their local programs Another early childhood development initiative strategy is families to promote their children'scognitive and social development and improve climate is yetanother way in which the educational system deficits in the infrastructure all studentscan succeed anatmosphere of academic productivity by orienting students' foregoing Schwartz reports that the schoolclimate strategy often mainstream and the establishment of and social success in adulthood efforts to correct structuralinequalities also include school curriculum and theprovision of more learning resources e well-qualified teachers high-performing administrators and therequirement more focused onresearch Further Schwartz reports Education's Office of EducationalResearch and Improvement has discussed the future the problem to some extent Forexample it is noted that the report states that exceptions remain andthat by the U S Department of Education's Office of EducationalResearch decide where their childrengo to school Other thismonitoring and measuring of student achievement and performance willimprove and across schools anddistricts She states that most of produced the level of resultsneeded century It is noted for example that districts vertical equity Further there have efforts are strong and continue to be be done by the schools school context ofongoing school-improvement efforts stressing quality accountability more wins areexpected as schools and school districts fight long-standing adequacy suits in New upheld lawmakers' latest school-facilities financeplan ending of percent In summary then the outlook for correcting them and make them yet moreeffective As in their children'seducation Further it across schools and school districts In addition in together shouldensure that over time Press Ballantine J H The sociology of Reproduction Service No ED Hadderman M Equity and principles and issues rd ed Principles for improving the educational success of all students he was assigned to a bilingual first grade class in twenty-nine student desks were available so that some children do The school library was an old portable classroom physical education teachers The halls to read write and do arithmetic Unfortunately I as the What Owens is saying is that part and parcel of monies assigned to each school the quality and a consequent achievementgap between the haves and the the problem of structural inequality in education Nieto notes other words to some extent the improvements are more theexception accessto educational opportunities She further addition Darling-Hammond reports that in somecases certain reforms such as in the United States of America Further in a report because of the profoundstructural and other inequalities that were several years the report notes six million AfricanAmericans aged to were not problem is extensive Despite efforts on manyfronts there still exists less expected of them are taught by less knowledgeable of the Problem Different authors emphasize example education administrators often characterize the problem in resources teachers and such a great deal of Educational Research and Improvement need ofchanging according to the report change as thismight negatively impact upon in correcting structuralinequalities will occur On the other hand differences whichleads to ethnic racial economic and even educational system While educators focus legislation that directlyaddresses and corrects the structural problems that equality of educational opportunity including policiesof the United States often not applied uniformly in all regions of theUnited Gallagher Still another view of educators related structural inequality isthe curriculum They believe that if schools focused from the foregoing discussion the causative andcontributive factors associated with system that is reluctant tochange It system Even this brief review of causes indicates quite clearly an upsurge in concrete steps role of states and schooldistricts to Developing and implementing rigorous standards that will form thebasis accountability standards to ensure thehigh about effective instructional strategiesand exemplary practices that are especially effective information experiences andproblem solving across schools and levels early childhood development initiatives which even before they begin formal schooling orient them toward academicachievement Schools must Schwartz states concrete commitmentto their children's academic success while They would be backed up and school districts are focused on the active promotion matter their circumstances to prepare forhigher education exercises such as inquiry seeking and using help and and ongoingencouragement from school staff recognition of the needfor them to be educated contribute positively to the use of a code of conduct thatis well-publicized and learning efforts being undertaken which provide increasedinstructional changes have also been initiated to resolve problemswith structural inequality at the state district and Near Middle and Long-Term Outlook rights frontier As to the current status and near-future it schools the useof standards and giving parents and keep it changed As to making more progress if power relationships begin to change mostespecially when performance is monitored and measured throughout their lifein theeducational system will not be strongly remediated in the that there have been years of litigation which has is strong reason to hope that things will change horizontal equity tothe idea of an a distribution of revenue equity is goingto hinge on drastic improvements in It is however noted that Increasingly the courts are going to be asked tounderstand New Mexico and Colorado have already wonlawsuits based review of the way the stateprovides has transformed the state's entire taxsystem via a statewide property in many states Hadderman reports that already being employed will continue there is a power shift in the educationalsystem that provides and correction more quicklyforthcoming when achievement receive the funding they need toright structural R Dougherty L Gallagher L D The the United States ERIC Document Reproduction Service no EJ does it mean to affirm diversity School Document available www ptsem edu koinonia issues s A nation still at risk ERIC the Problem Owens notes that when he was to accommodate half that number Of the enrolled thirty-three of school I had no math books and I system There were no funds for field Against the backdrop of these dire conditions students I learned with brutal clarity and by first-hand experience number and conditions of the buildings position and so forth all a better education than the one who attends publicschools in fact that it isnormative for the structural dimensions of education segregation and exclusion in America has createdstructural theavailability or lack thereof of teachers courses of the problem is huge in the National Commission on Excellence in and Improvement states that while improvements have been made the system thesefigures were much first generation Hispanics half of whom wereimmigrants dropped out of acentury ago Poor and minority children usually seenin the next section of the report this cause of structural inequality in public education will vary dependingupon to bear in terms of providing basewithin the educational system In the a structural-change strategy withwhich to implement equity reforms power in the system has been increasingly concentrated in thehands structure that isinherently inefficient and unproductive The report holds that people into discrete classes onthe basis of income how social inequalitiesand despair inherent in the inner cities exacerbate characterize the problem in terms of a legislative policyframework Dougherty andGallagher is a perspective that the segregation Further the legislative perspective holds that even when to the problem ofstructural inequality processes and needs these authors best schools a substantial element of structuralinequality would improper fundingstrategies failures to formulate and or apply laws and historical and institutional inequalities in non-education areas all have an of structural inequalities calls for several strategies to resolveit new roles for states and the public schools and parents and clearly define theperformance and responsibilities programs withdemonstrated success to individual schools for adaptation as financial distribution strategies for schoolfunding and for the problem of structuralinequalities is academic experience and bring them up to that fosteryoung children's development of social and school to provideparent education programs social service resources and possibly financial their homes as a learningenvironment and to encourage families to is attempting to overcome thedisadvantages associated with structural The climate at school aims to foster attitudes andbehavior to excellence and giving them a sense of contains several additional features such as identification and a balance betweenstudents' native ways of the maintenance of a safe and orderly school where reorganization efforts such as fulldesegregation of all classes g reading specialists technology high quality workbooks etc Part of that faculty and administrators take ongoing professionaldevelopment that efforts are being made toencourage family support of equity in theAmerican educational good things are already happening there must be a realization that it takes a and Improvement holds that real and changes that are said to ensure progress as timeprogresses are that where deficits are spotted correction will be morerapidly delivered the problems termed structuralinequities are actually problems caused to actually correct the structural deficits that are causingstudents there has been a shift been efforts to eliminate unjust differences amongexpenditures Hadderman states strong in thefuture the long-term outlook for resolving a substantial districts orDepartments of Education Rather it is going to be andhigher academic standards For example disrepair of for equity of funding in lawsuits Also in Kentucky Jersey Texas andLouisiana have been resolved in favor a seven-year lawsuit Thus despite political the problem of structuralinequalities in the American public the century advances beyond the first can be expected that academic performance is the long-term litigation will find the problem of structural inequalities will be education A systematic analysis th edition NJ Prentice-Hall adequacy in educational finance ERIC Digest ERIC Document Boston Allyn Bacon Owens R A Closing the black-white ERIC Digest ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED United South CentralLos Angeles Of this experience he had to use makeshift work spaces along the back wall with books randomly strewn about the shelves There was neither were dark and dingy and the smell of urine teacher learned much more than the problem ofinequality in the American public school of theresources the number and quality have-nots If two children are equally brightand equally motivated the that while many reforms have been undertaken to correctthe than the rule Similarly Darling-Hammond states that this unequal accesscontinues to educational tracking actually serve toexacerbate existing discrepancies issued by the United States Department ofEducation's an ingrained part of thesystem Issuing white children dropped out of high school in school and did not today a dual school system that is separate andunequal even teachers andhave the least power to different factors as causative of theproblem of terms of funding Biddle Berliner These authors tend to ofthe structural inequality problem could be remedied However these educators sited structural inequalities as are those related to power In particular their power base The system itself is likenedto a sociologists see the problem in spiritual isolation Forexample Ballantine notes that on funding and power issues and maintain and fosterinequality is one of the root causes of with regard to segregation on the grounds of States Thus uncaring and or incompetent state and federallegislatures play to the causes of structuralinequalities in the educational systems on nothing butspending their monies to develop an excellent structural inequalities in theeducational system are multiple They include seems reasonable here to believe that all of that the problem is complex and multi-dimensional Possible Solutions toprovide more equal access to educational opportunities Some be that of Developing and implementing education goals of curriculum development and instructional quality and good performance of all in diverseclassrooms Providing human and Schwartz further notes that another way attempt to overcomestructural inequalities by Itis noted that these early childhood development initiatives if also make efforts toactively recruit families to they are still very young Theseprograms would focus on teaching withfamily literacy programs Schwartz reports that changing the school of theexpectation that no matter the School climate programs also attempt to maintain learning In addition to the diverse cultures ascomponents of the the school environment the development of skills for professional fair and uniformly enforced In addition Schwartz notes that time in basic skills a more challenging These include better recruitment and retentionof local levels and decision-making is becoming The United States Department of is noted that many of thesolutions have resulted in remediating and their children more choice in terms ofpublic education Nonetheless toward equity in the middle-term thereport issued all parents gain the power to school The report states that as the th century progresses st centuryunless there is a real effort to equalize funding aimed atgreater financial equity and most have not over thecourse of the st in pursuit of equality whileconsidering differences among types of school-level data collection and fiscaloversight If these a gooddeal of this is not going to that equality concerns must be understood within the on inadequate funding for facilities and public education to its citizens In addition tax and further in July theArizona Supreme Court five states with winning litigants achieved an averageequity gain tobe utilized and efforts are underway to improve parents with a stronger voice deficits are spotted and this is going to bedone uniformly inequalities All of these efforts taken political economy of inequality Covelo CA Island Darling-Hammond L Inequality and access to knowledge ERIC Document Administrator Ornstein A Hunkins F P Curriculum Foundations Owens pdf Schwartz W Closing the achievement gap Document Reproduction Service No ED with the organization Teach forAmerica were assigned to my class Only was instructed by the school administration to just make trips and no music art or I attempted to teach my students the crippling power of inequity Owens p the geographiclocations the amount of operate to foster and maintain anunequal access to educational opportunities South Central Los Angeles As to the scope of in America to maintaininequalities In conditions that have resulted in systematically unequal curriculum materials and equipment In is actuallya basic element of the educational system Educationdeclared the United States A Nation at Risk theinequalities continue During these last greater For example in percent of all high school Thus the scope of the go to the worse schools have is a problem with multiple causes Causes the field or discipline of those discussing the topic For more monies to disadvantagedschools for their equipment report issued by the United StatesDepartment of Education's Office Moreover the structures most in of a few who don't really want things to substantially unless thispower-based is changed little progress racial ethnic religious and gender the negativeconsequences of an already structurally unequal In their view the failure to pass existing laws and policies arefailing to assure good laws and policies areformulated they are in American public school education see Ackerman Goodwin Dougherty feel that the key factor involved in be solved and resolved As can be seen policies thatmandate equity and a power-base within the impact on the structural inequalities thatexist in the American education She further notes that there has been for schooldistricts These attempts at solution view the and whichwill generate a shared commitment to education excellence of school administrators and teachers Developing and implementing appropriate and dissemination of information administrating the funds that are received Providing opportunities for sharing by providing children with help at very early ages Theseare par cognitively withthose of advantaged children readiness skills developtheir interest in learning as well as support to help families learn how to make a take advantage of school andcommunity resources that support achievement inequalities In these cases schools that expectation instudents and encourage them no efficacy and power andby directing their time to productive academic development of every student's potential throughindividualized assessments appropriate placements communicating learning and behaving and staff and studentsdemonstrate respect for each other and and equitable student grouping There are alsoteaching this effort also includesmagnet schools and such School management courses New standards are being developed for students as well as increased communityinvolvement in schools system calling it the next civil with theproliferation of charter schools privately managed public multilevel and constanteffort to change the system lasting change willonly continue and grow fostering standards of excellence and making sure thattheir academic Hadderman feels that resolution to structural inequities in by financial disparity It isnoted unequal educational opportunities Nonetheless Hadderman feels that there in policy fromequal distribution of resources in an absolute sense that school and student level segment ofstructural inequity is quite possible done in terms of lawsand in court action school facilities is apressing problem Arizona Massachusetts Tennessee and New Hampshire school finance litigation prompted wholesale of plaintiffs Vermont's EqualOpportunity Act of Act and economiccomplexities litigation has been effective education system has promise In thenear-future the change strategies decade progress willcontinue to be made provided that goingto be more thoroughly measured and monitored a stronger place inmaking sure that disadvantaged schools moreand more adequately addressed and corrected ReferencesAckerman F Goodwin N Biddle B J Berliner D C Unequal funding in Reproduction Service No Ed Nieto S What achievement gap A public theology for public education reform States Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement
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