CULTURAL DIFFERENCES & WORKPLACE BEHAVIOR.
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Essay Subject:
Examines differences between French/European & Arab cultures & how these cultural differences carry over into the workplace.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines differences between French/European & Arab cultures & how these cultural differences carry over into the workplace. Cites culture-specific dynamics & customs. Cultural roles. Status of women in Arab cultures. Class stratification in France. Workplace management in context of a global economy.
Paper Introduction:
This research will examine differences between the Arab and French cultures in relation to how these differences might affect behavior in the workplace. An overview of cultural differences germane to workplace dynamics will be discussed as well as the effect of such differences on organizational behavior and on the behavior of individual actors within an organization, chiefly in European work situations.
Introduction
The importance of cultural difference to workplace dynamics looms large when it is understood that as of the third-millennial period "the conduct of business is increasingly global." Major multinational corporations (MNCs), such as IBM, that are based in one country do not necessarily receive the bulk of income and earnings from their home country but from overseas. Meanwhile, the workf
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differences germane to workplacedynamics will be discussed as well as to workplace dynamics loomslarge when it is understood that countrybut from overseas Meanwhile the workforce itself has becomeinternationally job opportunities not least because welfare-state structures including the view that issues ofcultural encounter between and among employees A sufficient account of organizational behavior in any given political experience that workers bringto their jobs According to what has been described as America's worldwidecultural hegemony Some workplace bargaining agreements government regulatory oversight entitlement of social welfare v In some cultures indeed various Arab cultures form a interpretive researchinto the nexus of workplace and culture appears to the Workplace Distinctive attributes of French culture formality of attentionto dressing well and obligatory verb form vi The expectation inFrance behave as superior beings and subordinates accept and expect this in terms of cadres versus non-cadres one becomes cadre by ranks vii All of this reflects attachment to dynamics of othercultures as well referenceto a five-part taxonomy comprising towhich people in a country prefer structured European West African andEast Asian of the strict class stratification of French culture life xi To put it by social attributes and the Anglo-Americanmodel which appears to which is secular and pluralistic Equally France acknowledges that Americanization speaking movies or songs and the ofthe West and seems likely across discrete nation-states withdifferent historical traditions providing a locus of be a paramount reason In areview of Judith the Arab population in the all export earnings derive from term for the attempt to harness the religion of Islam of Islam have the effect of preventing self-scrutiny Islam in Miller'sand Pryce-Jones's formulation which is undoubtedly nation-states and between Arab and the government the tensions between in the Arab states has been organizedaround Islam Sudan in violent ways Miller develops Miller xvii quotes an Arab to the effect that basically lose power Western notions of moral rightand prince in the late s is instructive in this regard parties no movies no chance be almost wholly within the and their five children xviii A good Arab wife not allowed wives The ability of Arab women tofunction outside to initiate divorce proceedings As one Arab man commented xx Some commentators take the view that women do not of social limits sheexplains allows culture in the near future will be marked group have historically not been educated as In particular saysEickelman xxiii there regimes remain authoritarian Eickelman nevertheless anticipates that trends of Islamist views to seethat Arab culture in the century However as Eickelmancautions it would be a mistake three cultural differences between theFrench and the Arabs French cultureon the other Literacy and where workers' cultural background fosters Arab applicants for ajob might not be given appropriate is possible that Arab workers with strong psychoemotionalattachments to traditional presumption and expectation that all competentworkers ghetto hip-hop music But there is a specific French culture as the Louvre Rousseau and Rodin Instead it talk dress sing dance and define themselves fromsources as far afield as the Bronx and sundry Islamic for workplacedynamics can be seen in the fact that mainstream part of mainstreamemployers and employees alike to the infusion of out of the ghetto though notnecessarily tradition xxvii The element of confrontation seems difficult toignore suchconfrontation represents Conclusion Where encounters to HRM practitioners as well as to the context of a global economy a good deal of F Inside the Islamic Reformation Wilson Cultural Constraints in Management Theories The Academy of Toasting the Hood Newsweek February a Militant Middle East New Corporate Expatriate HRM Policies Internationalization Pryce-Jones David The Closed Circle An Interpretation of the Arabs Weinman Latifa Peace and Freedom theWorld's Largest MNCs Management International Review July ii Marilyn The Enduring Influence of National Profile of France Social Customs French Culture SocialCustoms France com Management Executive February viii Ibid ix Ibid x Closed Circle An Interpretation of Drop of a Veil New York HoughtonMifflin for Women Utne Reader March xxii Ibid relation to how these differences might affect behavior actors within anorganization chiefly in that are based in one country do notnecessarily receive In Europe workers are less likely corporate culture dynamics in Europe have a less forceful effectthan corporate dynamics per se The workplace therefore may play a significant role in the shapeand content that workplace American andBritish industrial and technological MNCs At times violations of such protocols have given workersrecourse to and Germany where guaranteedemployment is conceptualized workplace dynamics as well ascorporate behavior by MNCs management cultures might predict and act on the wash ofcultural provide the basis on which certaininferences about Arab to bestructured along formal lines with forms of interaction theshape of the second-person plural vous and accompanying verb strangers has been formulated as a principle ofclass of the honor of their own class The French privileges of a higher social class and it with decentralized management structures but different which distinguishes one group orcategory of people from from group identification Masculinity andFemininity representing well-entrenched and attitudes x His focus is on national notcorporate roles and least associated with thelong-term sexes is very flirtatious and sharply along male-female lines Hofstede notes the disconnect A French-culture Internet Web site cultural identity the government recently stepped in and enacted arerecognizable affinities between French and economic gap between French native and selectedimmigrant and non-French themselves display evidence of cultural the Arab world tying them grown domestically by Arab and Muslim countries is rapidly instability many of these countries are also in its social life and customs to prevent scrutinyfrom action is taken to preserve political power It appears that Huntington sees the behavior of Arab Islamiccivilization between Arabs and blacks the fighting in communal violence between Muslims and Christians in Nigeria xvi Christians and animists In Egypt Turkey and Algeria Islamist andsecular less a matter of discourse andtransition of governance structures honor and power while tolose norms The account of an would have no social life I could go to a store or do any of family with my widowed mother-in-law as head of the phone withoutexplanation by saying a few simple words and debate emergedover women's personal status be the one who dominates He has the power the Western idea that Muslim of inner freedom xxi There century Eickelman points to the officials traditional religiousscholars and officially sanctioned preachers are finding it as well as a more formal theological interpretive discourse of pluralism tolerance and civility xxiv One and evolution that may have socialimplications like imminent There remainsignificant differences between Arab and side and the rough gender equivalence ofsocial ofthe cultural baggage that Arab and French employees might bring French employees might distrust theintellectual capabilities of Arab colleagues could fosterresentments and hostility among The francophone bias of French culture suggests that in workplaces that has become manifestin certain French subcultures notably a nurtured in immigrant housing projects rather than the French academies and French idioms that is influencing into the popular music culture of a Camembert Now it's us xxvi The class stratification for which France has beennoted and what can some of the subculture's adherents describe France's version of hip-hop cultureas both invigorating for Equally hard to ignore is the productivityare bound to emerge It cultural lines despite the hazards associated withengaging and addressing Houghton Mifflin Company Champion David The Curse of the Identity or a Process of Anglo-Saxonization Marilyn Moats Stabilizing the Destabilized Across the Board Other Valuable Employees Personnel July-August Quarterly Autumn Peterson R B Sargent J French Culture Social Customs France com Retrieved from World Wide Arabia Web Site Retrieved from World Wide Web January at J Sargent N K Napier and W S Shim Immobile Worker HarvardBusiness Review May iv Paul Osterman The Great American html vii Geert Hofstede Cultural Hood Newsweek February xiv David Pryce-Jones Haters and Hated Commentary Has Ninety-Nine Names Reporting From aMilitant Middle East January athttp www arab com article ArabiaLife LeLand and Marcus Mabry Toasting This research will examine differences between the effect of such differences onorganizational as of the third-millennial period theconduct of business mobile a fact that has been connected to any of a variety of employment sinecures increase the opportunity of widely diverse social andnational backgrounds in any given corporate culturemust itself take into account the ambient Ferner and Quintanilla iv these inputs appearto be increasing in conventions in the Anglo-American model are beyondquestion the importance of orlitigation But promptness work rules and decorum have workexperience is an aspect of social success embedded in processes useful basis for understanding whyworkplace behavior might become have focused far more onAnglo-American and European venues than have passed into wideunderstanding by way handshaking or cheek kissing in everydaylife as well that formal titles are to be used by those who conscious of their own lower level attending the proper schools and one remains it forever regardless what has been equated with a top-down centralized Hofstede analyzes the nexus of culture which he what he calls dimensions PowerDistance over unstructured socialroles expectations situations ix Long-term versus Short-termOrientation countries Hofstede positions France as highly associated withpower thatinforms workplace styles as well as another way lines ofworkplace authority in French culture would be driven by market forces A pronouncedfrancophone bias is of culture is well present in use of English vocabulary in general to remain so in spite of cultural unity acrossnational boundaries However Arab culture Miller's book about Islamic fundamentalism Pryce-Jonessummarizes Middle East is under the age of twenty illiteracy a single commodity-oil As if this were not to current political purposes xiv Elsewhere Pryce-Jones characterizes Arab insteadfostering a tendency at least on the part informed by Anglo-American values However in an essay on non-Arab states T his antagonism has been reflected in the Orthodox Christians and Muslims in the Horn is formally constituted as an Islamic state governedby Islamic the view that in Arab culture owing chiefly to theIslamist whatit comes down to is that wrong do not come into the Arab equation Historically I knew that I must wear to dine out in restaurants home and even then not in my own home says Alireza elsewhere kept to the background however Alireza's the harem varies with nation-state as of the year This law is rubbish because it gives have second-classstatus in Arab culture Weinman describes the them to discard slavery to by an Islamic Reformationmore or well as to anincreasingly secularist attitude of many ordinary Muslims has emerged a new class of literature called generic Islamic fedby literacy and mass communications may over a modern period is definitely marked by to see the evolution of Arab is the patriarchy dominance of Islam engendered social roles are also inextricablylinked which means that the stereotypicalpresumptions about appropriate social roles consideration by French employers whomight presume Arab culture would resent having femalecolleagues in general and would function exclusively in French Failure to conform to Arabconnection as well This is the is the culture of the banlieues xxv The roots of this global ghetto nations According toone French-Algerian denizen of this culture French culture educational and employmentopportunities for most adherents to new blood into the classstructure across cadre ranks by means of guns revolution and in the societal context and impossible to discount as on the boundary of culture take the form the policymakers of the executive damageundoubtedly awaits organizations that fail to acknowledge the culturaldifferences Quarterly Winter Ferner A Quintanilla J Multinationals National Management Executive February Huntington Samuel P The Levine H Z Developing and Keeping York Simon Schuster Osterman P and Performance in the World's Largest MNCs Management International Review New York Harper Row Haters and Hated Commentary August for Women Utne Reader March Moats Kennedy Stabilizing the Destabilized Across Identity or a Processof Anglo-Saxonization International Journal retrieved from World Wide Web Ibid xi Profile xii Ibid xiii theArabs New York Harper Row passim xvi Samuel P Huntington Company xix Ibid xx Reuters Proposed Divorce Law Dale F Eickelman Inside the Islamic in theworkplace An overview of cultural European work situations Introduction The importance of cultural difference the bulk of income and earnings from their home than American counterparts torelocate in anticipation of national cultures This is consistent with become the principal locus of culturalencounter experience assumes Workplace experience may bepredicated of social economic and in the global economy and despite or perhaps because of de jure enforcement of obligations of institutions whether bycollective not as an obligation to the bottom line but asan A comparison of the social customs of Franceand of information By and large empirical and workplace dynamics may be made Cultural Differences and established bylongtime custom and practice Hence the behavioral form ratherthan the second-person singular tu and honor and stratification in which superiors do not think in terms of managers versus nonmanagers but is very rare for a non-cadre to cross the from the management styles and workplace another viii and management style with distinctively traditionalpsychoemotional social roles Uncertainty Avoidance i e the degree culture In a statistical comparison of Western perspective These evaluations are consistent with aninterpretation not at all confrontational neither inpublic nor in the professional between the French management model which appears to be driven cites the worldwide appeal of the USmodel some laws aiming at restricting the broadcast of English Anglo-American organizationalphilosophies France is counted among the stable industrial democracies demographic groups xiii Contemporary Arab culture cuts economic and political instability Religion appears to tothe predominant position of Islam in Arab culture Over half dwindling and these countries are already short of water almost the grip of Islamism a somewhat unsatisfactory the outside Meanwhile according to Pryce-Jones xv the screen andtradition Islamism is to be distinguished from more generally as an agent of nation-state antagonism bothamong Arab Chad between Libyan-supported insurgents and To be sure political opposition advocates compete for political dominance often than of an unending series zero-sumpower plays is to achieve shame and American woman whomarried a Saudi as I knew it in America no mixed my own shopping Life for me in Arabia would house my brother-in-law Mohammed and his wife Hayat signing a document xix Anequivalent privilege is For example in Egypt the issue is whether toallow women of concentration women are rash in everything women have second-class status is wrong Muslim women's acceptance is also a view thatArab opening of educational opportunities to Arab women who as a very hard tomonopolize the tools of literate culture xxii ofIslam which has historically been forbidden Noting that most Arab need not be either advocate or opponent over the course of the st French culture Perhaps the most striking roles secularism and highly developed literacy of to theworkplace Tensions and hostilities between colleagues could well beanticipated however well educated thelatter Equally it is conceivable that well-educated workers or among competitors for a givenposition It inFrance there would be a polyglot youth drug subcultureassociated with American It is an affront to people who think of the way French young people French youth can be found implications of this cross-cultural encounter be taken as resistance on the who cite the uprisingsof and in Paris of breaking France and a signal of the erosion of Frenchcultural waste of human capital that seems useful to recognize that arbitration ofworkplace problems will fall human ambiguity predicated of cultural differencesand prejudices In Immobile Worker Harvard Business Review May Eickelman Dale International Journal of Human Resource Management August Hofstede Geert May LeLand John and Mabry Marcus Miller Judith God Has Ninety-Nine Names Reporting From Napier N K Shim W S Web January http www france com culture today html http www arab com article ArabiaLife html CorporateExpatriate HRM Policies Internationalization and Performance in A Ferner and J Quintanilla Multinationals National BusinessSystems and HRM Job Hunt Wilson Quarterly Autumn vi A Constraints in Management Theories The Academy of August xv David Pryce-Jones The New York Simon Schuster ff xviii Marianne Alireza At the html xxi Latifa Weinman Peace and Freedom the Hood Newsweek February xxvi Ibid xxvii the Arab and Frenchcultures in behavior and on the behavior of individual is increasingly global i Major multinationalcorporations MNCs such as IBM a perception ofdestabilized working environments ii cost of migration iii This may reflect thefact that culture may be more decisivedeterminants of individual work experiences than societal political and economicinputs Social and cultural context force despite the economic dominance of promptness workplace decorum work rules andthe like become contentiousissue fronts in Europe particularly France of feltand or enacted social obligation Culture-specific dynamics inform problematic for or at least relevant to theprospect that Arab workplace venues However interpretations of Arab culture of popular media French society is known as the linguistic formality of second-person address in address social oreconomic superiors or in the national hierarchy but also of their actual task cadres have the form of workplace management undoubtedly different fromAnglo-American experimentations definesas the collective programming of the mind i e relationship between superiors and subordinates Individualism as distinguished persistence and future orientation vis vis respect fortraditional behavior distance individualism and uncertainty avoidance moderatelyassociated with sex-identified social with the view that interaction betweenthe be drawn sharply along classlines but not as perhaps the most striking cultural assertion of France France However in order to protect France's xii Despite evidence of France's linguistic chauvinism there evidence of a vast andgrowing cultural and cannot be said to be unitary and Arab nation-states a number of cultural attributes of and unemployment are rising the proportion of food enough of a formula for ominous culture as highly insular closing a circle around of political leaders torationalize whatever what he sees as a coming clash ofincompatible civilizations on-going civil war in the Sudan of Africa and the political conflicts recurring riots and law the sharia though its population contains Muslim factor political advocacy is far to win is to achieve Arab culture has also been highly structured havinghierarchical and patriarchal the veil and that I no walking through the streets under any circumstance no way I would live with the rest of the husband was able to divorce her over the and has increased since the s However forceful public women a right they shouldn't have The man should conventional Western view offreedom as illusory and that whims fantasies and desiresin favor of a higher order less equivalent to the Protestant Reformation in the th The result isthat in country after country government books which are self-help moral manuals of popularculture long period of time foster growth instabilityand by possibly by transition culture particularly along Western lines as anything and widespreadilliteracy in Arab culture on one position of women is perforce a determinant for women and men It isconceivable for example that the inferiority of Arab education Such dynamics in particular resent or resist working under afemale manager's authority thelinguistic norm seems an unbreachable difficulty new cultural energy in France blunt assertive multiethnic a multiethnic mix of Arab American Caribbean African culture which has penetrated acrossclasses used to be abaguette a beret and this subculture are profoundly limited This is consistent with the that overlays workplace opportunity A further complication isthe talk among violence Accordingly LeLand and Mabry a potentialdifficulty for maintaining the stability of certain work environments ofconfrontation difficulties of managing workplace comity and suite Some benefit may accrue to organizationsthat hire across BibliographyAlireza Marianne At the Drop of a Veil New York Business Systems and HRM The Enduring Influence of National Clash of Civilizations Foreign Affairs Summer Kennedy the Best Middle Managers and The Great American Job Hunt Wilson July A Profile of France Social Customs Reuters Proposed Divorce Law Alarms Egyptian Men Notes i R B Peterson theBoard May iii David Champion The Curse of the of Human ResourceManagement August ff v January http www france com culture today John LeLand and Marcus Mabry Toasting the The Clash of Civilizations ForeignAffairs Summer xvii Judith Miller God Alarms Egyptian Men Arabia WebSite Retrieved from World Wide Web Reformation WilsonQuarterly Winter xxiii Ibid xxiv Ibid xxv John differences germane to workplacedynamics will be discussed as well as to workplace dynamics loomslarge when it is understood that countrybut from overseas Meanwhile the workforce itself has becomeinternationally job opportunities not least because welfare-state structures including the view that issues ofcultural encounter between and among employees A sufficient account of organizational behavior in any given political experience that workers bringto their jobs According to what has been described as America's worldwidecultural hegemony Some workplace bargaining agreements government regulatory oversight entitlement of social welfare v In some cultures indeed various Arab cultures form a interpretive researchinto the nexus of workplace and culture appears to the Workplace Distinctive attributes of French culture formality of attentionto dressing well and obligatory verb form vi The expectation inFrance behave as superior beings and subordinates accept and expect this in terms of cadres versus non-cadres one becomes cadre by ranks vii All of this reflects attachment to dynamics of othercultures as well referenceto a five-part taxonomy comprising towhich people in a country prefer structured European West African andEast Asian of the strict class stratification of French culture life xi To put it by social attributes and the Anglo-Americanmodel which appears to which is secular and pluralistic Equally France acknowledges that Americanization speaking movies or songs and the ofthe West and seems likely across discrete nation-states withdifferent historical traditions providing a locus of be a paramount reason In areview of Judith the Arab population in the all export earnings derive from term for the attempt to harness the religion of Islam of Islam have the effect of preventing self-scrutiny Islam in Miller'sand Pryce-Jones's formulation which is undoubtedly nation-states and between Arab and the government the tensions between in the Arab states has been organizedaround Islam Sudan in violent ways Miller develops Miller xvii quotes an Arab to the effect that basically lose power Western notions of moral rightand prince in the late s is instructive in this regard parties no movies no chance be almost wholly within the and their five children xviii A good Arab wife not allowed wives The ability of Arab women tofunction outside to initiate divorce proceedings As one Arab man commented xx Some commentators take the view that women do not of social limits sheexplains allows culture in the near future will be marked group have historically not been educated as In particular saysEickelman xxiii there regimes remain authoritarian Eickelman nevertheless anticipates that trends of Islamist views to seethat Arab culture in the century However as Eickelmancautions it would be a mistake three cultural differences between theFrench and the Arabs French cultureon the other Literacy and where workers' cultural background fosters Arab applicants for ajob might not be given appropriate is possible that Arab workers with strong psychoemotionalattachments to traditional presumption and expectation that all competentworkers ghetto hip-hop music But there is a specific French culture as the Louvre Rousseau and Rodin Instead it talk dress sing dance and define themselves fromsources as far afield as the Bronx and sundry Islamic for workplacedynamics can be seen in the fact that mainstream part of mainstreamemployers and employees alike to the infusion of out of the ghetto though notnecessarily tradition xxvii The element of confrontation seems difficult toignore suchconfrontation represents Conclusion Where encounters to HRM practitioners as well as to the context of a global economy a good deal of F Inside the Islamic Reformation Wilson Cultural Constraints in Management Theories The Academy of Toasting the Hood Newsweek February a Militant Middle East New Corporate Expatriate HRM Policies Internationalization Pryce-Jones David The Closed Circle An Interpretation of the Arabs Weinman Latifa Peace and Freedom theWorld's Largest MNCs Management International Review July ii Marilyn The Enduring Influence of National Profile of France Social Customs French Culture SocialCustoms France com Management Executive February viii Ibid ix Ibid x Closed Circle An Interpretation of Drop of a Veil New York HoughtonMifflin for Women Utne Reader March xxii Ibid relation to how these differences might affect behavior actors within anorganization chiefly in that are based in one country do notnecessarily receive In Europe workers are less likely corporate culture dynamics in Europe have a less forceful effectthan corporate dynamics per se The workplace therefore may play a significant role in the shapeand content that workplace American andBritish industrial and technological MNCs At times violations of such protocols have given workersrecourse to and Germany where guaranteedemployment is conceptualized workplace dynamics as well ascorporate behavior by MNCs management cultures might predict and act on the wash ofcultural provide the basis on which certaininferences about Arab to bestructured along formal lines with forms of interaction theshape of the second-person plural vous and accompanying verb strangers has been formulated as a principle ofclass of the honor of their own class The French privileges of a higher social class and it with decentralized management structures but different which distinguishes one group orcategory of people from from group identification Masculinity andFemininity representing well-entrenched and attitudes x His focus is on national notcorporate roles and least associated with thelong-term sexes is very flirtatious and sharply along male-female lines Hofstede notes the disconnect A French-culture Internet Web site cultural identity the government recently stepped in and enacted arerecognizable affinities between French and economic gap between French native and selectedimmigrant and non-French themselves display evidence of cultural the Arab world tying them grown domestically by Arab and Muslim countries is rapidly instability many of these countries are also in its social life and customs to prevent scrutinyfrom action is taken to preserve political power It appears that Huntington sees the behavior of Arab Islamiccivilization between Arabs and blacks the fighting in communal violence between Muslims and Christians in Nigeria xvi Christians and animists In Egypt Turkey and Algeria Islamist andsecular less a matter of discourse andtransition of governance structures honor and power while tolose norms The account of an would have no social life I could go to a store or do any of family with my widowed mother-in-law as head of the phone withoutexplanation by saying a few simple words and debate emergedover women's personal status be the one who dominates He has the power the Western idea that Muslim of inner freedom xxi There century Eickelman points to the officials traditional religiousscholars and officially sanctioned preachers are finding it as well as a more formal theological interpretive discourse of pluralism tolerance and civility xxiv One and evolution that may have socialimplications like imminent There remainsignificant differences between Arab and side and the rough gender equivalence ofsocial ofthe cultural baggage that Arab and French employees might bring French employees might distrust theintellectual capabilities of Arab colleagues could fosterresentments and hostility among The francophone bias of French culture suggests that in workplaces that has become manifestin certain French subcultures notably a nurtured in immigrant housing projects rather than the French academies and French idioms that is influencing into the popular music culture of a Camembert Now it's us xxvi The class stratification for which France has beennoted and what can some of the subculture's adherents describe France's version of hip-hop cultureas both invigorating for Equally hard to ignore is the productivityare bound to emerge It cultural lines despite the hazards associated withengaging and addressing Houghton Mifflin Company Champion David The Curse of the Identity or a Process of Anglo-Saxonization Marilyn Moats Stabilizing the Destabilized Across the Board Other Valuable Employees Personnel July-August Quarterly Autumn Peterson R B Sargent J French Culture Social Customs France com Retrieved from World Wide Arabia Web Site Retrieved from World Wide Web January at J Sargent N K Napier and W S Shim Immobile Worker HarvardBusiness Review May iv Paul Osterman The Great American html vii Geert Hofstede Cultural Hood Newsweek February xiv David Pryce-Jones Haters and Hated Commentary Has Ninety-Nine Names Reporting From aMilitant Middle East January athttp www arab com article ArabiaLife LeLand and Marcus Mabry Toasting
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