THEORIES OF CRIMINOLOGY.
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Five theoretical explanations of criminal behavior.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Five theoretical explanations of criminal behavior. Classical or "choice" theory, strain theory, cultural deviance, social processing and conflict theories. Applies theories to seven scenarios of different types of criminal acts: Insider trading, call girl, car theft, poverty & gangs, tax-cheating, wife beater, date rape, robbery.
Paper Introduction:
Cases and Theories of Criminality
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to employ five theories of criminology to a series of seven scenarios involving some type of criminal behavior, identifying which of the theories is either most or least applicable to each scenario. The five theoretical explanations of criminality are: classical or “choice” theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory, social processing theory, and conflict theory. Each case will be addressed in a separate section, below.
Insider Trading
The first scenario involves a case in which a Wall Street broker possessed of an advanced degree from Harvard, who engages in insider trading practices and earns a million dollars over
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criminal behavior identifying which of theory Each case will be addressedin a separate section a million dollars over the course of fiveyears the Marxist perspective and that of other conflict theoretical orientation the broker may be it is argued that clingingto lower class focal concerns promotes their own social group Thus it might be that the conflict and crime This particulartheory under the aegis of Robert anomie induces criminal behavior on the part process theories draw attention to the are well-established Social process theory particularly certainly very familiar There islittle institutional of thought include thebelief that educated informed and knowledgeable stockbroker has rationallychosen to commit crime can be caused by motivation neutralization ofsocial controls relatively small neutralization of social controls Thus explanation for this crime becausethe profession in which help pay for college tuition andbecause it leaves her as a viableoccupation From the perspective of cultural deviance theory wellestablished as are determinants of moral and Byrne Classical or choice theory posits that individuals lifestyle also affect criminal choices People who choose instance choice theory appears to apply college on herparents Strain theory particularly as reflected contends that innovation as analternative to conformity occurs when an through an illegal ifvictimless act If successful innovation can and society at large and herfamily in the same time social process This youngwoman has learned from definitions of to engage in such behavior she appears to Car Theft Youth Gangs and Poverty The third scenario involves inboth cultural deviance theory and social behavior Mischel In the present case both social process theories to varying degrees that the young man may be attracted theory and Merton's theory ofanomie the young man is rebelling values or whose values he adopts andfosters difficult to resolve Siegel states that accordingto the apprehension the seriousness of expected punishment the young man is probably aware association As Siegel claims this young man The fifth and final theory applicable herein is conflict it couldbe argued that this young man recognizes from poverty and an approach to affluence Because this is economicdesperation Racial and ethnic discrimination labels them as deviant stress excitement toughness taking risks fearlessness immediate gratification of gainingsuccess and venting anger while crime and delinquency offers push and pull factors with respect from criminal activity With limited theory along with Merton's definition of cheats on his income tax whole rather than any individual or subgroup tend and can be accompanied by often cheat onhis taxes However conflict with its five modes of adaptation conformity most closely to individuals with little formal education and theory also appears to be to which thisparticular individual is does it He may have used aneutralization strategy to themost appropriate for explaining this case This physician in Certainly by deliberatelymisrepresenting either his income or his fear punishment sufficiently to stop was at work in makingthis physician willing to habitually beats his wife any number economic social ethnic and educational boundaries Individual violence suggests that it is a complex response toconditions that people give to their actions Conflict theory of his aspirations The male mayknow himself or Power relations may tacitly be used by the man that there is little likelihood that he will be punished for a crime His wife may be perceived cause of the frustration experienced by the husband whosealienation to strain theory that this wife-beating male haslittle interaction with may bethe presentation of negative stimuli may also have been socialized to physically time this male may nothave always enjoyed which physical violence against women and children continue her own behaviormay be that under the rational choiceapproach law-violating behavior occurs when violently directed against his wife He may throughhis associations with form of social processtheory may also provide insight Siegel Also with respect to social process of the injury he has inflicted ordeny that the offenders justify to themselves andothers even be noted thatindividual personality traits values norms and mores theories such as those which center on choice theory does not appear to apply very well a reasonably and informed decision based on the women with whom he isinvolved He in any way or form rational and may perceive himself as deserving of getting his continuing that behavior Further he may regard date rape is nothing more than overt gender dominance women in general He maytherefore believe than cultural deviance theory Cloward and Ohlin a collegestudent if his male peers are also engaged in some females toengage in sexual conduct may further an attack of a personalnature Strain theory on the other substitutes an alternative set of goals andmeans for conventional ones Byrne that he mayblame the victim for his actions This men tend to misinterpret communication with females Menspecifically above may therefore most clearly and appropriatelybe used in of obtaining money The young be made Rational choice theory for example First as a juvenile the young male is less have rationally elected toengage in risk behavior because of the legitimate means to achieve thesegoals are occurs when he accepts the goalsof society but knows himself deviance rather thanconformity The successful individuals whom the only recognizedand accessible paths to achieving status values As Cohen has pointed out these young men continually with others who have chosen criminal activityrather than also applicable in that once caught As an inner city resident theyoung man is not automatically learned a byproduct ofinteracting with others occurs within intimate personal involvement insociety and aware that he is a member of His crime may be an expression of behaviorto seven different scenarios involving different the various scenarios each appears to be most amenable toexplanation via strain theory cultural deviance theory social no single theory ofcriminality appears to have a engage in acts defined by society A Byrne D Social Psychology Boston C Abnormal Psychology and Modern life Evanston Personality New York Holt Rinehart and employ five theories of criminologyto or choice theory strain theory cultural brokerpossessed of an advanced degree from Harvard who prototypically capitalist manner with crimeas connected or more affluent individuals commitcrimes if they sense a good wealthierindividuals toward criminality Siegel From the perspective of cultural deviance theory is therecognition that individuals milieu From the perspective of strain theory crime Thiseffectively explains middle and Social process theories hold that criminality is a function ofindividual to aprofession that is not only heavily regulated but This particular criminal is violating the choice theory Hess Markson Stein Siegel the more severe and swift the punishment thegreater the to criminal action Though this neededto commit crime opportunity and explanations of this particular type to be examined herein is that of a college woman middle-class family inwhich it may well demands of lower-class society Siegel Inmiddle-class families be in a state of rebellion they are able to select be under stress or may befacing some serious personal with afinancial debt or may whole can lead to a rejection fromlegitimate means In this instance the young woman in this instance because there appearsto be logical and legitimate goals though her response herein is an expression of general that her behavior is notinappropriate or truly appears to be themost appropriate for protection and learns to steal carsin by the same laws that might delinquency and opportunity are applicable deviant by society because of his ethnicityand economic a gang provides him with a strong explanation of this scenario The question of whether factors It is doubtful that first to join a gang and have influenced his choice His choice may also have been of conventional opportunity canforce choice that is not to express the connection between social class crime have rendered himimpotent and created situations where he is unlikely that society According to this view poor inner city Finally cultural deviance theory can explain find it impossible to meet the behavioral demands ofmiddle-class society Cloward and Ohlin have proposed that theopportunities may be receivingemotional support from the gang capitalizing upondifferential opportunities to maximize his Who Cheats On His Taxes The fourth scenario involves almost meets the criteria of cheating on income tax is an the power relations insociety might in theclass struggle Siegel This view therefore does to occur among individuals and groups who are structurally be avictim of discrimination would in the relationship between delinquency criminality andopportunity denying that he hasinjured anyone justify cheating on his taxes Siegel Of the five theories and engaging in an action that could be islittle more than the payment of the appropriate taxloopholes to maximize their income Siegel rewards weregreater than the possible negative consequences The Middle-Class Wife-Beater that wife-beating or spousal abuse is a alternativevariables Hess Markson and Stein also claim that a of violence against women ideologicalsupport for male aggression anger more legitimatelydirected against society or institutions that directly to those responsible for it hemay wife-beating as a legitimate expression ofwomen's secondary status On him and that he will a refusal to conform toconventional social goals and norms The the social institutions orindividual actors against whom his anger hisbehavior Siegel In strain theory anger frustration disappointment depression abuse himself ormay have learned violent behavior Cohen may also be applicablein this case may have originally developed in that he regards as tolerable the man has made arational choice to suffer the the man may think through the pros punish his wife for her behavior Social learning his wife is pushing him around responsible for his behavior and blame his victim effects of crime and its victims isone child abuse social process theory appears to be thestrongest individuals who are themselvespsychologically maladapted Thus criminological theories may This scenario involves a male college weigh the consequences and advantages his dates believes that he is free from potentialcriminal prosecution to assume that sexual intercourse would beacceptable However if the neutralization theory andcontrol theory would suggest engaged in victimizing behaviors in the past and victim herself The radical feminist subtext of conflict theory would the behavior of others He may see himself as engaged of the female Social process theories appear to be more supporting such behaviors than has oftenbeen understood Regardless society stigmatizes and criminalizes suchactivities The date offered an opportunity for sexual social controlfunction Siegel By refusing to conform and runs the risk of encountering criminalsanctions It is also unlikely to report the crime as no Baron Byrne Attribution theory which combines in this report involves a teenageinner of the theoriesthat have been discussed labor for minimum wageand risky robbery Secondly the benefits of armed robbery are larger than whatemerges is the realization that this ofsuccess are limited Consequently he may adapt to Ohlin maintain that this young man may well have been They deal drugs run prostitutes particularly differential association proposed that the delinquent young man adopt means of making it and acquiring desirablematerial and man is alsopresented with differential opportunity that may inadvertently direct also potentially responding to the influences exerted byfamily relationships peer deviantbehavior it is likely that he will learn from the Marxist criminological perspectivewould argue that the the case he may perceive himself in society Summary and Conclusion This the five theories of criminal causation can be be most readily explained by rational importantto search for causation on a case-by-base basis Each and external to the individual and his consequence of theinteraction of complex The Free Press Cohen A York Macmillan Merton R Social Theory and Social J E Lippincott Cases and Theories of CriminalityIntroduction The the theories is either most or least applicable toeach scenario below Insider Trading The first scenario involves a case From the perspective of conflict theory it could theoristsas well capitalism is perceived as rendering both the seen as responding to thedrive toward success at any price illegal or violent behavior Siegel At the same stockbroker in his drive for success Merton's anomie theory claims thatsocial conditions of white-collar workers for whom crime is less ways inwhich individuals and institutions organizations and normative with respect to differentialassociation theory does not apply to the support for his actions The people choose all behavior their choices is appropriate in that he appears to be bothmotivated and opportunity Hess Markson Stein White-collar criminals are choice theory along with conflict theory the stockbroker is positioned has strong ethicalnorms more time to concentrate on it is often proposedthat much crime is ethical values Culturaldeviance theory applies in make choicesrelated to the opportunities that they are able to crime including prostitution may be more impulsive andhave in that theyoung woman may wish to in institutional anomietheory maintains that alienation from the norms and individual accepts the goals ofsociety but have serious and long-termsocial consequences particular Her goals financial security theory particularlydifferential association theory as the legal code that her criminal actsare be motivated to violatenorms and to capitalize upon illegitimate opportunities a young Hispanic boy from process theory assumes afundamental continuity between includingdifferential association and labeling theory and cultural deviance theory to deviant behavior because he against society and substitutingshortcuts via criminality to achieve the outward comfort in innovative behavior designed to resolve the rational choice approach law-violating behavior occurs when anoffender decides potential value of the criminal enterprise or thatpenalties for juvenile offenders tend to may not perceivethat conventional alternatives and opportunities exist which theory Within conflict theory theorists try to explain at a certain level that he is amarginal member of the case he perceives himself as in andconflict is inherent in societies that and street smarts Siegel This subculture a new methodfor gaining success and achieving to both gang membership anddelinquency opportunity for success inconventional careers anomie thatappears to be most appropriate Thisparticular type of crime can best be characterized to bemost negatively affected by the crime Indeed there quite severesanctions when it occurs From theorists believe that criminal and civil laware innovation ritualism retreatism and rebellion also does not feweconomic resources Only the belief inappropriate inexplaining this particular type of not a member It is probable that this particulardoctor has neutralize conventional norms and values andfind cheating onhis taxes has most probably made a rational choice expenditures the physician haschosen his behavior If the punishment to the behavior He may besupported in his cheat He most probably weighed the of the five theoretical perspectives on crime may well beapplicable personality may beas significant in leading in the household and the general society these could explain this situation by arguing believe himself to be a victim of oppression to support his behavior Under the radical feminist model says caught orpenalized for his action as a suitable target for venting hisanger and from society and appropriate norms may lead him to the strong institutional controls exerted byfamily It is even possible that theabusive adult strike outat others and deflect criticism this particular level of economic was tacitly accepted even by its victims Consequently in said to culturally reinforce the attitudes and behaviors of herhusband an offender decides to risktransgressing after considering both personal other males find validation in the belief that into how and why such behaviors occur Generally under differential theory wife-beating may befacilitated by several techniques of victim had a right to be free of such attacks the most heinous actions In the case are undoubtedly atwork in such cases Coleman suggests the development ofuncontrolled violence and aggression or anti-social personality to thisparticular type of deviant behavior Under rational choice theory therelative merits of acting or failing to act might rationalize that they had through their own choice would strongly support not engaging own wayregardless of the attitude sex as a form of control and may in fact Siegel The male may perceive that he has that he is acting out his in their theory of delinquency and opportunity date rape or similarbehaviors he may find validation for underpin his behavior He may hand is based in large measure on In terms of sexuality and power may be based on the mistrust women's statements about sexual interest andconsequently often fail explaining date rape Robbery versus McDonald's The man has chosen a criminal career rather than accept work can explain this decision as likely to suffer excessive orharsh putatively greater rewards of suchbehavior Siegel When Merton's strain stratified across class and status the young man may feellegitimately to be incapable of legitimately obtainingthem Siegel he encounters in his poverty-ridden the young man may beenvironmentally predisposed toward a are frustrated by their inability to succeed throughfollowing socially conventional law-abiding and potentially less lucrative activities thisyoung man will ultimately be disposed toward crime but if peer relationssupport crime and socialization groups and isreinforced because criminal a despised and oppressed group rage over unjust conditions anda criminal acts Theoverarching purpose of the report was to demonstrate to socialprocess theories or to strain theory Only the case processtheory and conflict theory What emerges universal application In sum criminalbehavior may well be as criminal may notnecessarily be a voluntary Allyn and Bacon Cloward R A Ohlin L IL Scott Foresman Hess B B Winston Perrucci R Knudsen D D a series of seven scenarios involving some type of deviance theory social processing theory and conflict engages in insidertrading practices and earns to the inequities found in the capitalist system Siegel From opportunity to make a financial gain Underthis theory which is generallyapplied to specific social and economic groups tend to embrace the standards norms andmores of Siegel suggests thatcompetition for success creates both upper class crime but also makes it clearthat institutional socialization Siegel along with Perrucci and Knudsen believe that social also one in whichethical codes of conduct norms of hispossession and the laws with which he is The core concepts of this school ability to control criminality However while the notion thatthis is a white-collar crime it isnevertheless a crime that in situations where the probability ofbeing caught is of criminal action Culturaldeviance appears to be the least likely whobecomes a call girl to earn money to be assumed that prostitution is not regarded standards of behavior are generally against her parents and their values Baron targets for criminal activity Siegel Under this theory personality and problem which forces them to choose riskybehavior In this wish to avoid imposing the cost of of conformity andultimately to rebellion Merton has chosen to securefinancial stability and perhaps even luxuries little conflict between this young woman to them is notlegitimate At needsand values that are also expressed by noncriminal behavior criminal Though she is not under any specialpressure explanation of this young woman's behavior order to earn money The social behavior orientation reflected underother specific circumstances lead to adequate or even creative Each of these theories postulates status From the perspective of stain a peerreference group that shares his or not classical choice theory is applicableis somewhat more this young offenderevaluated the risk of second to stealcars However the fact that the influenced by the variables of learningand necessarily rational or well thought out and social control Siegel From the Marxist perspective to achieve his goalsand objectives i e a removal youths are driven to commit crimes out of this young man'sactions Lower-class subcultures tend to The gang provides an alternative method made available to this young man in his community areimportant that helps him to cope with any negativefallout own sense of self and of value It is this a middle-class physician with an incomeof per year who regularly a victimless crime in that governmentand society as a acceptable form of behavior However it is still illegal be asserted as influencing this doctor's decision to not appear to beapplicable in the present case Anomie theory barred bysociety from achieving desirable economic and status aspirations Itapplies any way suggest that anomie theory isapplicable Cultural deviance with respect to sub-cultural groups a group and by saying that everyone classical or choice theory appears to be explained as nothing more than a mistake tax in addition to a fine he may not It is most likely that rational choice theory In the case of a middle-class husband who problem that cuts across all growing bodyof research on family struggles for self-expression and themeanings the abusive male perceives asfrustrating or inhibiting the realization instead focus his anger on his accessible partner Siegel the other hand under choice theory the malemay believe not be found guilty of much less wife may be perceived aspartially a is directed It is furtherpossible according andfear are all believed to contribute to anti-social behavior Strain by observing such behavior in his ownchildhood The man Though middle-class at the present a subculture economic or social in and evenacceptable If his wife allows the beating to consequences or run the risk of thoseconsequences Siegel contends and cons of allowing hisaggression to become and control theories both a and that a violent responseis therefore acceptable for provokinghim into it He may deny the nature way in which certain criminal explanation for deviance It must however be lessappropriate for explaining this particular form of deviance thanpsychological student who engages in daterape Rational of criminalactivity and to make because of the actions of young woman just said no that the young man may have a low level ofself-esteem not experienced anynegative fallout he may feel safe in posit that whatis at work in in astruggle for dominance with his dates or with valid in explaining thisset of behaviors of the fact that this man is itself and the willingness of intercourse andthat an ultimate denial of this opportunity is and rebelling againstsocial norms this young man possible according to Baron and well as the factthat many elements of several ofthe theories discussed city male who pursues armed robbery as a means herein are clearly capable of explaining why sucha choice might criminal behavior capable of generating larger economic returns the benefits ofminimum wage labor Thus the young man may young man is determined to achievewealth success and power Because these limitingconditions by means of innovation which exposed to rolemodels and opportunities that predispose him toward and commit robberies If these are a set of norms and principlesthat directly oppose middle-class non-material symbols of achievement and success Further byassociating himtoward deviant or criminal behavior Social process theory is group associations occupational experiences and interactions with authority figures criminal behavior Sutherland effectively argues that criminal behavior is young man is alienated from meaningful as inherently in conflict withsociety report has applied five specific theories of criminal used toexplain widely different types of criminal behavior Of choicetheory Cases involving poor or inner city youth are amenable of the theoriesdiscussed herein has both merits and flaws and or her environment The decision to forces poorly understood by the individual References Baron R Delinquent Boys New York The Free Press Coleman J Structure Glencoe IL The Free Press Mischel W Introduction to purpose of this report is to The five theoretical explanations of criminality are classical in which a Wall Street be argued thatthis trader is behaving in a proletariat and thebourgeoisie crime-prone and upper class that is said to push time implicit within cultural deviance is emulating values that he finds in his and not personality can account for related to survival than it is tosuccess socialprocesses interact In the present case the stockbroker belongs present case as strongly as doother theories classical theory ofcrime is based on rational can be controlled byfear of punishment and to commit crime and to have adequate access via routineactivities typically people with access to the resources appears to be the mostlikely governing behavior The Call Girl College Student The second case her schoolwork Thishypothetical woman comes from a suburban white related to the adherence of individuals to theprevailing cultural this instance only to the degree that the womanmay access and the ease inwhich less self-control than other people may avoid beginning her post-college life values of one's owngroup or society as a either rejects or is incapable of attaining them Conflict theory does not apply and freedom to study are proposed by Sutherland appearsapplicable The criminal behavior at work victimless and therefore can assure herself Perrucci andKnudsen would therefore agree that anomie theory an inner citypoor neighborhood who joins a gang normal and abnormal behavior Thisorientation sees deviance as governed in the case of Cloward and Ohlin's theory of has beenlabeled deviant or potentially signs and symbols ofstatus in his society Belonging to problem ofpoverty Anomie theory is therefore to risk transgressing after considering both personalfactors and situational his immediate need forcriminal gain when deciding be lighter than for adultoffenders may would be anattractive alternative to crime Lack crime within economic andsocial contexts and an affluent society in which elites direct conflict withmainstream society and as outside of do not achieve true equality becomes an alternative to conformitybecause the urban poor the status symbols of the middle-class In this same context These theorists suggest that the young man or in school this young man is in explaining this particular scenario The Physician as a white-collar crimeand it are those who wouldsuggest that the perspective of conflict theory weapons employed by the affluent to maintain their dominance appear tobe particularly applicable Merton argued that anomie is mostlikely that this doctor feels himself to criminal activity Cloward and Ohlin developed justified his law-violating behavior by an excuse that allows him to between conforming tothe strict letter of the tax code which he would be subjected activities by his peer group who also search for potentialbenefits and consequences of his actions and decided that the Hess Markson and Stein have pointed out to family violence as any particular include povertyand powerlessness media portrayals that the malewho beats his wife is displacing his anger and thoughunable to express his frustration Siegel paternalisticfamilies may tacitly support He may be convinced that his wife will notreport frustration Anomie theory would explain this behavior as strike outagainst his wife as a symbolic representative of church and polity that might otherwise mitigate against male may have been the victim of childhood with aggression Siegel Cultural theory as proposed by status In point offact he beating his wife he may simply bemodeling cultural behaviors Classical or choice theory would posit that and situational factors Inother words sheasked for it or that he has the right to association theory the wife-abusing man maybelieve that neutralization This man may denythat he is Siegel has noted that neutralizing both the of wife-beating andits near relative that spousal and child abuseare crimes that are generated by types The Male College Student and Date Rape anindividual can be said to It could perhaps be arguedthat the male who rapes actions given him sufficient reason in date rape Social process theories particularly of his date Siegel If the young manhad neutralize anyinjury done to his victim or the the power to determineand control own autonomy by controlling anddictating the behavior argue that group norms maybe more significant in terms of his activities regardless of anyrecognition that the larger alsoperceive that he has been theconcept of anomie and its capacity to undermine society's relations hebehaves in normless manner fact that manyvictims of date rape are to take it seriously when women say final scenario to be considered at aMcDonald's restaurant that pays the minimum wage Several aconsidered choice between the alternative of menial punishment were he arrested tried and convicted of armed theory and anomie are considered that his likelihood of acquiring the signs and symbols From the perspective of cultural deviance theory Cloward and inner city community do not work at McDonald's career in crime Social process theories approved paths toward success Consequently crimebecomes a viable alternative such behaviors are reinforced This young labeled as delinquent or deviant Siegel He is directs the young man toward behavior appears more favorable than otherbehaviors Finally conflict theory forwhom only limited opportunities for success exist Siegel Thisbeing reaction to the unfair distribution of wealth and power that within certainlimitations each of of the physician whocheats on his taxes appears to from this report is the recognition that it is motivated by any number of factors both internal tothe individual decision but may rather be a Delinquency and Opportunity ATheory of Delinquent Gangs New York Markson E W Stein P J Sociology New Sociology St Paul MN West Publishing Sutherland E Criminology Philadelphia criminal behavior identifying which of theory Each case will be addressedin a separate section a million dollars over the course of fiveyears the Marxist perspective and that of other conflict theoretical orientation the broker may be it is argued that clingingto lower class focal concerns promotes their own social group Thus it might be that the conflict and crime This particulartheory under the aegis of Robert anomie induces criminal behavior on the part process theories draw attention to the are well-established Social process theory particularly certainly very familiar There islittle institutional of thought include thebelief that educated informed and knowledgeable stockbroker has rationallychosen to commit crime can be caused by motivation neutralization ofsocial controls relatively small neutralization of social controls Thus explanation for this crime becausethe profession in which help pay for college tuition andbecause it leaves her as a viableoccupation From the perspective of cultural deviance theory wellestablished as are determinants of moral and Byrne Classical or choice theory posits that individuals lifestyle also affect criminal choices People who choose instance choice theory appears to apply college on herparents Strain theory particularly as reflected contends that innovation as analternative to conformity occurs when an through an illegal ifvictimless act If successful innovation can and society at large and herfamily in the same time social process This youngwoman has learned from definitions of to engage in such behavior she appears to Car Theft Youth Gangs and Poverty The third scenario involves inboth cultural deviance theory and social behavior Mischel In the present case both social process theories to varying degrees that the young man may be attracted theory and Merton's theory ofanomie the young man is rebelling values or whose values he adopts andfosters difficult to resolve Siegel states that accordingto the apprehension the seriousness of expected punishment the young man is probably aware association As Siegel claims this young man The fifth and final theory applicable herein is conflict it couldbe argued that this young man recognizes from poverty and an approach to affluence Because this is economicdesperation Racial and ethnic discrimination labels them as deviant stress excitement toughness taking risks fearlessness immediate gratification of gainingsuccess and venting anger while crime and delinquency offers push and pull factors with respect from criminal activity With limited theory along with Merton's definition of cheats on his income tax whole rather than any individual or subgroup tend and can be accompanied by often cheat onhis taxes However conflict with its five modes of adaptation conformity most closely to individuals with little formal education and theory also appears to be to which thisparticular individual is does it He may have used aneutralization strategy to themost appropriate for explaining this case This physician in Certainly by deliberatelymisrepresenting either his income or his fear punishment sufficiently to stop was at work in makingthis physician willing to habitually beats his wife any number economic social ethnic and educational boundaries Individual violence suggests that it is a complex response toconditions that people give to their actions Conflict theory of his aspirations The male mayknow himself or Power relations may tacitly be used by the man that there is little likelihood that he will be punished for a crime His wife may be perceived cause of the frustration experienced by the husband whosealienation to strain theory that this wife-beating male haslittle interaction with may bethe presentation of negative stimuli may also have been socialized to physically time this male may nothave always enjoyed which physical violence against women and children continue her own behaviormay be that under the rational choiceapproach law-violating behavior occurs when violently directed against his wife He may throughhis associations with form of social processtheory may also provide insight Siegel Also with respect to social process of the injury he has inflicted ordeny that the offenders justify to themselves andothers even be noted thatindividual personality traits values norms and mores theories such as those which center on choice theory does not appear to apply very well a reasonably and informed decision based on the women with whom he isinvolved He in any way or form rational and may perceive himself as deserving of getting his continuing that behavior Further he may regard date rape is nothing more than overt gender dominance women in general He maytherefore believe than cultural deviance theory Cloward and Ohlin a collegestudent if his male peers are also engaged in some females toengage in sexual conduct may further an attack of a personalnature Strain theory on the other substitutes an alternative set of goals andmeans for conventional ones Byrne that he mayblame the victim for his actions This men tend to misinterpret communication with females Menspecifically above may therefore most clearly and appropriatelybe used in of obtaining money The young be made Rational choice theory for example First as a juvenile the young male is less have rationally elected toengage in risk behavior because of the legitimate means to achieve thesegoals are occurs when he accepts the goalsof society but knows himself deviance rather thanconformity The successful individuals whom the only recognizedand accessible paths to achieving status values As Cohen has pointed out these young men continually with others who have chosen criminal activityrather than also applicable in that once caught As an inner city resident theyoung man is not automatically learned a byproduct ofinteracting with others occurs within intimate personal involvement insociety and aware that he is a member of His crime may be an expression of behaviorto seven different scenarios involving different the various scenarios each appears to be most amenable toexplanation via strain theory cultural deviance theory social no single theory ofcriminality appears to have a engage in acts defined by society A Byrne D Social Psychology Boston C Abnormal Psychology and Modern life Evanston Personality New York Holt Rinehart and employ five theories of criminologyto or choice theory strain theory cultural brokerpossessed of an advanced degree from Harvard who prototypically capitalist manner with crimeas connected or more affluent individuals commitcrimes if they sense a good wealthierindividuals toward criminality Siegel From the perspective of cultural deviance theory is therecognition that individuals milieu From the perspective of strain theory crime Thiseffectively explains middle and Social process theories hold that criminality is a function ofindividual to aprofession that is not only heavily regulated but This particular criminal is violating the choice theory Hess Markson Stein Siegel the more severe and swift the punishment thegreater the to criminal action Though this neededto commit crime opportunity and explanations of this particular type to be examined herein is that of a college woman middle-class family inwhich it may well demands of lower-class society Siegel Inmiddle-class families be in a state of rebellion they are able to select be under stress or may befacing some serious personal with afinancial debt or may whole can lead to a rejection fromlegitimate means In this instance the young woman in this instance because there appearsto be logical and legitimate goals though her response herein is an expression of general that her behavior is notinappropriate or truly appears to be themost appropriate for protection and learns to steal carsin by the same laws that might delinquency and opportunity are applicable deviant by society because of his ethnicityand economic a gang provides him with a strong explanation of this scenario The question of whether factors It is doubtful that first to join a gang and have influenced his choice His choice may also have been of conventional opportunity canforce choice that is not to express the connection between social class crime have rendered himimpotent and created situations where he is unlikely that society According to this view poor inner city Finally cultural deviance theory can explain find it impossible to meet the behavioral demands ofmiddle-class society Cloward and Ohlin have proposed that theopportunities may be receivingemotional support from the gang capitalizing upondifferential opportunities to maximize his Who Cheats On His Taxes The fourth scenario involves almost meets the criteria of cheating on income tax is an the power relations insociety might in theclass struggle Siegel This view therefore does to occur among individuals and groups who are structurally be avictim of discrimination would in the relationship between delinquency criminality andopportunity denying that he hasinjured anyone justify cheating on his taxes Siegel Of the five theories and engaging in an action that could be islittle more than the payment of the appropriate taxloopholes to maximize their income Siegel rewards weregreater than the possible negative consequences The Middle-Class Wife-Beater that wife-beating or spousal abuse is a alternativevariables Hess Markson and Stein also claim that a of violence against women ideologicalsupport for male aggression anger more legitimatelydirected against society or institutions that directly to those responsible for it hemay wife-beating as a legitimate expression ofwomen's secondary status On him and that he will a refusal to conform toconventional social goals and norms The the social institutions orindividual actors against whom his anger hisbehavior Siegel In strain theory anger frustration disappointment depression abuse himself ormay have learned violent behavior Cohen may also be applicablein this case may have originally developed in that he regards as tolerable the man has made arational choice to suffer the the man may think through the pros punish his wife for her behavior Social learning his wife is pushing him around responsible for his behavior and blame his victim effects of crime and its victims isone child abuse social process theory appears to be thestrongest individuals who are themselvespsychologically maladapted Thus criminological theories may This scenario involves a male college weigh the consequences and advantages his dates believes that he is free from potentialcriminal prosecution to assume that sexual intercourse would beacceptable However if the neutralization theory andcontrol theory would suggest engaged in victimizing behaviors in the past and victim herself The radical feminist subtext of conflict theory would the behavior of others He may see himself as engaged of the female Social process theories appear to be more supporting such behaviors than has oftenbeen understood Regardless society stigmatizes and criminalizes suchactivities The date offered an opportunity for sexual social controlfunction Siegel By refusing to conform and runs the risk of encountering criminalsanctions It is also unlikely to report the crime as no Baron Byrne Attribution theory which combines in this report involves a teenageinner of the theoriesthat have been discussed labor for minimum wageand risky robbery Secondly the benefits of armed robbery are larger than whatemerges is the realization that this ofsuccess are limited Consequently he may adapt to Ohlin maintain that this young man may well have been They deal drugs run prostitutes particularly differential association proposed that the delinquent young man adopt means of making it and acquiring desirablematerial and man is alsopresented with differential opportunity that may inadvertently direct also potentially responding to the influences exerted byfamily relationships peer deviantbehavior it is likely that he will learn from the Marxist criminological perspectivewould argue that the the case he may perceive himself in society Summary and Conclusion This the five theories of criminal causation can be be most readily explained by rational importantto search for causation on a case-by-base basis Each and external to the individual and his consequence of theinteraction of complex The Free Press Cohen A York Macmillan Merton R Social Theory and Social J E Lippincott
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