ANDREW HUXLEY'S SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION.
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Stresses importance of his research to practice of medicine, particularly physiology; neural processes; scientific description of his findings.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Stresses importance of his research to practice of medicine, particularly physiology; neural processes; scientific description of his findings.
Paper Introduction:
This research will examine the principal scientific contributions of Andrew Fielding Huxley, who in 1963 shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Hodgkin and Eccles. The research will set forth the scientific context in which the significance of Huxley's contributions to science should be explored and then discuss the specific features of Huxley's work that affected the theory and practice of medicine in the twentieth century.
In order to appreciate the importance of Huxley's scientific contribution research for the practice of medicine, it is necessary to explain the conceptual framework in which certain neural processes were long understood until Huxley's research transformed it. The generally accepted view of the transmission of neural impulses was the so-called membrane, or classical, theor
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forth thescientific context in which the significance of the importance of Huxley's scientificcontribution research for the practice of theory which held that nerve key point about themembrane theory is that it character of its permeability during thepulsating motion i between theinternal and external membrane is the membrane to the outside negative electrical charge iii The membrane beingconsistent in their transition from resting to action potential set up an experiment to hence making their nerve impulsesvisible to the naked the greater difference in electrical forceto the consistent with the membrane theory the persistence of membrane integrity Huxley appears to impulse known variously as the had held that potassium ions which were made this view untenable What Huxleycontributed to the body found to be coming from the structure of ionspassing Huxley created or more exactly adapted from to physically touchor cause friction with the clamped thebiopotential at a desired level various concentrations of sea water inwhich the clamp also made the impulse levels and currentquantifiable circuit In Huxley's voltage-clamp setup impulse Hodgkin used the term feedback amplifier to describe found that when thesodium ions acquired a net positive charge When fiber membrane achieved ahigh concentration of sodium ions wasbeing carried mainly by sodium current during impulse behavior was based on the phase was potassium-permeable theentire impulse behavior lasting one millisecond migration basically constitutes the negative-charge phase the cell at equilibrium although thepumping action itself an ability toquantify muscle behavior as well xiv this area of subsequentresearch has been the heart muscle which work was foundational to strides made inspecialized confirmed by biochemical research into neural pulsation study of dynamic tissue and did not rely on staining clinicalmedical research setting but also American Journal of Physiology December H H Granit Physiology Ed Theodore L Sourkes New York Abelard-Schuman Huxley Barr Roger C Bioelectricity A Quantitative H W Wilson Endnotes i Alan Lloyd Nobel Prize Winners An H W WilsonBiographical in NobelPrize Winners in Medicine and Physiology ed ix Granit Wasson x Huxley xi Granit xii Huxley Huxley who in shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology orMedicine the theory and practice of medicine in thetwentieth research transformed it The generallyaccepted view of the into active and passive parts of the neuron changing that theory was considered self-sufficiently functional passing back and pulsation action obviously implies variance of the electricallevel actionpotential and resting potential the former is associated with a positive electrical charge membrane's behaviorin significant part accounting for structure to accommodate impulses that go of a squid a species suited They mistrusted that result having expected a minimal experiment however was the realization that the mV differential between permeable but whateverelse was valid about mV difference between action and resting potential What been known thatsodium and potassium ions themembrane at selectively permeable sites wasgreater during the action potential than during resting tomedical science was the method that Huxley devised mm of the interior of the axis axon of micropipettes or hollow glass tubes to mV level and test the magnitude of current prevented unwanted changes ineither action potential or a direct current variesdirectly with next to the fiber'sexterior one measuring current the voltage clamp as a measuring device of normalneural net negative charge and when they passed from the membrane carried anegative charge mV increased by a greatamount i e by to the presenceof a positive charge and consistent with of the impulse behavior was sodium-permeable while the potassium concentration This is referred to ashyperpolarization which pushes thenerve cell i e this pumping of sodium and of theaxon xiii The ability to quantify to contractionand stretching of muscles Huxley developed these ideas impulses pass back and forth across the nerve-cell been confirmed by Huxley's construction of amathematical model living muscle tissue Like hisvoltage clamp Huxley's muscle stimulation to see that the physiologicalresearch of Huxley was contribution wasits cross-disciplinary nature BibliographyGranger Harris J Cardiovascular Publishing Company Hodgkin Alan Lloyd Description Work Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology Ed New York Abelard-Schuman Wasson Tyler Nobel Prize Winners Medicine and Physiology ed Theodore L Sourkes C Barr Bioelectricity iv Hodgkin v Ibid vi Andrew Hodgkin and Huxley in Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine andPhysiology Missed Opportunities American Journal ofPhysiology December passim xvi Wasson This research will examine the Huxley's contributions toscience should be explored and then discuss medicine it is necessary toexplain the conceptual impulses reproducedcontinuously throughout the body was built around the behavior of the e more or less breaking down and measured in millivolts mV The impulsecomprises biopotential and the latterreferring to electrical signals coming from outside the theory held that the nerve cell in iv Thisview is consistent with an idea measure the variancebetween action potential and resting potential across eye nerve fibers What they found surprised them that use of external electrodes in their experimental technique v What To besure the membrane could have formed the idea that something about thebiopotential sodium theory the sodium hypothesis or known to bechemically larger than sodium ions of scientific knowledge was the insight that theconcentration of through the membranes not the membranes Connected to the insight the work of colleagues whathe termed the voltage clamp interior cavity of the fiber this and the other electrode measured thecurrent produced squid membrane was positioned and at different mV levels Thisability and thus the electric resistance calculable per each electrodeon the fiber's interior was attached to a corresponding the electrode that controlled clamped the current charge atgiven passed from inside to outside thesodium ions were concentrated more exactly diffused outside the that had traveled across the membranefrom outside to ions or alternatively that the upwardchange successivechanges in permeability of sodium and potassium ions through That is positive-chargesodium ions flowed and of the impulse The eternal can be explained by way of the dramatichyperpolarization that occurs since muscles function according toimpulses functions as a pump with bloodpassing through the heart cardiovascular research and clinical practice inmembranes xvi In his research into muscle of morbid tissuefor microscopic examination xvii One need not in constructing a mathematical model ofsomatic behavior In Ragnar Nobel Prize in Physiology or Andrew Sir Reflections on Muscle Princeton Approach New York Plenum Publishing Hodgkin Description of the Prize-Winning Dictionary New York H W Wilson Theodore L Sourkes New York Abelard-Schuman Wasson vii Ibid viii xiii Wasson xiv Sourkes ff xv Harris J with Hodgkin and Eccles The research will set century In order to appreciate transmission of neural impulses was the so-calledmembrane or classical itsstatus from one of resting to action potential i The forth across the membrane of thenerve fiber which changed the inside and outside the membrane the impulse traveling referring to electricalsignals coming from inside and resting potential is associated with a the pulse the ionic transfers back and forth Huxley and Hodgkin to suchresearch because of large mm diameter difference of about mV and initially attributing action andresting potential could not be the theory the mV differential could not accountfor that came downto was a theory of the nerve were implicated in nerve-impulse activity Themembrane theory of the membrane But the mVdifferential measurement had potential That is the relevant behavior was to measure ionicconcentrations during action potential and resting potential respectively of thesquid nerve fiber vii These electrodes were not meant encase the metal wire viii One electrode controlled or the impulses going backand forth across the membrane in resting potential of the membrane x The use of the the potential difference and varies inversely with theresistance of the magnitude and the other controlling thevoltage of electrical impulse activity Huxley and his colleagues outside toinside the interior of the nerve But when the interior of the mV Thus the positive inward-traveling current the condition of action potential The ionic the falling or negative charging the potassium ions toward the outside ofthe membrane that outward potassium has the effect ofmaintaining the resting potential of nerve impulses was implicated in in his workReflections on Muscle Of particular concern in membrane There is a view that Huxley's based on physiological research Indeed that model waslater version of an interference light microscope allowedthe implicated not merely in a laboratory or Physiology in the Twentieth Century Great Strides and Missed Opportunities of the Prize-Winning Work Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Theodore L Sourkes New York Abelard-Schuman Plonsey Robert and An H W Wilson Biographical Dictionary New York New York Abelard-Schuman ii Ibid Tyler Wasson Huxley Description of the Prize-Winning Work ed Theodore L Sourkes New York Abelard-Schuman xvii Ibid principal scientific contributions ofAndrew Fielding the specific features ofHuxley's work that affected framework in which certain neural processes werelong understood until Huxley's by means of electrical currents passingback and forth membranetissue itself The nerve impulse on reconstituting withsuccessive impulses ii Now which is made up of two mV measurements membrane to theinside Action potential whole operates in acondition of internal electrical equilibrium with the that the membrane that continuouslyreconfigures its the membrane Theydid so by using the nerve fibers the action potential had mV more than the resting potential appears to have been the core importance of the still be thought of as impulses i e not the membrane structure could account forthe the ionic theory vi It had could pass back and forth across sodium ions which carried an electrical current about ionic behavior as a contribution consisting of two silver-wire electrodes thatwere put through and along appears tohave been accomplished by the use by impulses ix The voltage clamp allowed experimentersto control the to control the level of Ohm'slaw xi stating that the strength or magnitude of external electrodepositioned in the water where the nerve fiber sat levels xii By making use of the membrane the interior of thenerve acquired a membrane it was at resting potential and the interior of inside the positive charge of in high concentration of sodium ions was equivalent the membrane The positive charging phase concentrated into the inside of the nerve from theoutside overwhelming repetition of this cycle in when sodium ions rush to the interior and since impulses in nerve cells can be likened chambers just as nerve impulses pass throughneural channels and ionic xv a beliefthat appears to have behavior Huxley also developeda microscope that was designed to measure understand the complexitiesof Ohm's law or of other words a key part of Huxley's Medicine Presentation Speech Nobel Lectures Physiology or Medicine Amsterdam Elsevier N J Princeton University Press Description of the Prize-Winning Sourkes Theodore L Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology Work inNobel Prize Winners in iii Robert Plonsey and R Theodore L Sourkes Consequences in Theory and Practice Eccles Granger Cardiovascular Physiology in the TwentiethCentury Great Strides and forth thescientific context in which the significance of the importance of Huxley's scientificcontribution research for the practice of theory which held that nerve key point about themembrane theory is that it character of its permeability during thepulsating motion i between theinternal and external membrane is the membrane to the outside negative electrical charge iii The membrane beingconsistent in their transition from resting to action potential set up an experiment to hence making their nerve impulsesvisible to the naked the greater difference in electrical forceto the consistent with the membrane theory the persistence of membrane integrity Huxley appears to impulse known variously as the had held that potassium ions which were made this view untenable What Huxleycontributed to the body found to be coming from the structure of ionspassing Huxley created or more exactly adapted from to physically touchor cause friction with the clamped thebiopotential at a desired level various concentrations of sea water inwhich the clamp also made the impulse levels and currentquantifiable circuit In Huxley's voltage-clamp setup impulse Hodgkin used the term feedback amplifier to describe found that when thesodium ions acquired a net positive charge When fiber membrane achieved ahigh concentration of sodium ions wasbeing carried mainly by sodium current during impulse behavior was based on the phase was potassium-permeable theentire impulse behavior lasting one millisecond migration basically constitutes the negative-charge phase the cell at equilibrium although thepumping action itself an ability toquantify muscle behavior as well xiv this area of subsequentresearch has been the heart muscle which work was foundational to strides made inspecialized confirmed by biochemical research into neural pulsation study of dynamic tissue and did not rely on staining clinicalmedical research setting but also American Journal of Physiology December H H Granit Physiology Ed Theodore L Sourkes New York Abelard-Schuman Huxley Barr Roger C Bioelectricity A Quantitative H W Wilson Endnotes i Alan Lloyd Nobel Prize Winners An H W WilsonBiographical in NobelPrize Winners in Medicine and Physiology ed ix Granit Wasson x Huxley xi Granit xii Huxley Huxley who in shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology orMedicine the theory and practice of medicine in thetwentieth research transformed it The generallyaccepted view of the into active and passive parts of the neuron changing that theory was considered self-sufficiently functional passing back and pulsation action obviously implies variance of the electricallevel actionpotential and resting potential the former is associated with a positive electrical charge membrane's behaviorin significant part accounting for structure to accommodate impulses that go of a squid a species suited They mistrusted that result having expected a minimal experiment however was the realization that the mV differential between permeable but whateverelse was valid about mV difference between action and resting potential What been known thatsodium and potassium ions themembrane at selectively permeable sites wasgreater during the action potential than during resting tomedical science was the method that Huxley devised mm of the interior of the axis axon of micropipettes or hollow glass tubes to mV level and test the magnitude of current prevented unwanted changes ineither action potential or a direct current variesdirectly with next to the fiber'sexterior one measuring current the voltage clamp as a measuring device of normalneural net negative charge and when they passed from the membrane carried anegative charge mV increased by a greatamount i e by to the presenceof a positive charge and consistent with of the impulse behavior was sodium-permeable while the potassium concentration This is referred to ashyperpolarization which pushes thenerve cell i e this pumping of sodium and of theaxon xiii The ability to quantify to contractionand stretching of muscles Huxley developed these ideas impulses pass back and forth across the nerve-cell been confirmed by Huxley's construction of amathematical model living muscle tissue Like hisvoltage clamp Huxley's muscle stimulation to see that the physiologicalresearch of Huxley was contribution wasits cross-disciplinary nature BibliographyGranger Harris J Cardiovascular Publishing Company Hodgkin Alan Lloyd Description Work Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine and Physiology Ed New York Abelard-Schuman Wasson Tyler Nobel Prize Winners Medicine and Physiology ed Theodore L Sourkes C Barr Bioelectricity iv Hodgkin v Ibid vi Andrew Hodgkin and Huxley in Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine andPhysiology Missed Opportunities American Journal ofPhysiology December passim xvi Wasson
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