FRANCE IN VIETNAM
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Critically examines French involvement (1885-1954); colonization; French military & political actions. Roles of Japan, China, U.S.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Critically examines French involvement (1885-1954); colonization; French military & political actions. Roles of Japan, China, U.S.
Paper Introduction:
FRANCE IN VIETNAM (1885-1954)
This research paper outlines and critically examines the French involvement in Vietnam from colonization through the July 1954 Geneva Accords.
The French colonization of Vietnam, which did little for the Vietnamese, most of whom resented it, was ended in March 1945 by the Japanese. In 1945-1946, the French attempted to reimpose their rule on Vietnam amidst the chaos and confusion following the end of World War II, but they made a fundamental miscalculation concerning the nature and intensity of Vietnamese nationalism. After negotiations between the French and the communist-dominated Vietminh broke down, the French Indochina war erupted in late 1946 which lasted until 1954 and ended with the defeat of the French by the Vietminh at Dienbienphu and a de
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in March by theJapanese In the After negotiations between the Frenchand the communist-dominated Vietminh broke Geneva accords between a communist North and a non-communist a cockpit of Cold War tension andconflict which drew the the Vietnamesehad a long history of resistance between and theFrench seized control Vietnam French colonialism helpedmodernize Vietnam's economy but Edmonds entirely from political life silently communist in Moscow formed the Vietnamese Communist Partyin Hong Kong French prevented the Vietnamese from establishing open and legal organizations theVichy French authorities in Vietnam put fliers On March the Japanese dissolvedthe French the Nguyen dynasty was placed on the South Vietnam Annam Central Vietnam and Tonking France's full authorityin the colony and protectorates of DeGaulle sent reinforcementsfrom Europe but mid-September the British forces used a combinationof released French prisoners French General Philippe Leclerc arrived with a small French hands In the north the Vietminh took advantage the French The Vietminh formed an alliance in Hanoi the formation ofthe Democratic Republic of Vietnam DRV agreement under whichVietnam was to become a of Cochin China with Vietnam was tobe decided by a the spring and summer of the insistence on full military and political control their hold over Tonking be taught but deliberate attack by Vietminh militia traditional colonial typewar which Fall described agricultural areas the Red Riverdelta in the north the They neutralized the advantages of transformed the Indochina War into an extension of the Cold the end of October Fall said almost the whole northernhalf of the Vietminh inchampioning the cause of Vietnamese Diem later South Vietnam's President under the Elyseeagreements of April to the reunification others were mere puppets of theFrench the Elyseeagreements and Vietnamese independence was proclaimed on February French in the interests ofmaintaining Allied unity in the French military effort inIndochina which grew tomore than billion in fought by a volunteer army was effort that isinsufficient to bring about a to Fall he was a Red Riverdelta was Communist-infiltrated as a few border outposts and the coastal enclaves of Hue States reflected the views of the war-weary to hold on because welack the means of doing anything aid was available Navarre proposed French established an advanced base anti-aircraft hauled over the mountains largely decided against American militaryintervention Dienbienphu on Indochina took placebetween Chinese Foreign Minister Chou En-lai and Accords all hostilities ended Vietnam waspartitioned at the Accords proved to be only atemporary hiatus between the French They left behind French Union troops killed product of arrogance avarice confusion political weakness and any clear or sensiblemilitary or political strategy to accomplish its means and reacted much too slowly in Bernard B The Two Viet-Nams A Political And Military Analysis U of North Carolina P Karnow Stanley Vietnam A July GenevaAccords The French colonization of Vietnam which did little War II but they made a fundamental miscalculation concerning the French by the Vietminh at Dienbienphu and a de flawed and ultimately failed After debaclein Vietnam Background to the WarUntil the French arrived emperors the Vietnamese expanded thereafter to control almostall Vietnamesenationalists fought for independence from France as their ancestors especiallyvicious brand of imperialism France exploited Vietnam ruthlessly Under French groupsorganized and demonstrated against the French In refusing to allow anynationalist activity Vietnam into a military staging area for its invasions of Vietnam which with Nationalist Chinese and American OSS military now anindependent member of Japan's the old imperial capital Hue The Japanese conditions throughoutVietnam According to Crozier General south of the th parallel in Vietnam andChinese alliance of communist and non-communistVietnamese nationalists vied for control as upon himself torestore Indochina south of the th troops held the center ofCochin China and the rich The Chinese whoarrived in mid-September were intent August theVietminh gained Bao Dai's endorsement but Crozier had appointed FrenchCommissioner for North Vietnam arrived in Saigon and Union French troops couldenter Vietnam peacefully and maintain ThierryD'Argenlieu DeGaulle's Commissioner for all of Indochina and otherwise flouted its spirit Franco-Vietnamese discussions to demands of D'Argenlieu andLeClerc's successor shelling ofHaiphong on November which killed December all of which led to natives The French succeeded in consolidating their holdon Nguyen Giap reorganizedand replenished his forces using the Sino-Vietnamese of attrition The triumph of Mao Ze-dong's communists Giap mounted a series of offensiveswhich cut off enlist thesupport of Bao Dai support his lavishlife style in return for his services as Vietnam was formed under French auspices but Bao Dai did and delays to convince the people that between and finally stirred itself to address American pressure The United States the outbreak of the Korean War in June the administration render the first million ofmilitary assistance Domestic criticism of French policy also erupted at Radical Socialist deputy Mendes France toldthe National the Vietnamese people Lacouture In late General Jean de River delta for about a year until he was of Central Vietnam was hollowed Henri Navarre proved to be adisastrous appointment On as la guerre salle dirty war when he said the following theKorean armistice of July the administration of President battalion that with air support could engage near the Laotian border Giap reinforced hisinfantry the garrisonhung by a thread The French appealed for American with the task ofnegotiating a political settlement at the Geneva the Conference played important roles in arranginga settlement two years were tosettle the fate by early theirExpeditionary Force and deaths andthe war caused about civilian Vietnamese casualties Fall TheFrench more than a vaguedesire to restore and determination of itscommunist adversary the Vietminh Lacouture End of a War Indochina New York Praeger Edmonds I France Restored Cold War Diplomacy Holmes Meier FRANCE IN VIETNAM This research paper outlines and critically examines French attempted to reimpose their rule onVietnam amidst the chaos down the French Indochina warerupted in late which lasted until South The French military and political effort in United States into supporting the French wareffort but failed to foreign invaders the Chinese whoruled them except for short of Vietnam Cambodia and Laos which said the French version of the'white man's burden' was largely if unmistakablyindicating their passive resistance to foreign rule Some In the French White Terror' and thereby helped embed revolutionary down nationalist uprisings Frombases in southern colonial government interned many French military and civilofficials and informed throne as Vietnamese Emperorand a collaborationist government under North Vietnam French Attempt to Regain Control of Indo-China However theBig Three at events were initially determined by the balance of and Japanese soldiers to restore order French force Hammer said by of a weak Japanese militarypresence which wasdominated by the communists but in which non-communist with a liberal western styleConstitution In free state with its own army and currency as a referendum Sainteny and Leclerc believed that someaccommodation with March agreement unraveled as D'Argenlieu ofVietnam DeGaulle left the French a lesson A series ofclashes the most important on French civiliansand military in as securing some solidly held key centers fromwhich Mekong River delta in the south the French materiel andfirepower by using guerrilla tactics The war settled War Fall said the French had lost the initiative of North Viet Nam had become a Vietminh redoubt In nationalism Bao Dao was an indolentpatriot content wereless amenable to French influence of Cochin China and Vietnam Meanwhile Devillers Lacouture In the latest of a weak succession of This largely empty gesture was prompted Europe The State Department had as a bulwark in the worldwide struggle against mid or about percent of the draining the FrenchTreasury and weakening solution by force and by a policy thatis shrewd and demanding commander who was able to never before most of the mountainous'Thai' country Tourane Danang and Nha-Trang Fall Frenchgovernment which had already begun searching for a diplomatic else Devillers Lacouture As the to use that aid to gather manned by eliteparatroop battalions at a remote village by hand and besieged the Frenchwho could only fell on May and the French government ofPremier Joseph Laniel Mendes France BritishForeign Secretary Anthony Eden and th parallel Cambodia and Laos were guaranteed Indochina War and the Vietnam War in action They inflicted more than protracted indecision Conclusion France went its goals It underestimatedthe force of adapting to reality Works CitedCrozier Brian DeGaulle New York Praeger Hammer Ellen J The Struggle History New York Penguin Books for theVietnamese most of whom resented it was ended nature andintensity of Vietnamese nationalism facto partition of thecountry under the the French Indochina war became in force in the mid th century of present day Vietnam By a series of steps hadfought to oust the Chinese from rule Vietnamese were second-class citizens Hammer said mostVietnamese withdrew Ho Chi Minh whowas trained as a within the colonial framework the of Malaya and Burma The Japanese stood aside while supplies conducted partisan warfare against the Japanese andrescued downed American East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Bao Dai theheir of united thethree French subdivisions of Vietnam Cochin China Charles DeGaulle head of theprovisional French government wanted to restore Nationalist forces north of that line the bewildered Japanese lookedon After arriving in parallel to the French AfterFree rubber plantations were again in mostly on looting and on extractingconcessions from said they did so at gunpoint On September Ho announced began negotiatingwith Ho On March Sainteny and Ho reached an jointly with the Vietnamese bases butwould evacuate by The unification the Frenchsettler community vehemently disagreed During at Fontainebleau in France in July-August brokedown over French as Commander-in-Chief that the Vietminh who hadconsolidated Vietnamese civilians anda less lethal full-scale hostilities On the military front the French mounted a the major cities and the principal border as a sanctuaryafter mid forces in China in October gradually the French from their border outposts near the Chineseborder By to counter the evident success a French puppet Non-communistnationalists such as Ngo Dinh notagree to return to Vietnam until after France consented it alonestruggled for true independence while the France's deteriorating position inIndochina In January the French government ratified had stayed neutral inthe Indochina War basically deferring to the ofPresident Harry Truman began to regard to the French in Indochina a commitment this time TheIndochina War which was Assembly the war was based on a military Lattre de Tassigny became HighCommissioner and Commander-in-Chief in Vietnam According felled byterminal cancer However by late Fall said the out to the point where itconsisted of February Jean LeTourneau Minister forthe Associated only thing for France to do is DwightEisenhower let the French know that increased American theVietminh in conventional battles and destroy them Hitchcock Inearly the which surrounded Dienbienphu with heavy artillery and air support but it wasnot forthcoming because Eisenhower Conference April July The most important direct negotiations Under the terms of the Geneva of a united Vietnam The Geneva influence in South Vietnam had been replaced by theAmericans legacy in Vietnam was a bitter one the its former dominance but without It undertook commitments far in excessof Anthony G The War in Vietnam Westport Greenwood P Fall And The Quest for Leadership in Europe Chapel Hill the Frenchinvolvement in Vietnam from colonization through the and confusion following the end of World and ended with the defeat ofthe Indochinaduring this period was fundamentally to enable the French to avoid suffering a tragic intervals between B C and A D Underthe Nguyen together becamethe colony of French Indochina According to Hammer a smokescreen to cover an turned toviolence and revolution In the late s nationalist suppressed both movements According to De Villers and Lacouture by Communism firmly within the heartof Vietnamese nationalism In Japan turned China Ho organized the Vietminh League for theIndependence startled Vietnamese that Vietnam was non-communist scholar Tran TrongKim was set up in Vietnam The Japanese surrender produced chaotic Potsdam in July decided that British forces wouldtemporarily occupy Vietnam forcesin Vietnam In Saigon an unwieldy Hammersaid the British commander General Douglas Gracey took it the early part of French to take control of Hanoi and Haiphong in August nationalists held of posts of their People's Liberation Committee On August Jean Sainteny whom DeGaulle partof the Indochinese Federation and the French Vietnamese nationalism was necessary Admiral consolidated Frenchcontrol over Cochin China and government on January Hissuccessors a weak leftist coalition yielded of which were a French naval Hanoi which resulted in deaths on the pacification' forces spread an ever-tightening net around therebellious coastal citiesand other towns In the north Vietminh General Vo into a protractedstalemate or war late in In resupplied by the Chinese the French had made half-hearted attempts to often to accept French subsidies to On May a provisional centralgovernment of said the Vietminh used France'sreticence tricks French coalitiongovernments of the Fourth Republic governments by Chinese and Soviet recognitionof the DRV and however serious reservations about French colonial policy By and especiallyafter communistexpansion In May the United States agreed to costs of theFrench war effort in Indochina Karnow France's military position in Europe and in NorthAfrica On October incapable of assuring the support of stem the Vietminhadvance toward the Red of northwest Vietnam was under Vietminh control and Frenchcontrol of Dienbienphu and Geneva Accords The new French commander General solution tothe war increasingly referred to at home Chinese stepped their military aid to the Vietminh the dispersed French forcesinto powerful mobile Dienbienphu in a mountainousregion of northwest Vietnam be resupplied by air By mid-March the fate of on June Laniel's successor Mendes France was left Soviet Foreign Minister VyacheslavMolotov Co-Chairmen of theirindependence Free elections by secret ballot within The French promptly left North Vietnam and three times as many communist combat back to Vietnam in with little Vietnamese nationalism and the will New York Charles Scribner's Sons Devillers Philippe Jean for Indochina Stanford Stanford UP Hitchcock William Lacouture Jean Pierre Mendes France Trans George Holoch New York in March by theJapanese In the After negotiations between the Frenchand the communist-dominated Vietminh broke Geneva accords between a communist North and a non-communist a cockpit of Cold War tension andconflict which drew the the Vietnamesehad a long history of resistance between and theFrench seized control Vietnam French colonialism helpedmodernize Vietnam's economy but Edmonds entirely from political life silently communist in Moscow formed the Vietnamese Communist Partyin Hong Kong French prevented the Vietnamese from establishing open and legal organizations theVichy French authorities in Vietnam put fliers On March the Japanese dissolvedthe French the Nguyen dynasty was placed on the South Vietnam Annam Central Vietnam and Tonking France's full authorityin the colony and protectorates of DeGaulle sent reinforcementsfrom Europe but mid-September the British forces used a combinationof released French prisoners French General Philippe Leclerc arrived with a small French hands In the north the Vietminh took advantage the French The Vietminh formed an alliance in Hanoi the formation ofthe Democratic Republic of Vietnam DRV agreement under whichVietnam was to become a of Cochin China with Vietnam was tobe decided by a the spring and summer of the insistence on full military and political control their hold over Tonking be taught but deliberate attack by Vietminh militia traditional colonial typewar which Fall described agricultural areas the Red Riverdelta in the north the They neutralized the advantages of transformed the Indochina War into an extension of the Cold the end of October Fall said almost the whole northernhalf of the Vietminh inchampioning the cause of Vietnamese Diem later South Vietnam's President under the Elyseeagreements of April to the reunification others were mere puppets of theFrench the Elyseeagreements and Vietnamese independence was proclaimed on February French in the interests ofmaintaining Allied unity in the French military effort inIndochina which grew tomore than billion in fought by a volunteer army was effort that isinsufficient to bring about a to Fall he was a Red Riverdelta was Communist-infiltrated as a few border outposts and the coastal enclaves of Hue States reflected the views of the war-weary to hold on because welack the means of doing anything aid was available Navarre proposed French established an advanced base anti-aircraft hauled over the mountains largely decided against American militaryintervention Dienbienphu on Indochina took placebetween Chinese Foreign Minister Chou En-lai and Accords all hostilities ended Vietnam waspartitioned at the Accords proved to be only atemporary hiatus between the French They left behind French Union troops killed product of arrogance avarice confusion political weakness and any clear or sensiblemilitary or political strategy to accomplish its means and reacted much too slowly in Bernard B The Two Viet-Nams A Political And Military Analysis U of North Carolina P Karnow Stanley Vietnam A July GenevaAccords The French colonization of Vietnam which did little War II but they made a fundamental miscalculation concerning the French by the Vietminh at Dienbienphu and a de flawed and ultimately failed After debaclein Vietnam Background to the WarUntil the French arrived emperors the Vietnamese expanded thereafter to control almostall Vietnamesenationalists fought for independence from France as their ancestors especiallyvicious brand of imperialism France exploited Vietnam ruthlessly Under French groupsorganized and demonstrated against the French In refusing to allow anynationalist activity Vietnam into a military staging area for its invasions of Vietnam which with Nationalist Chinese and American OSS military now anindependent member of Japan's the old imperial capital Hue The Japanese conditions throughoutVietnam According to Crozier General south of the th parallel in Vietnam andChinese alliance of communist and non-communistVietnamese nationalists vied for control as upon himself torestore Indochina south of the th troops held the center ofCochin China and the rich The Chinese whoarrived in mid-September were intent August theVietminh gained Bao Dai's endorsement but Crozier had appointed FrenchCommissioner for North Vietnam arrived in Saigon and Union French troops couldenter Vietnam peacefully and maintain ThierryD'Argenlieu DeGaulle's Commissioner for all of Indochina and otherwise flouted its spirit Franco-Vietnamese discussions to demands of D'Argenlieu andLeClerc's successor shelling ofHaiphong on November which killed December all of which led to natives The French succeeded in consolidating their holdon Nguyen Giap reorganizedand replenished his forces using the Sino-Vietnamese of attrition The triumph of Mao Ze-dong's communists Giap mounted a series of offensiveswhich cut off enlist thesupport of Bao Dai support his lavishlife style in return for his services as Vietnam was formed under French auspices but Bao Dai did and delays to convince the people that between and finally stirred itself to address American pressure The United States the outbreak of the Korean War in June the administration render the first million ofmilitary assistance Domestic criticism of French policy also erupted at Radical Socialist deputy Mendes France toldthe National the Vietnamese people Lacouture In late General Jean de River delta for about a year until he was of Central Vietnam was hollowed Henri Navarre proved to be adisastrous appointment On as la guerre salle dirty war when he said the following theKorean armistice of July the administration of President battalion that with air support could engage near the Laotian border Giap reinforced hisinfantry the garrisonhung by a thread The French appealed for American with the task ofnegotiating a political settlement at the Geneva the Conference played important roles in arranginga settlement two years were tosettle the fate by early theirExpeditionary Force and deaths andthe war caused about civilian Vietnamese casualties Fall TheFrench more than a vaguedesire to restore and determination of itscommunist adversary the Vietminh Lacouture End of a War Indochina New York Praeger Edmonds I France Restored Cold War Diplomacy Holmes Meier
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