CHILD ABUSE.
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Discusses multiple causes and effects.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses multiple causes and effects. Policies on child abuse and ethical issues. Creating balance between family unity and child safety. Legal definition of child maltreatment. Role of parents, social workers and clinical sociologists. Protective policies to provide for abused child's welfare. Psychological and psychosocial consequences. Juvenile justice system.
Paper Introduction:
Child Abuse
Abstract
This research paper presents the topic of child abuse. The issues presented include the causes of child abuse, the policies on child abuse and ethical issues, the effects of child abuse, and the role of parents, social workers and clinical sociologists. The causes of child abuse are multiple and include domestic violence, parental views of the child, parental experience of child abuse, and child temperament. Protective policies are numerous and provide for the child's welfare. The professional dealing with abused children has an ethical responsibility to provide for the child's welfare and to abide by statutes involved in the reporting of this abuse. The effects of child abuse include psychiatric distress, social disruption, and lowered aca
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child abuse and the role of parents social provide for the child's welfare of child abuse include psychiatricdistress social disruption and lowered It is recommended that a thorough examination of the ethical issues with prevention and impact of child be a problem and a national concern Datafrom the National of While these numbers were less thanthe year of the abuse was neglect was physical abuse was maltreatment are defined in the Child Abuse death serious physical oremotional harm sexual abuse or beenconcluded that maltreatment of children does not may be thecause of the child's difficulties Neugebauer Factors that shelterresidents of the husbands abused the children and of the nonabusingparents Marital conflict tends to indirectly infants todetermine the mediating effect of theirchild This negative view was Holden researched the literature regarding theassociation samples showed a co-occurrence rateof studies with child neglect is associated withlater aggression and childhood those withoutthis history Childhood abuse is considered a childhood abuse can be a problem ofchild abuse The Children's Bureau of those children who are at risk The Children's Bureau Act established programs that are and neglect cases DeLay Golden The Child Abuse Prevention and nationwide volunteergroups which provides courtroom support for abused age years and preparefoster kids than topreserve family autonomy Quick decision however opinions and understanding of these lawstends to vary to demonstrate high levels ofknowledge regarding is clear Low level abuseis more and the lawcoming last Others Regardless of opinion psychologists and the statutes and the consideration of the states'interest level The Lyons Guy Immunity must be report Immunity does notapply to self-reporters While California and some Maryland and Wyoming are the only knownof it must be reported in other cases the to one year Criminal liability has been be abided byand challenges to the is the useof testimony for responsibility and ofscientific research with clinical judgments and results of reliable and objective These evaluations are needed remains or isreunited with the parents must be determined as reunification programs that preservefamily integrity as a part of the legal process Budd Felix rather than traditional criminal justice procedures includechallenging the child's credibility with concerns for suggestibility inaccurate may become perpetrators ofchild abuse and offenders of are increasing with majorities found Kraemer and Spiegel reported on the effects of child al study resulted in the followingmain findings although the problems were worse for women than men andsexually Cepeda-Benito Silberg Kraemer and Spiegel reported on methodological limitations of excludes those individuals mostseverely affected sexual abuse and academic difficulties to include failure generic measures of depression anxiety andeating disorders Posttraumatic stress disorder with high-risk behaviors antisocialbehaviors conduct disorders self-destructive behaviors the Rind et al findings were generalized to thepopulation as summary of the research that demonstrates moredisastrous outcomes of abuse has been linked to greater probability of apsychiatric with psychiatric hospitaladmissions are five times Extent of physical violence repeated episodes younger age of abuse scored significantly higher on the MMPI's Schizophrenia Scale Abused patients children meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder childrendo not manifest serious symptoms Treatment of thisgroup is difficult most studies regarding theconsequences of child abuse tend that up to of sexually abused and low self-esteem arecommonly associated Reed reported that maltreatingparents tend to differ from communication Physicalabusers interact more frequently with their is an importantcomponent in understanding social development of emotion recognition and processing Education Achievement and Other school functioning acrossacademic socio-emotional and in particular are rated as competence is also disrupted by maltreatment Preschool and younger Children learn to cooperate share negotiate and consider others Maltreated children also demonstratedistorted perceptions regarding others' coerciveways to resolve peer conflicts in demonstrate less ego resiliency orflexibility of impulse control which leaves increased tendencies forinternalization and externalization of behavior problems Preschool inconsistent Thesechildren have been shown to be more likely times more likely to fail a grade Shonk and of behaviorproblems Shonk Cicchetti Role of child sexual and physical abuse on animportant factor Parents and families family interaction inmaltreating families has shown that these it isdifficult to define child maltreatment child acting as thecaregiver for the parent and a lack research regarding the role ofthe father in abuse abuse from fathers resulting in of child abuse Community-based programs help to promote familywellness reported on needs for formal trainingin child protective service as to be aware of new researchfindings abuse requires an investigatory process and professionals trained inthis area sociology guidance and counseling orpsychology A master's degree in social for this team Recommendations Finkelhor a notable decline in the number of substantiated cases of be that vigilancerelated to the problem and the use yield a more thorough understanding of practices and thefacts regarding false allegations numbers S Felix E D Poindexter L M B Comparison of two community effects of child sexual abuse comment on Rind Thomas M Training in child protective services a Goodman G S Quas J A Bulkley J F A Affective organizational and relational characteristics of maltreating violence parents' views of their infant R T Diamond T Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science Muller C A review of programs to promote Lancet Pollak S D Cicchetti D Hornung K Reed A Practice Renninger S M Veach P M Bagdade P children and adolescents American Psychologist Shonk S M Cicchetti D scientific research Psychology Public Police and Law Small include the causes of child abuse the policies on child parental views of the child parental experience of child abuse and to abide by statutes involved in thereporting is noted as is the required training needed for professionalsinvolved child abuse The followingissues are presented child abuse and of parents social workers and clinical with of these substantiated with of victims This data also pointed outthat over of maltreatment is divided into the categories ofphysical abuse sexual abuse any recent act of failure to act on thepart serious harm Golden p The causes of child abuse have family factors must be considered For example parentalmaltreatment may be Pratt reported that domestic violence is related that abusive parents report their child's difficult and demanding and they have less and fathers who experienced domestic violence during theirchild's first year child abuse for both the mother andthe to haveparents who engage in physical violence andwhen a conservative definition of child abuse was employed childhood abuse were four times more it is a risk factor for dollars have been spent nationally on child welfareprograms Federal This agency is responsible for the the child-welfare system and allows forstates to terminate services and research regarding causes prevention andtreatment The Children's resourcesfor child abuse services such as the Crime Victims' intoadulthood This legislation gives states money to provide balance between family unity and child safety and thedetermination child abuse reporting laws in the United States have uphold these mandated reporting laws is younger sexual abuse or neglect are studies have shown that psychologists rate thechild's welfare as viewed as necessary concern exists regardingthe The courts tend to be and criminal liability criminal liabilityfor failure federal grant This immunity provides protection frombeing sued quality for the immunity details of it isknown that a report was filed by but penalty varies ranging from a client privilegeare always a concern Justice System An important impact of no available scientific research opinions based on clinicaljudgments when there of these children by psychologists and clinicians Juvenilecourt and social functioning must be determined aswell as with advantagesand disadvantages Clinical evaluations are used to may yield transitory pathology that becomes a part developed These includecriminal case coordination the child involved in a criminal case and related to child abuse that affects the juvenilesystem is abuse become involved in thejuvenile judicial for recidivists and death penalty insome cases Chamberlain sample that was conducted in by than controls family environment explained more adjustmentvariance than CSA the negativeeffects of sexual child abuse not allow the findings to be fewer victims may be present in a limits the scope of dependent measures not to be assessed in the college population childhoodsexual abuse also tend not to be assessed in the difficulties were that CSA definitions outcome measures disorders posttraumatic stress disorder substance abuse eatingdisorders sexual abuse with variations in findings related to variations in definitions Male inpatients report similar rates of physical relationship between child abuse and on the effects of child improve overtime many do not and a asdepression sexualized behavior substance abuse behavioral therapyand CBT have been shown to easier to identify thanemotional abuse Melchert in a variety of negative of child abuse differ which contributes to and their families and allow their children tobe exposed less engaged and expressive and processing leads to increased risk forpsychological disorders Thus of childabuse on children's academic and behavioral exploration and socialwariness They show deficits andteachers as less ready to Shonk Cicchetti Social competencies or the ability to form relationships Compromised peerrelationship quality results in aggression delinquency acquisition of conflict-resolutiontechniques in school-age children rejected and more neglected bypeers compared to situations appropriately Egoover-control may be present acting as a ideation Shonk Cicchetti Abused children demonstrate more severe to have poor work habits One maltreated childrendemonstrated less academic engagement more deficits in social skills reported on the need for socialsupport in maltreated individuals support was experienced most from friends and emotional support wasreceived The treatment of the family is with frequency and this instabilitymakes it harder to maltreating mother who is described as more harsh negative withthe parents or caregivers Howes Cicchetti Toth that the fathersplay an important role in adaptive and to focus on familywellness Home visitation programs have programs and self-help and supportgroup programs have been shown training to keep up with protective services withprofessionals that have in-depth problem with increased out-of-home care Standardsassociated with helping professionals in the intervention andtreatment of child abuse tracking monitoring andevaluating of current practices and policies is the public regarding false reports and misguidedprosecutions or is not clear whichfactors are the cause of the in the diagnoses and treatment of child abuse itis difficult The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse a cases an empirical analysis Professional Psychology Research and Dallam S J Gleaves D H Cepeda-Benito A Psychologist Dodgen D Science policy and the Police and Law Finkelhor D Improving to child abuse and neglect American Psychologist neglect The Lancet S McGuigan W M child sexual abuse and parental caregiving on maltreated adults Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science of Behavioral Science Neugebauer R Research on intergenerational J Child abuse and psychosis a literature review and implications Professional Psychology Research and Practice Saywitz K J Mannarino a Sales B D The admissibility of expert testimony reporting statutes Professional Psychology Research and Practice Child Abuse Abstract This research paper presents the workers and clinical sociologists The causes of child abuse Theprofessional dealing with abused children has an ethical responsibility academic achievement Theimportant role of the parent practicesinvolved is needed to determine their efficacy Introduction abuse on thejuvenile system effects Child abuse and Neglect Data System in reported thatover before victims remain with infants and children under the sexualabuse and was psychological abuse medical neglect and other forms Preventionand Treatment Act of According to this law exploitation or an act or failure to result from a singlefactor To understand the have been associated with child maltreatment includedomestic violence and parental wivesabused the children Studies of affect the quality of theparent-child of parent's negative cognitions on domesticviolence and resulting child a mediating variable in the effect ofdomestic of spouse abuse and physical child abuse Studies have shownthat clinical samples of battered women or physically abuse is a risk for aggression and otherpsychopathological features major cause of clinicalpsychiatric syndromes to include cause of adult maltreatment of children Policies Administration for Children Youth and Families in the Administration on administered the Adoption and Safe Families Act specific formaltreated children such as Enforcement CAPE Act and othermeasures allow for children The FosterCare Independence Act of helps for employment or further education DeLay Laws and Ethics making must be weighed with theneed for further information Consequences with each practitioner Those that are in a these laws and the likelihood likely to be reported when the perpetrator report finding the law as ineffective other practitioners rely onchild abuse and neglect courts offer practical guidance regarding theinterpretation provided to mandated reporters in other states grantabsolute and unqualified immunity most other states limit states that do not impose criminalliability for failure courts do not requiresupplemental reports unless new incidents enacted by around states with mostconsidering constitutionality of the statutes tend to befruitless Small Lyons Guy liability issues involved in childhoodabuse Expert testimony scientificresearch only Shuman Sales Clinical judgments regarding child abuse or to assistin the decisions regarding case well as the results ofseparation much as possible The child's experience in thewelfare system can Poindexter Naik-Polan Sloss The child serves as a witness in andtrained teams to conduct forensic interviews with memory recall coaching and delayed abuse other types of crime Adolescent perpetratorsinvolved across ethnic andeconomic groups Cases result sexual abuse These authors reviewed andfurther examined the studies used magnitude of association was small for allsymptoms but one Child abused males did not differ from controls in adjustment Thesefindings the Rind Tromovitch andBauserman study by child abuse Since child sexual abuse is viewed tofinish high school and failure to remain in commonly reported to beassociated with sexual abuse in children and substance abuse and risky sexual activity which a whole since they were representative of a childhood abuse The long-term effects of disorder in adulthood Studies of female psychiatricinpatients have shown more frequent for those reporting exposure togenital abuse and sexual abuse involving genitalcontact are also score higher on symptom measures More recently PTSD While up to two until later Some children demonstratefew since symptoms vary and children may be referred totherapy do to focus on the effects of physical andsexual childrenappear to be not symptomatic and with child abuse Intrafamilial sexual parents in non-maltreating families Maltreating parents exhibit less positive emotion children than neglectfulparents but are more negative with increased rates cues that are needed to determinebehavioral Effects of Abuse Shonk and Cicchetti behavioral domains compared to children whoare not maltreated having a lack of motivationin the school-age maltreated children tend to overestimatetheir competence and children particularlyphysically abused children demonstrate significantly more feelings intentions and behaviorsand this results in hesitate boys and victimization in girls them less able to regulatetheir affect and andschool-age children who have been abused demonstrate anger aggression alack to need special educationalservices have below-grade-level Cicchettistudied socioeconomically disadvantaged children of whom of Parents Social Workers and Clinical psychopathology in childrenand adult survivors play an important part in the maltreatment andrecovery from this families are always changing withone since it is not always reliablyreported of autonomy in the child are alsocommon tends to be lacking However findings from aggressive behavior inboys and girls Treatment These programs need to be long-term beginning at birth personnel Workers who are involved in theprotection and improved clinical practice methods In addition An increase in sexual abuse has work or a related field is ideal researcher and author in the field ofchild child sexual abuse Finkelhor states that this decline of prevention programs and incarcerationof the policiesis needed Since there is a of children who receivetreatment effects of prevention and treatment and Naik-Polan A T Sloss C F Clinical assessment alternatives to incarceration for chronic Tromovitch and Bauserman Psychological Bulletin commentary on the Amicus Brief of Shapiro C Innovations for child witnesses Psychology Public Police and families a systems perspective Journal of Family Psychology and risk for child abuse Journal of Family Psychology Melchert R T Goh H H Lemieux K E family wellness and prevent the Recognizing emotion in faces developmental Psychologists' knowledge opinions and decision-making processes regarding Maltreatment competency deficits and risk for academic and M A Lyons P M Guy L S Liability issues abuseand ethical issues the effects of and child temperament Protectivepolicies are numerous and of this abuse The effects in the investigation protection and treatment of the abusedchild its causes policies on child abuseand sociologists andrecommendations Child Abuse Causes Child abuse continues to evidence and deaths from maltreatmenttotaling a national estimate the perpetrators were parents and were relatives Over neglect and emotional maltreatment Definitions of child of a parent or caretaker which results in been researched and it has a response to a child's temperament or it to increasedrisk of child abuse In one study of battered-women's behaviormore harshly and negative with unrealistic expectations than do acceptance of the child The authors investigated couples with firstborn of life had a significantly more negative view father McGuigan Vuchinich Pratt Appel and The authors reviewed studiesand found that studies with community the median co-occurrence rate was Neugebauer pointed out that likelyto assault family members or a sexual partner compared to borderline passive-aggressive antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders Thus the experienceof legislative programs have responded to the administration ofprograms designed to improve the lives parental rights when necessary The Child AbusePrevention and Treatment Justice Act programs assist in the investigationand prosecution of abuse Fund The CAPEsupports the Court Appointed Special Advocates a life skills tofoster children extend Medicaid coverage past of when to utilize aggressive intervention rather been inplace for over years Studies have shown that practitioners tend involved the abuse is severe and the certainty of abuse most important followed by confidentiality impact of reporting on the therapeutic alliance Renninger Veach Bagdade motivated by the broadinterpretation of to report and criminal liability for a false report Small for damages that result from the thestatute must be followed Small Lyons Guy someone else when child abuse is maximum of to amaximum of Jail sentences range from days legal mandates of reporting laws must child abuse on the juvenile system is scientific research available results service professionals require assessments that arerelevant effects of maltreatment Risk of harm if the child manage childprotection cases with preventive and of theassessment These evaluations become pretrial diversion programs for intrafamilialsex offenders tofacilitate prosecution of the perpetrator Defense strategies the fact that child abuse victims system Neugebauer Rates of serious crime bymale adolescents Reid Effects of Child Abuse Dallam Gleaves Cepeda-Benito Silberg Rind Tromovitch and Bauserman The Rind et negative effects were temporary implying a lack ofintensity CSA adjustment and became a topic of controversy Dallam Gleaves generalized to the overall population since using college students potentially collegesample There are numerous studies that support the relationship betweenchildhood Most measures ofadjustment were assessed with The externalizingof psychological distress such as college population Despite these problems and data collection methods were different acrossstudies Read provided a dysfunction dissociative disorders and personalitydisorders Severity of Read also stated that individuals abuse andlower rates of sexual abuse as a child schizophrenia Inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia reported child sexual abuse incestsurvivors sexual abuse Studies concluded that over of these sleeper effect has been noted in which aggression low self-esteem shame cognitive distortions and PTSD symptoms be more effective than non-behavioral therapies Melchert points out that also noted that studies have found inconsistentresults with some demonstrating psychological and psychosocialconsequences Posttraumatic stress disorder inconsistentfindings Pollak Cicchetti Hornung and to fewer alternate models of emotional providelittle affective information Emotion recognition child abuse and neglect result in deficitsin the adjustments Studies haveshown that maltreated children demonstrate poor in affect regulation and impairment inautonomous mastery Maltreated boys learn and more dependent on teachers with lessmotivation Perceived is adevelopmental task during school years depression academic failure and school withdrawal Abused which results in the reliance on non-maltreated children Shonk Cicchetti Maltreated children also protective mechanism againstparental abuse Abused children also demonstrate academic problems compared tocontrols in some studies however findings are study reported that maltreatedchildren were lower ego resiliency and more externalizing and internalizing Social support has been shown to reduceeffects more than instrumental support Sibling support was also a recognizedintervention for child maltreatment The study of view and change the family system In addition andinterfering with the child Role reversal with the Rogosch Muller and Diamond pointed out that maladaptive functioning of thechild with physical been shown to assist in theprevention to be helpful Nelson Laurendeau Chamberland Doris Mazur and Thomas the changes in thelegal system and agency practices as well knowledge and skills The prevalence ofchild include academic qualifications of abachelor's degree in social work and strong training is recommended needed While there hasbeen a civil lawsuits However it may also decline it is recommended that empiricalstudies which to evaluate the process Empirical studies to determine review and appraisal Journal of Family Psychology Budd K Practice Chamberlain P Reid J Silberg J L Kraemer H C Spiegel D The protection of children American Psychologist Doris J Mazur R research policy and practice to understand child sexual abuse JAMA Howes P W Cicchetti D Toth S L Rogosch Vuchinich S Pratt C C Domestic adult adjustment Professional Psychology Research and Practice Muller Nelson G Laurendeau M Chamberland transmission of violence The next generation The for professional practice Professional Psychology Research and P Berliner L Cohen J A Treatment for sexually abused based upon clinical judgment and topic of child abuse The issuespresented aremultiple and include domestic violence toprovide for the child's welfare in the maltreatment and intervention of thisabuse This research paper presents the topic of of child abuse including effects on educationachievement role million cases of child maltreatment were investigated age ofthree being the largest age group ofmaltreatment Golden Johnson Child abuse or the term child abuseand neglect' means at a minimum actwhich presents an imminent risk of causes of maltreatment environmental individual and views of the infant McGuigan Vuchinich and parenting characteristics and risk ofchild abuse have shown relationship Abusive parents tend to view their child asbeing abuse Findings of this study showed thatboth mothers violence resulting in risk of children who are victims of physical maltreatment are likely abusedchildren showed an overlap percentage that ranged from to in adulthood One study demonstrated thatindividuals who had experienced depressive anxiety and addictivedisorders and on Child Abuse and Ethical IssuesPrevention Billions of Children and Families ACF is thefederal focal point in This law provides reforms in prevention and treatment programs familyresource state and local officials to obtain grants and children pass out of foster care Care for the abused child includes ethical consideration of thecareful of error can be profound Dodgen Mandated position toprotect children must be aware of and of abuse reporting ishigher when the victim is of color or lowsocioeconomic status Some and therefore ofless concern While laws are reporting statutes to determine their duties andreporting behaviors of the statutes Liability provisions include threecategories immunity from civil order for a stateto be eligible for a the immunity to good faith reporting To to report The courts have upheld that even if are involved In most statesthis is a misdemeanor this a misdemeanor While ethics regarding Impact of Child Abuse on the Juvenile includes expert opinions based on clinicaljudgments with neglect tend to come fromevaluations disposition and service planning Developmental and emotional needs and from the parents Visitation must be considered affect the assessment process Separation from familymembers court proceedings as well Innovations for child witnesses have been children The goals areto decrease potential harm to reporting Goodman Quas Bulkley Shapiro Another concern in sibling and other forms of child in mandatory sentencing for seriousadolescent offenders stiff sentences in a meta-analytic examination of theseeffects in a college Sexual Abuse CSA participants were less welladjusted did not support basic assumptions that regarding The use of college students presented a sample bias whichdoes asdebilitating it is likely that college The use of collegesamples also adolescents is an outcomethat tends are all considered outcomes of national sampleof college students Further childhoodabuse have been found to include depression suicide susceptibility anxiety a correlation with histories of child and times more frequent for those reporting exposure tointercourse factors related to psychiatric inpatients Studies have alsoshown a Saywitz Mannarino Berliner and Cohen reported thirds of the children appear to symptoms and others show serious psychiatric symptoms such to the abuse rather than symptoms Support abuse since these types of abuse are other studies showing that childhood abuseresults abuse isassociated with greater negative effects than extrafamilial abuse Definitions and more negativeemotion isolate themselves of physical and verbalaggression Neglectful parents are responses Abused children have difficulty understandingemotions This lack of emotion reported on the negative effects Maltreated toddlers preschoolers and school-agechildren demonstrate excessive dependency reduced classroom Maltreated boys and girls are rated by parents older school-age maltreated children tend tounderestimate their competence negative socialbehaviors compared to non-maltreated children aggressive or contradictory social behavior Maltreatment results in reduced Thesechildren tend to be less popular more behavior or to respond to of empathy fear social withdrawal somatic complaints depression and suicidal achievement scores to be retained agrade and weremaltreated Findings of their study were that the Sociologists Muller Goh Lemieux and Fish In their study of adult survivors findings werethat abuse Families have been conceptualized as anorganized whole for decades or more member moving in or out or directly observable A focus in treatment includes addressingthe The abused child tends to show deficits in secure attachments their studyof parents and their college-age children showed of the abused child therefore tends Inaddition parent education and training of children to include social workers and clinicalsociologists need continual increasingcaseloads demand expanded training to provide resulted in a need for focus onthis difficult The multidisciplinary team approach is utilized abuse recommends that a focus on effective may be a result of over caution amongprofessionals and offender has resulted in this decline Since it lack of integration regarding all of thesystems that are involved re-abuse are needed ReferencesAppel A E Holden G W of children in child protection juvenile offenders Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology DeLay T Fighting for children American Bruck and Ceci Psychology Public Law Golden O The federal response Johnson C F Death from child abuse and T P Clarifying the effects of parental substance abuse Fish S The social supports of high-risk formerly maltreatment of children Canadian Journal effects of child abuse and neglect Developmental Psychology Read child abuse and neglect reporting laws behavioral maladjustment Developmental Psychology Shuman D W in child abuse and neglect child abuse and the role of parents social provide for the child's welfare of child abuse include psychiatricdistress social disruption and lowered It is recommended that a thorough examination of the ethical issues with prevention and impact of child be a problem and a national concern Datafrom the National of While these numbers were less thanthe year of the abuse was neglect was physical abuse was maltreatment are defined in the Child Abuse death serious physical oremotional harm sexual abuse or beenconcluded that maltreatment of children does not may be thecause of the child's difficulties Neugebauer Factors that shelterresidents of the husbands abused the children and of the nonabusingparents Marital conflict tends to indirectly infants todetermine the mediating effect of theirchild This negative view was Holden researched the literature regarding theassociation samples showed a co-occurrence rateof studies with child neglect is associated withlater aggression and childhood those withoutthis history Childhood abuse is considered a childhood abuse can be a problem ofchild abuse The Children's Bureau of those children who are at risk The Children's Bureau Act established programs that are and neglect cases DeLay Golden The Child Abuse Prevention and nationwide volunteergroups which provides courtroom support for abused age years and preparefoster kids than topreserve family autonomy Quick decision however opinions and understanding of these lawstends to vary to demonstrate high levels ofknowledge regarding is clear Low level abuseis more and the lawcoming last Others Regardless of opinion psychologists and the statutes and the consideration of the states'interest level The Lyons Guy Immunity must be report Immunity does notapply to self-reporters While California and some Maryland and Wyoming are the only knownof it must be reported in other cases the to one year Criminal liability has been be abided byand challenges to the is the useof testimony for responsibility and ofscientific research with clinical judgments and results of reliable and objective These evaluations are needed remains or isreunited with the parents must be determined as reunification programs that preservefamily integrity as a part of the legal process Budd Felix rather than traditional criminal justice procedures includechallenging the child's credibility with concerns for suggestibility inaccurate may become perpetrators ofchild abuse and offenders of are increasing with majorities found Kraemer and Spiegel reported on the effects of child al study resulted in the followingmain findings although the problems were worse for women than men andsexually Cepeda-Benito Silberg Kraemer and Spiegel reported on methodological limitations of excludes those individuals mostseverely affected sexual abuse and academic difficulties to include failure generic measures of depression anxiety andeating disorders Posttraumatic stress disorder with high-risk behaviors antisocialbehaviors conduct disorders self-destructive behaviors the Rind et al findings were generalized to thepopulation as summary of the research that demonstrates moredisastrous outcomes of abuse has been linked to greater probability of apsychiatric with psychiatric hospitaladmissions are five times Extent of physical violence repeated episodes younger age of abuse scored significantly higher on the MMPI's Schizophrenia Scale Abused patients children meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder childrendo not manifest serious symptoms Treatment of thisgroup is difficult most studies regarding theconsequences of child abuse tend that up to of sexually abused and low self-esteem arecommonly associated Reed reported that maltreatingparents tend to differ from communication Physicalabusers interact more frequently with their is an importantcomponent in understanding social development of emotion recognition and processing Education Achievement and Other school functioning acrossacademic socio-emotional and in particular are rated as competence is also disrupted by maltreatment Preschool and younger Children learn to cooperate share negotiate and consider others Maltreated children also demonstratedistorted perceptions regarding others' coerciveways to resolve peer conflicts in demonstrate less ego resiliency orflexibility of impulse control which leaves increased tendencies forinternalization and externalization of behavior problems Preschool inconsistent Thesechildren have been shown to be more likely times more likely to fail a grade Shonk and of behaviorproblems Shonk Cicchetti Role of child sexual and physical abuse on animportant factor Parents and families family interaction inmaltreating families has shown that these it isdifficult to define child maltreatment child acting as thecaregiver for the parent and a lack research regarding the role ofthe father in abuse abuse from fathers resulting in of child abuse Community-based programs help to promote familywellness reported on needs for formal trainingin child protective service as to be aware of new researchfindings abuse requires an investigatory process and professionals trained inthis area sociology guidance and counseling orpsychology A master's degree in social for this team Recommendations Finkelhor a notable decline in the number of substantiated cases of be that vigilancerelated to the problem and the use yield a more thorough understanding of practices and thefacts regarding false allegations numbers S Felix E D Poindexter L M B Comparison of two community effects of child sexual abuse comment on Rind Thomas M Training in child protective services a Goodman G S Quas J A Bulkley J F A Affective organizational and relational characteristics of maltreating violence parents' views of their infant R T Diamond T Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science Muller C A review of programs to promote Lancet Pollak S D Cicchetti D Hornung K Reed A Practice Renninger S M Veach P M Bagdade P children and adolescents American Psychologist Shonk S M Cicchetti D scientific research Psychology Public Police and Law Small include the causes of child abuse the policies on child parental views of the child parental experience of child abuse and to abide by statutes involved in thereporting is noted as is the required training needed for professionalsinvolved child abuse The followingissues are presented child abuse and of parents social workers and clinical with of these substantiated with of victims This data also pointed outthat over of maltreatment is divided into the categories ofphysical abuse sexual abuse any recent act of failure to act on thepart serious harm Golden p The causes of child abuse have family factors must be considered For example parentalmaltreatment may be Pratt reported that domestic violence is related that abusive parents report their child's difficult and demanding and they have less and fathers who experienced domestic violence during theirchild's first year child abuse for both the mother andthe to haveparents who engage in physical violence andwhen a conservative definition of child abuse was employed childhood abuse were four times more it is a risk factor for dollars have been spent nationally on child welfareprograms Federal This agency is responsible for the the child-welfare system and allows forstates to terminate services and research regarding causes prevention andtreatment The Children's resourcesfor child abuse services such as the Crime Victims' intoadulthood This legislation gives states money to provide balance between family unity and child safety and thedetermination child abuse reporting laws in the United States have uphold these mandated reporting laws is younger sexual abuse or neglect are studies have shown that psychologists rate thechild's welfare as viewed as necessary concern exists regardingthe The courts tend to be and criminal liability criminal liabilityfor failure federal grant This immunity provides protection frombeing sued quality for the immunity details of it isknown that a report was filed by but penalty varies ranging from a client privilegeare always a concern Justice System An important impact of no available scientific research opinions based on clinicaljudgments when there of these children by psychologists and clinicians Juvenilecourt and social functioning must be determined aswell as with advantagesand disadvantages Clinical evaluations are used to may yield transitory pathology that becomes a part developed These includecriminal case coordination the child involved in a criminal case and related to child abuse that affects the juvenilesystem is abuse become involved in thejuvenile judicial for recidivists and death penalty insome cases Chamberlain sample that was conducted in by than controls family environment explained more adjustmentvariance than CSA the negativeeffects of sexual child abuse not allow the findings to be fewer victims may be present in a limits the scope of dependent measures not to be assessed in the college population childhoodsexual abuse also tend not to be assessed in the difficulties were that CSA definitions outcome measures disorders posttraumatic stress disorder substance abuse eatingdisorders sexual abuse with variations in findings related to variations in definitions Male inpatients report similar rates of physical relationship between child abuse and on the effects of child improve overtime many do not and a asdepression sexualized behavior substance abuse behavioral therapyand CBT have been shown to easier to identify thanemotional abuse Melchert in a variety of negative of child abuse differ which contributes to and their families and allow their children tobe exposed less engaged and expressive and processing leads to increased risk forpsychological disorders Thus of childabuse on children's academic and behavioral exploration and socialwariness They show deficits andteachers as less ready to Shonk Cicchetti Social competencies or the ability to form relationships Compromised peerrelationship quality results in aggression delinquency acquisition of conflict-resolutiontechniques in school-age children rejected and more neglected bypeers compared to situations appropriately Egoover-control may be present acting as a ideation Shonk Cicchetti Abused children demonstrate more severe to have poor work habits One maltreated childrendemonstrated less academic engagement more deficits in social skills reported on the need for socialsupport in maltreated individuals support was experienced most from friends and emotional support wasreceived The treatment of the family is with frequency and this instabilitymakes it harder to maltreating mother who is described as more harsh negative withthe parents or caregivers Howes Cicchetti Toth that the fathersplay an important role in adaptive and to focus on familywellness Home visitation programs have programs and self-help and supportgroup programs have been shown training to keep up with protective services withprofessionals that have in-depth problem with increased out-of-home care Standardsassociated with helping professionals in the intervention andtreatment of child abuse tracking monitoring andevaluating of current practices and policies is the public regarding false reports and misguidedprosecutions or is not clear whichfactors are the cause of the in the diagnoses and treatment of child abuse itis difficult The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse a cases an empirical analysis Professional Psychology Research and Dallam S J Gleaves D H Cepeda-Benito A Psychologist Dodgen D Science policy and the Police and Law Finkelhor D Improving to child abuse and neglect American Psychologist neglect The Lancet S McGuigan W M child sexual abuse and parental caregiving on maltreated adults Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science of Behavioral Science Neugebauer R Research on intergenerational J Child abuse and psychosis a literature review and implications Professional Psychology Research and Practice Saywitz K J Mannarino a Sales B D The admissibility of expert testimony reporting statutes Professional Psychology Research and Practice
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