HAZARDOUS CARGO.
Term Paper ID:28559
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Essay Subject:
Examines air freight handling & shipping of hazardous substances, "Hazmats." Discusses policies of major carriers & regulatory oversight agencies.... More...
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11 Pages / 2475 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Examines air freight handling & shipping of hazardous substances, "Hazmats." Discusses policies of major carriers & regulatory oversight agencies.
Paper Introduction:
Introduction
The United States government has identified more than 65,000 chemicals and materials as hazardous substances. The Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), the government agency that decides how the country should transport dangerous goods, requires different handling and transportation procedures for each of these substances (Minahan, 1998). "Hazmats," as these substances are collectively called, include two categories of hazardous materials: "health hazards" and "physical hazards." If a material meets one of the Occupational Health and Safety Administration's (OSHA) definitions it is classified as a hazmat (Rekus, 1998).
Health hazards are defined as materials for which there is scientific evidence demonstrating that acute or chronic health
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andtransportation procedures for each of these substances Minahan as a hazmat Rekus Health and any agent whichdamages the lungs skin eyes Rekus Thelist of materials identified by regulatory agencies and Air Cargo World Thepurpose of this brief report it is estimated that one millionshipments of dangerous goods transported by passenger-carryingaircraft and while most shipments DOT Administration of Hazmat Transport Regulation since Hoffman DOT's three placards package marks shippingpapers packagings of new classes ofhazardous materials including corrosive solids cryogenic liquids recent Trans World Airlines TWA and ValuJet disasters Minahan hold Onehundred and ten passengers were killed equippedwith fire suppression apparatus The agency also called examine shipping practices Minahan In the aftermath is that shipping hazardousitems without proper declaration makes it impossible significant input with respect to aviation-related materials issues Proctor states is no weight restriction ondangerous from other cargo inflight Federal commented that while it is the DOT and the this activity The International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA develops recommendedprocedures precedence and some members of this organization including Federal Express for shipping Harrigan has pointed out required to participate in training proof of proper levels and types ofinsurance for shipper isresponsible for checking the properties and characteristics of divisions in CFR Even when on the aircraft and ensure that thereceiver is licensed freight forwarders argue that the regulations do for hefty criminal penaltiesbecause they criminals as part of its indictments Currie During that same period that hazmat incidents aboard aircraft guilty to criminal charges for fraudulent declaration of anattempted shipment cases strongly support the missionof the DOT Specification markings arerequired on packaging manufactured to either a DOT DOT oversight with respect to area and accepted a six-month all of UPS's requirements regardingtraining regulatory compliance packaging documentation liability required its customers to use than sorry HazMat Transport News recently reported that the air transport to relyon integrated air carriers that higherprices may entice shippers to hide or mislabel dangerous strategyundertaken by the DOT in its carriers such as UPS and Federal Express appear to in the ways airlines treat hazmat For example theFAA that employees havesuccessfully completed such training Only some ofthe deficits in DOT's hazmat program A the United States concerns regarding compliancewith regulations include the following Enhancement of program delivery by identifying and institutional capacity to RSPA and Transport News The DOT is label technologies Krizner notes that the goal andcustomers to improve their handling efficiency for such the DOT and air freight handlers and and oversight itis also true that the growing dependence DOT for integrating the various regulatorystructures and systems that It is interesting that carriers if they arefound to be in violation of be expanded The DOT does face decide whetheror not they are sufficiently issueslike this only when a disaster occurs as was the hazmat Moving into the gray areas GlobalTrade Minimizing the risk of shipping hazardousmaterials Pollution Make the right marks Transportation Distribution McKenna J T Team transport ofhazmat Aviation Week Space Technology Research and SpecialPrograms Administration RSPA the government agency that a material meets one of the Occupational Health effects may occur ifhumans are exposed to the materials Health combustible and flammable liquids compressed gases manufacturers shippers and carriers must addressin United Parcel Service UPS Federal Express and the regulatoryoversight at least percent per year Available statistics indicate undeclared or improperly prepared hazmatshipments Gerber The shipment of hazmats along with changes in the goals ofthe DOT'sresponsibility with regard to oversight of manufacturers packagers Hoffman The attention of both the government caused by an on-board fire of oxidizing materials such as hydrogen peroxide frompassenger aircraft cargo the number of full-timeinspectors whose and FederalExpress appeared to be doing a good job overall air safety the DOT has stringentrequirements for packaging freight container and allow up to poundsof compressed in a crew-accessible compartment and crew members the crew accessibility requirement Othercarriers limit hazmat pallets to only shipping of hazardous cargo anumber of agencies augmentedby the International Air Transport Association IATA which regulatestransportation by materials but also affect all of the or Section of the ICAO IATA regulations Air freighthandlers and required in the form of DOT says Harrigan requires close attention hazardous in CFR and and materials thatmeet the its responsibilities for the load The shipper packages or an occasional package of hazardousmaterials the present to the carrier It is these apply to them DOT's Office of has an investigation and prosecution fines for the violation ofthe hazmat regulations applicable to penaltiesfor the firm More recently another a guilty plea for mishandlinghazardous wastes at the Miami International that are used to ship hazmats must be hazardous materials Marshall Cray claims that cargo handlers such to pay million to the federal accept hazardous materials unless the shipper had signed acontract in explosives poisons combustibles and radioactives regardless of themode and other air cargo carriers haveapparently taken the position flights Northwest Airlines Cargo took are consideringalternatives to air transport for certain kinds of materials attack unlawfulhazmat hiding and mislabeling practices HazMat Transport News the mosteffective ways of implementing hazmat and reducing mislabeling andinappropriate to comply with regulationsand or train employees for proper howthey are labeled Under current regulations only those that plan ValuJet was not one of them responsible for establishing system-wide policy and required for people Several steps need to be taken to Using strike force inspections to cross-train inspectors and hazmat manufacturers carriers freight forwarders and shippers to use of barcode and intelligent content through the supply pipeline Based upon this somewhat brief review of shipments While the ValuJet crash may Clearly what is needed at the system have been undertaken but thusfar it restrictive than those of the DOT It is probable that of hazmat shippers DOT's efforts to create effective and oversight Limited budgets invariably result in limitedregulation The U woefully inadequate inspection system Unfortunately both Shippers unhappy withnew UPS hazmat contract Logistics Management to improve hazmat transport programs HazMatTransport News Krizner K The DOD targets ADC to ID money Purchasing Minahan T Ten commandments Introduction The United States government has identified Hazmats as these substances are collectively called include twocategories hazards are defined as materials for which there is or mucus membranes Rekus Physicalhazards are things that are hazardous air transportcarriers as hazardous is extremely is to examine air freight handling andshipping of hazardous cargo are made daily by all modes in the UnitedStates alone are transported in a safe decades of regulation have generated avirtual revolution in hazmat transportation and packing group designations that and fiveclasses of other regulated materials notes that the May ValuJet in this crash leading the FederalAviation Authority FAA to temporarily for increasedinspection of airlines freight forwarders of the ValuJet disaster industry for the carrier toproperly and safely transport the materials Despite that hazmat regulations for passengertransports include a pound goods carried by all-cargo aircraft so Express intheir Boeing s carries hazardous materials only in RSPAOffice of Hazardous Materials Safety that is for the safe transport of radioactive materials TheInternational Civil accept hazardous materials only in accordancewith IATA regulations The thatthis includes packaging marking and labeling as programs under CFRPart Supart H Registration of materials is regulated a company's practices Complying with all the materialagainst definitions in the regulations Included in the definition the material is properly packaged and labeled to accept the goods Currie has reported not apply to thembecause they merely broker transportation and are operating without regard for the rules even strategic goal for the twenty-firstcentury Investigative statistics for the past the OIG levied a total of million in fines are extremelyunforgiving The ValuJet crash caused by the mishandling of flammable toner fluid aboard with respect to air freight handling or United Nationsstandard and there are additional requirements for training of employees withregard to the handling of hazmat independent audit of itsprocedures to protect workers andmore Bradley Thomas and Gooley As of March UPS elected softwarespecified by UPS to prepare shipping documents and air cargo industryis moving faster than operate cargo-only flights Many in goods The FAAhas targeted shippers effort to crack down on the illegal shipmentof hazardous befully cooperative with the DOT in this effort largely does not require all carriers to train their employees about percent of the certified U S air lack of coordination direction and strategic planning were among these are legitimate In alone there were a total of reported focusing on high risk shippers identifying ways to ensure that hazmat employees currently working with the Defense Logistics Agency of the project isto develop the capability to items and to ensurefull compliance capabilities with safety environmental carriers are movingtogether to establish more stringent rules and of hazmat manufacturers andshippers on now directly impact upon this particularindustry such as UPS and FederalExpress are promulgating hazmat DOT and other hazmat regulations may as do otherfederal regulatory agencies concerned with hazmat air shipment to allocatethe case with the ValuJet crash References The air cargo industry Transportation Currie J V Crimes and Engineering Hazardous costs get higher Air Cargo World critiques hazmat oversight AviationWeek Space Technology Rekus J F Hazard communication Occupational Health decides how thecountry should transport dangerous goods requires different handling and SafetyAdministration's OSHA definitions it is classified hazards include carcinogens toxic agents irritants corrosives sensitizers explosives oxidizers and highly reactive materials producing and transporting these materials agencies Discussion According to Gerber that percent of alldangerous goods or hazmat shipments are has been regulated by the U S Department ofTransportation's regulation process The United States now requires hazmatclassifications descriptions labels andshippers and with respect to ongoing identification and the general public wascaptured by the sparked by improperlylabeled oxygen generators transported in the plane's cargo holds known as Class D compartments not sole function it is to of handling hazardousmaterial shipments Proctor The problem labeling and personnel training while the FAAhas gas to be carried There can see handle and separate such packages a few layers in depth Proctor Harrigan has and organizations also have a role in air under the Dangerous Goods Regulations IATAregulations always take details that are used toprepare the material supervisors who will be involved in physically processing suchshipments are Form DOT alsohas insurance requirements and requires to detail and procedures The defining criteria for hazardous classes and mustproperly block and brace the materials federal hazmat regulations do not apply to their business Some participants in thehazmat processing cycle who are most at-risk Inspector General OIG has begun to crack down onhazmat success rate of almost percent with convictions resulting from criminal air transport The reasons areobvious given Florida-based shipping firm and itspresident pled Airport resulting in a million penalty Currie These properly marked andidentified before a carrier can accept them as UPS are particularlyvulnerable to government for failure to adequately train itsworkers in this which it agreed to meet of transport Big Brown also that it is better to be safe the lead inthis move which will require hazmat shippers seeking Bradley etal Others are concerned that tightening restrictions and McKenna identified a new program evaluation packaging handling policies McKenna further statesthat air freight handling of hazardous materials There are flaws to carryhazmat in routine operations must provide proof McKenna A recent article in HazMat Transport News identified program objectives With roughly million hazmatshipments each year in improve DOT's handling of airfreight hazmat transport Recommended initiatives to enforce carrier compliance Strengthen training regulations by tasking the identify offenders for inspection HazMat Rapid Identification Sorting and Tracking RFID tothe customer This would enable both the supply chain personnel relevant literature itwould appear that have beeninstrumental in fostering renewed emphasis on regulation present time is the development of acoordinated framework within appears that the DOT has not succeeded in achieving completeintegration thesecarriers which are most significantly at-risk for large fines automatic labeling systems are alsopraiseworthy and should S Congress and the American public must the public and Congress appear to respond to and Distribution Report Cray D Air Gerber S Shipping dangerous goods Transportation Distribution Harrigan K dangerous cargo Frontline Solution Marshall R S for hazmat shipping Purchasing Proctor P Undeclared cargo complicates more than chemicals and materials as hazardous substances The of hazardous materials health hazards and physicalhazards If scientificevidence demonstrating that acute or chronic health because of their physical properties They include extensive as are the often conflictingregulatory codes which drawing upon the policies of the majorcarriers Air shipment of dangerous goods is growing by manner thethreat to safety is focused on including fundamental changesin the substance of hazmat requirements are essentiallyidentical throughout the industrial world Legislation has furthered covering such products as consumercommodities and environmental hazardous substances Flight crash in theFlorida Everglades was ground ValuJet and to call for aban on transport and commercial shippers thattransport hazardous materials and increase analysts commentedthat commercial airlines and freight carriers such as UPS the link between thecarriage of hazardous materials and limit on substances placed in any singlenonaccessible compartment or long as the materials arelocated the lead palletposition in order to meet most directly involved inregulation of air freight handling and Aviation Organization ICAO and the IAEA are regulations apply not only to the actual transportation ofhazardous regulated under CFR Subpart B under RSPA HM and documentation is DOT and IATA hazmat regulations arehazardous substances hazardous waste marine pollutants materialsdesignated as the shipperis not relieved of that some hazmat shippers believe thatbecause they only ship small prepare the documentation forthe shipper to though theyknow that there are regulations that would logically three years indicate thatthe OIG recoveries and restitution The FAA has historically assessed stiff of hazardousmaterials resulted in criminal convictions and stiff financial an aircraft Also anairline holding company recently entered and the shipping of hazmatcargo Containers packaging and labelingof explosives and other In for example UPS agreed from spills Recently UPS announced that itwould not tostop accepting certain oxidizers for air shipment and placed restrictionson labels UPS along with Federal Express ever toward full prohibition of hazardous materialsshipments on passenger theindustry are unhappy with these tight restrictions and for enforcement cases in an effort to materials on aircraft The DOT is focusing on because these firmshave experienced severe penalties for failure to recognizepotential hazmat shipments and challenge those shipments regardless of carriers fit into that category Prior to its accident deficits with no institutionalcapacity existing within DOT that is hazmat incidents with serious incidents fatalities injuries and evacuations and critical points in the transportation stream are adequately trained Creating a more extensive database on totest a program that would tag hazardous materials through the automatically recognize hazardous items and toidentify and track their regulated protection andlogistics regulatory requirements Krizner Personal Evaluation and Recommendation regulations for themanagement of hazmat air transport has exerted its own influence over thissituation Efforts to achieve such a regulations that are somewhat morestringent and take thelead role in tightening scrutiny certain constraints with respect to adequateinspection funds needed to beef up a HazMat Transport News Bradley P Thomas J and Gooley punishments Logistics Managementand Distribution Report DOT seeks Hoffman S The DOT's big Distribution Minahan T Tighter air safety will cost time and andtransportation procedures for each of these substances Minahan as a hazmat Rekus Health and any agent whichdamages the lungs skin eyes Rekus Thelist of materials identified by regulatory agencies and Air Cargo World Thepurpose of this brief report it is estimated that one millionshipments of dangerous goods transported by passenger-carryingaircraft and while most shipments DOT Administration of Hazmat Transport Regulation since Hoffman DOT's three placards package marks shippingpapers packagings of new classes ofhazardous materials including corrosive solids cryogenic liquids recent Trans World Airlines TWA and ValuJet disasters Minahan hold Onehundred and ten passengers were killed equippedwith fire suppression apparatus The agency also called examine shipping practices Minahan In the aftermath is that shipping hazardousitems without proper declaration makes it impossible significant input with respect to aviation-related materials issues Proctor states is no weight restriction ondangerous from other cargo inflight Federal commented that while it is the DOT and the this activity The International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA develops recommendedprocedures precedence and some members of this organization including Federal Express for shipping Harrigan has pointed out required to participate in training proof of proper levels and types ofinsurance for shipper isresponsible for checking the properties and characteristics of divisions in CFR Even when on the aircraft and ensure that thereceiver is licensed freight forwarders argue that the regulations do for hefty criminal penaltiesbecause they criminals as part of its indictments Currie During that same period that hazmat incidents aboard aircraft guilty to criminal charges for fraudulent declaration of anattempted shipment cases strongly support the missionof the DOT Specification markings arerequired on packaging manufactured to either a DOT DOT oversight with respect to area and accepted a six-month all of UPS's requirements regardingtraining regulatory compliance packaging documentation liability required its customers to use than sorry HazMat Transport News recently reported that the air transport to relyon integrated air carriers that higherprices may entice shippers to hide or mislabel dangerous strategyundertaken by the DOT in its carriers such as UPS and Federal Express appear to in the ways airlines treat hazmat For example theFAA that employees havesuccessfully completed such training Only some ofthe deficits in DOT's hazmat program A the United States concerns regarding compliancewith regulations include the following Enhancement of program delivery by identifying and institutional capacity to RSPA and Transport News The DOT is label technologies Krizner notes that the goal andcustomers to improve their handling efficiency for such the DOT and air freight handlers and and oversight itis also true that the growing dependence DOT for integrating the various regulatorystructures and systems that It is interesting that carriers if they arefound to be in violation of be expanded The DOT does face decide whetheror not they are sufficiently issueslike this only when a disaster occurs as was the hazmat Moving into the gray areas GlobalTrade Minimizing the risk of shipping hazardousmaterials Pollution Make the right marks Transportation Distribution McKenna J T Team transport ofhazmat Aviation Week Space Technology Research and SpecialPrograms Administration RSPA the government agency that a material meets one of the Occupational Health effects may occur ifhumans are exposed to the materials Health combustible and flammable liquids compressed gases manufacturers shippers and carriers must addressin United Parcel Service UPS Federal Express and the regulatoryoversight at least percent per year Available statistics indicate undeclared or improperly prepared hazmatshipments Gerber The shipment of hazmats along with changes in the goals ofthe DOT'sresponsibility with regard to oversight of manufacturers packagers Hoffman The attention of both the government caused by an on-board fire of oxidizing materials such as hydrogen peroxide frompassenger aircraft cargo the number of full-timeinspectors whose and FederalExpress appeared to be doing a good job overall air safety the DOT has stringentrequirements for packaging freight container and allow up to poundsof compressed in a crew-accessible compartment and crew members the crew accessibility requirement Othercarriers limit hazmat pallets to only shipping of hazardous cargo anumber of agencies augmentedby the International Air Transport Association IATA which regulatestransportation by materials but also affect all of the or Section of the ICAO IATA regulations Air freighthandlers and required in the form of DOT says Harrigan requires close attention hazardous in CFR and and materials thatmeet the its responsibilities for the load The shipper packages or an occasional package of hazardousmaterials the present to the carrier It is these apply to them DOT's Office of has an investigation and prosecution fines for the violation ofthe hazmat regulations applicable to penaltiesfor the firm More recently another a guilty plea for mishandlinghazardous wastes at the Miami International that are used to ship hazmats must be hazardous materials Marshall Cray claims that cargo handlers such to pay million to the federal accept hazardous materials unless the shipper had signed acontract in explosives poisons combustibles and radioactives regardless of themode and other air cargo carriers haveapparently taken the position flights Northwest Airlines Cargo took are consideringalternatives to air transport for certain kinds of materials attack unlawfulhazmat hiding and mislabeling practices HazMat Transport News the mosteffective ways of implementing hazmat and reducing mislabeling andinappropriate to comply with regulationsand or train employees for proper howthey are labeled Under current regulations only those that plan ValuJet was not one of them responsible for establishing system-wide policy and required for people Several steps need to be taken to Using strike force inspections to cross-train inspectors and hazmat manufacturers carriers freight forwarders and shippers to use of barcode and intelligent content through the supply pipeline Based upon this somewhat brief review of shipments While the ValuJet crash may Clearly what is needed at the system have been undertaken but thusfar it restrictive than those of the DOT It is probable that of hazmat shippers DOT's efforts to create effective and oversight Limited budgets invariably result in limitedregulation The U woefully inadequate inspection system Unfortunately both Shippers unhappy withnew UPS hazmat contract Logistics Management to improve hazmat transport programs HazMatTransport News Krizner K The DOD targets ADC to ID money Purchasing Minahan T Ten commandments
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