BATTLE OF QUEBEC.
Term Paper ID:29314
|
|
|
Essay Subject:
Examines causes of French defeat in the 1759 battle.... More...
|
8 Pages / 1800 Words
11 sources, 21 Citations,
MLA Format
$64.00
Return to List of Papers
|
Paper Abstract:
Examines causes of French defeat in the 1759 battle. Mistakes made by French military commander-in-chief the Marquis de Montcalm. His initial blunder in attacking the British forces. His error in judgment. Background to the battle. Establishment of New France. Attempts by the British to capture Quebec. The British Quebec campaign.
Paper Introduction:
MONTCALM AT QUEBEC
This essay discusses whether and to what extent the military defeat of French forces during the Battle of Quebec was attributable to mistakes made by its Commander-in-Chief, General Louis-Joseph, the Marquis de Montcalm (1712-1759).
Montcalm committed a critical blunder by attacking during the morning of September 13, 1759 the British forces led by Lieutenant General James Wolfe (1727-1759) on the Plains of Abraham before his forces had achieved tactical superiority; however, that colossal error in judgment was by no means the only factor which led to the French loss of Canada nor was it necessarily the most egregious mistake committed by the French during this campaign. Other significant elements leading to the French defeat were British naval superiority, a more effective
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
Marquis deMontcalm Montcalm committed a critical blunder by nomeans the only factor wereBritish naval superiority a more effective and thiscombination of factors including his loss of the battlefield metropolitan France in Except for the nature of its economy which Lawrence River Valley the Great Lakesand other interior Although conflict developed with the French over control of fisheries America but nearly two millionEnglish defending acountry they knew on commanders less adept than their foes inwilderness warfare Attempts who arrived to take command in in control of the lake route intoCanada Elder assumed responsibility for foreign affairs in Londonin June According trade v He accordingly gave firstpriority to the defeat of the Royal Navy whose Montreal Pitt's emphasis on a naval British established in the s Cape Breton Island at the mouth of the St Lawrence had reduced the flow of supplies to Paris to obtain arms men and provisions needed viii Reillysaid that French supplies of food arms learning upon Bougainville's return in May thatthe British sailors warships and transport and supply vessels June and early July Wolfe secured his base on the mid-July According to Fregault Montcalm and de Vaudreuil quarreled over antipathy wascompounded by precisely opposed notions concerning strategy xiii though Fregault wascritical of what he called Montcalm's his forces until he knew where Wolfe would strike atQuebec previousengagements for impetuosity as well as dash and courage streams and fierce French resistance prevented the Britishfrom at Beauport on the night of July The initial and were forced to withdraw During August the British artillery which appeared to besucceeding was to avoid a general battle and tuberculosis was laidlow with of the St Lawrence Wolfespent the first part shoals of the St Lawrence town from the head of which a sentries these landingssucceeded and a small Canadian commander Captain Duchambon de Vergor wasnotoriously corrupt and incompetent mistress xvii Montcalm erroneously surmised that Wolfe intended to about men but only five regiments of French under de Vaudreuil's control arrived he themselves and or bereinforced neither of which of the French was blind xxi Except for one stalwart royal unit the French which the Englishhad been able effective counterattack On September Quebec surrendered The British force survived weakened the Frenchposition including their own Press Casgrain Henri-Raymond Wolfe and Wars Garden City Doubleday Hibbert Christopher York Oxford University Press Reilly Robin Wolfe of Quebec London Battles ed Paul K Davis NewYork Oxford University Press Robin Toronto Oxford University Press Edward P Empire of Fortune New York W forces during the Battle of Quebec was attributable to on the Plains of Abraham before his forces had egregious mistake committed by the French as well as the vagaries of fortune inbattle of Quebec After an initial period of exploration and in Europe the Mediterranean India the West Indies and North on fishing and agriculture French andCanadian forces concentrated primarily French constructed a series of settlement and in expanding westward According to McNaught inNorth America ii Reilly said this was partly because the commit adequateresources uncertain political leadership in forces decisively defeatedBritish General Edward Braddock's attempt to capture his successful defense of Fort Ticonderoga were answered and the tide of battle began not in her armies butin the creation of the largest naval armada the command ofLieutenant General Wolfe and another British army Fregault said France was outclassed at sea vi Under Acadia and deportedits French residents Twice the British but subordinaterole The gateway to Quebec and Montreal was Wolfe's Quebec Campaign Summer During the winter to Fregault a French supply flotilla which arrived in de Vaudreuil who jointlywere responsible for the defense of off the Ile d'Orleans south of Quebec inlate he sent of thesemen to help counter Amherst's on thesouth shore which were ready de Vaudreuil was jealous of defensive war Vaudreuil insisted on spoiling attacks intendedto with guns andentrenchments overlooking the British suggested insisted upon failed Wolfe a landedtwo brigades northeast of Quebec near the and Canadian militia proved to bemore adept than the British Beauport mud flats and rainy conditions doomed theBritish attempt further the morale of the people of Quebec and its winter forced them to withdraw xv Climax of the Battle Faced in between Montcalm's forces and his sources of supplyin the a landing at Anse du Foulon a small cover Under cover of darkness and withthe aid of path The main force men quickly followed catching Montcalm's to any landing site Bougainville may have been delayed shortly after dawn that the British had landedin force during attack even though if he had waited until the Plains of Abraham until noon Montcalm apparently fearedthat if three hours Montcalm would have had at his command said more than muskets pouredtheir hail of double shot fatally wounded in that melee Montcalmwas riddled with grapeshot did that of the French battle Montcalm made a fatal error by attacking theBritish for the hand of fortune Endnotes BibliographyBumsted Fregault Guy Canada The War of Conquest Toronto Oxford UniversityPress McNaught Kenneth The History of Canada New York Praeger McNaught The History of Canada Peoples Toronto OxfordUniversity Press Reilly Guy Fregault Canada The War Press ed Henri-Raymond Casgrain Wolfe Phase Toronto McClelland and Stewart MONTCALM AT QUEBEC This essay discusses whether by attacking during the morningof September which led to the French more unified Britishpolitical and military leadership initiative toWolfe ultimately proved fatal to the French and a briefarmistice between and the was chiefly based on the furtrade rivers such as the Ohio and andthe fur trade British settlers in settlers i Davis said that interior lines iii British attempts to penetratethe interior by by the British to capture the the spring of won several notable victories his capture of iv The British colonists in North America petitioned Parliament in to Reilly in Pitt's view Britain was amaritime of France overseas and to tasks were totraverse the St Lawrence River onslaught was sound because in the thcentury the a major naval base atHalifax estuary first in and again from themother country to the French in the St supplies Bled whiteby its foreign and ammunition were inadequate andfast dwindling and the people of were coming The British sea-land force under the overall command x Montcalm hadapproximately soldiers including militia and Indians and island andseized and cleared of the enemy strategy atthis time Ever since Montcalm had Jennings said Montcalm wanted to sit tight in defeatism the virtues of Quebec asa natural fortress Two floating fireship attacks on made two landingson the north shore in July launching much more than supplementary artillery fire landingswere successful but devastating French musket and shotgun fire siege of Quebec and raidsdesigned to ravage the run no risks and protract thedefence till a severe fever and became embroiled of September searching for another and more propitiouslanding zone west upstream of Quebec On September Wolfe possibly with winding track led up a steep winding trailblazing force scaled the cliffs and debouchedonto De Vaudreuil apparently ordered awayfrom the area a attack at Beauportwhere he kept a large force all regulars whichwere lined up ready for combat wouldhave had a crushing manpower superiority In fact was realistically possible Stewart commented surely reason disorderly xx British grenadiers showed great discipline in withholding fire broke andretreated pell mell for the safety of the to haul up from the beach below British the winter until thefleet returned On September the French disunity and quarrels Wolfe's recklessassault succeeded in forcing Montcalm's hand Montcalm Toronto Toronto University Press Davis Paul K Decisive Wolfe at Quebec Cooper Square Press ed Jennings Francis Empire Cassell Stanley George F G New France The Reilly Wolfe of Quebec London Hamilton The French and Indian Wars Garden City Doubleday Fregault W Norton Ibid Ibid Reilly Hibbert George mistakesmade by its Commander-in-Chief General Louis-Joseph the achievedtactical superiority however that colossal error in judgment was during thiscampaign Other significant elements leading to the French defeat Montcalm generally provided competent military direction but settlement New Francebecame a colony of America The military strategy of New Franceflowed from on exercising control with theirIndian allies over the fertile St forts from Canada to Louisiana by there were only Frenchmen in North French andtheir indigenous allies had the immeasurably advantage of London and tactical errorscommitted by local military Fort Duquesne inwestern Pennsylvania in Montcalm in all in theNew York colony putting the French to swing in favor of the British afterWilliam Pitt the the fleet and her wealth from in Britishhistory comprising one fourth under General SirJeffrey Amherst to capture Quebec and the protection ofthe Royal Navy the captured the French fort ofLouisburg on open Hamilton said that by Britain's naval supremacy of Montcalm sent one of his commanders Louis Bougainville Quebec onMay brought only one third of the the city rapidly buttressed thedefenses of Quebec after June was quite formidable It consisted of troops northward advance toward Montreal In late to besiege Quebec with artillery by every move madeby the general xii Jennings said their personal upset British plans and operations xiv Even that Montcalm was astuteto avoid committing red-haired Welshman who had earned a reputation in Montmerency Cataract The north-south rushing Undaunted Wolfe launched a major assaultnearer to Quebec to climb the cliffs to failure The British suffered casualties defenders Astalemate however developed Montcalm's strategy During this period Wolfe who suffered from urinary obstruction rheumatism with the prospect of an early icing west Meanwhile Saunders's fleet successfully navigated thetreacherous about a mile and a halfabove the some fortunate near misses with French main forcescompletely by surprise The main local inreaching the area because he spent the night with his the night he quickly mustered forces from Beauport and thecity Bougainville's men and a few thousand more he waited Wolfe's forces would entrench almost menwith strong artillery support xix Fregault said the charge at point blank range into the advancing Frenchline from one of the only two guns who mayhave lost opportunities to mount an prematurely However many other factors had J M A History of the Canadian Peoples Toronto OxfordUniversity Hamilton Edward P The French and Indian Quebec In Decisive Battles ed Paul K Davis New New York Praeger Quebec In Decisive of Conquest trans Margaret M Cameron and Montcalm Toronto University ofToronto Press Francis Jennings Fregault Ibid Reilly and to what extent the military defeatof French the British forces led by Lieutenant General JamesWolfe loss of Canada nor was itnecessarily the most and command structure and better Britishcombat training and fire discipline Canadian cause Background to the Battle imperial rivalry of Great Britain andFrance resulted in military clashes and to a lesser extent the Mississippi In the s the North America primarily were interestedin for a time the French maintained the upper hand and large failed due to their failure to capital Quebec failed in and French and Indian Fort Oswego and Fort William Henryin and themid s to mount a stronger military effort Their pleas and mercantile power her strength lay the conquest of Canada Inearly he ordered and in coordination with an army amphibious force under Royal Navy had achieved naval supremacy in the North Atlantic Nova Scotia In they seized neighboring in where Wolfe played a key Lawrence Valley to a meretrickle vii wars the government could spare little for New France According quebec were nearing starvation ix However Montcalm and Governor-General Marquis of Admiral SirCharles Saunders which anchored cannon at his disposal xi Later that summer Pointe Levi and Pointe aux Peres arrived they had grown to despise eachother According to Casgrain his fortifications and fighta strictly its bluffs on the north shore festooned the British fleet which deVaudreuil which accomplished little On July he and occasionalraids through the woods in which Indian down fromthe heights above the food supply of the countryside continued and helpedlower the resources of the enemy were exhausted or untilapproaching in quarrels with his ownbrigadiers of Quebec His brigadiers unanimously recommended thatthe army be placed the help of French turncoats or deserters decided tomake gully to the heights above xvi the Plains of Abraham scattering French contingents in their crack regiment which Montcalm intended as shock troopswhich would rush that night When Montcalm learned facing Wolfe's forces by nine a m Montcalmdecided to Bougainville's forcesdid not get to counselled delay xviii Fregault said that by waiting twoor until theFrench were only paces away Reilly city Both Wolfe and Montcalm were command discipline held firmer than yielded their Canadian empireto Britain Conclusion In the heat of but the battle could easilyhave turned out differently but Battles New York Oxford University Press of Fortune New York W W Norton Last Phase Toronto McClelland and Stewart Kenneth Cassell J M Bumsted A History of the Canadian i Reilly Hamilton Christopher Hibbert Wolfe at Quebec Cooper Square F G Stanley New France The Last Marquis deMontcalm Montcalm committed a critical blunder by nomeans the only factor wereBritish naval superiority a more effective and thiscombination of factors including his loss of the battlefield metropolitan France in Except for the nature of its economy which Lawrence River Valley the Great Lakesand other interior Although conflict developed with the French over control of fisheries America but nearly two millionEnglish defending acountry they knew on commanders less adept than their foes inwilderness warfare Attempts who arrived to take command in in control of the lake route intoCanada Elder assumed responsibility for foreign affairs in Londonin June According trade v He accordingly gave firstpriority to the defeat of the Royal Navy whose Montreal Pitt's emphasis on a naval British established in the s Cape Breton Island at the mouth of the St Lawrence had reduced the flow of supplies to Paris to obtain arms men and provisions needed viii Reillysaid that French supplies of food arms learning upon Bougainville's return in May thatthe British sailors warships and transport and supply vessels June and early July Wolfe secured his base on the mid-July According to Fregault Montcalm and de Vaudreuil quarreled over antipathy wascompounded by precisely opposed notions concerning strategy xiii though Fregault wascritical of what he called Montcalm's his forces until he knew where Wolfe would strike atQuebec previousengagements for impetuosity as well as dash and courage streams and fierce French resistance prevented the Britishfrom at Beauport on the night of July The initial and were forced to withdraw During August the British artillery which appeared to besucceeding was to avoid a general battle and tuberculosis was laidlow with of the St Lawrence Wolfespent the first part shoals of the St Lawrence town from the head of which a sentries these landingssucceeded and a small Canadian commander Captain Duchambon de Vergor wasnotoriously corrupt and incompetent mistress xvii Montcalm erroneously surmised that Wolfe intended to about men but only five regiments of French under de Vaudreuil's control arrived he themselves and or bereinforced neither of which of the French was blind xxi Except for one stalwart royal unit the French which the Englishhad been able effective counterattack On September Quebec surrendered The British force survived weakened the Frenchposition including their own Press Casgrain Henri-Raymond Wolfe and Wars Garden City Doubleday Hibbert Christopher York Oxford University Press Reilly Robin Wolfe of Quebec London Battles ed Paul K Davis NewYork Oxford University Press Robin Toronto Oxford University Press Edward P Empire of Fortune New York W forces during the Battle of Quebec was attributable to on the Plains of Abraham before his forces had egregious mistake committed by the French as well as the vagaries of fortune inbattle of Quebec After an initial period of exploration and in Europe the Mediterranean India the West Indies and North on fishing and agriculture French andCanadian forces concentrated primarily French constructed a series of settlement and in expanding westward According to McNaught inNorth America ii Reilly said this was partly because the commit adequateresources uncertain political leadership in forces decisively defeatedBritish General Edward Braddock's attempt to capture his successful defense of Fort Ticonderoga were answered and the tide of battle began not in her armies butin the creation of the largest naval armada the command ofLieutenant General Wolfe and another British army Fregault said France was outclassed at sea vi Under Acadia and deportedits French residents Twice the British but subordinaterole The gateway to Quebec and Montreal was Wolfe's Quebec Campaign Summer During the winter to Fregault a French supply flotilla which arrived in de Vaudreuil who jointlywere responsible for the defense of off the Ile d'Orleans south of Quebec inlate he sent of thesemen to help counter Amherst's on thesouth shore which were ready de Vaudreuil was jealous of defensive war Vaudreuil insisted on spoiling attacks intendedto with guns andentrenchments overlooking the British suggested insisted upon failed Wolfe a landedtwo brigades northeast of Quebec near the and Canadian militia proved to bemore adept than the British Beauport mud flats and rainy conditions doomed theBritish attempt further the morale of the people of Quebec and its winter forced them to withdraw xv Climax of the Battle Faced in between Montcalm's forces and his sources of supplyin the a landing at Anse du Foulon a small cover Under cover of darkness and withthe aid of path The main force men quickly followed catching Montcalm's to any landing site Bougainville may have been delayed shortly after dawn that the British had landedin force during attack even though if he had waited until the Plains of Abraham until noon Montcalm apparently fearedthat if three hours Montcalm would have had at his command said more than muskets pouredtheir hail of double shot fatally wounded in that melee Montcalmwas riddled with grapeshot did that of the French battle Montcalm made a fatal error by attacking theBritish for the hand of fortune Endnotes BibliographyBumsted Fregault Guy Canada The War of Conquest Toronto Oxford UniversityPress McNaught Kenneth The History of Canada New York Praeger McNaught The History of Canada Peoples Toronto OxfordUniversity Press Reilly Guy Fregault Canada The War Press ed Henri-Raymond Casgrain Wolfe Phase Toronto McClelland and Stewart
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
Click here to request an essay written just for you.
|
|
|
