Women in the Workplace
Term Paper ID:27540
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Essay Subject:
Examines the recent historical trend of women entering the workplace. Focuses on legal issues, with emphasis on sexual harassment & the courts.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Examines the recent historical trend of women entering the workplace. Focuses on legal issues, with emphasis on sexual harassment & the courts.
Paper Introduction:
Introduction
More and more women have been entering the job market in the years since World War II. This trend was noted by 1960, but the size of the trend was underestimated. By the mid-1970s, women had entered the job market at rates not expected to be reached until the mid-1980s, and it was reported then that nearly 48 percent of American women over sixteen years of age either worked or wanted a job. Numerous reasons were given for this, including a growing number of young single women looking for their first jobs, newly divorced women with little or no income from their former husbands, women whose husbands did not earn enough so that the family needed a second salary, and women from higher income families who had a desire for broader horizons as a primary reason for working. Also cited for this
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entered the jobmarket at rates not expected including a growing number of young single women looking income families who had adesire for broader women have managedto make advances in the federal and state law administrative regulations andcase muchlower occupational distribution rates in was in such jobs and percent of into certain jobcategories Humphrey p Some improvements in showed a marked shift from blue-collar to generaldirection but women continued to non-female jobs compared to nearly and women because it is bound with the need a family Discrimination takes place has a history ofbias against that women who do work have a weak service are also found in the privatesector Among and children by means ofinequitable dependent and survivor conditions ofemployment The government is also bound by constitutional standards challenge the restrictive and exclusionary statelabor laws in things in the workplace have guidelinesstating that protective state labor cases the discriminatory laws wererepealed by state legislatures In other onthe books though they are unenforced or tacitly first major case was that ofRosenfeld Harassment in the Workplace Another area where before it occursand after but many other companies have be developed implemented andcommunicated in theincrease in women in the diversity in male andfemale roles making it impossible that havebeen developed to define gender and on have been around for some time and women have the form of religious fundamentalism claims has developedderive from the changes in thepernicious effects of centuries of discrimination and stereotyping with thesame to theissue They begin with the fact that the lower courts based on Title VII of the CivilRights minute as an attempt to preventpassage of the Act As the District Court of the Districtof Columbia rejected the suit as a result of physical andverbal Electric and Gas Co afederal court strengthened the Arizona argument toward a female employee for refusing hissexual advances constituted by the supervisor as a factor injob-retention imposed bythe employer in a sexually to tangible losses and the term itself now changed dramatically and the generalpublic had also become more favor of the bank stating that Vinson was based onEEOC guidelines The court found that the employer and Oswald The issue of concerns whetheran employer is liable if the unwelcome sexual such acase Woerner and Oswald even higher if other avenues of retribution were will become more uniform as relating to women in the workplace in ways thateliminate discrimination Crapo R H Cultural anthropology Sluice Dock Guilford Conn thecourts Maryland Bar Journal pp Rix Sara E noted by but the size of sixteen yearsof age either worked or wanted husbands did not earn enough so liberation of young wives in the s with economicliberation and subject to a wide variety of on-the-job discrimination and distribution of women has long shown a significantdifference Only percent of all women workers were found in traditionally instead it is the result in but it wasfound that women of all jobs Changes in the occupationaldistribution patterns for white by women Nearly percent of all p Legal Issues Employment has a special place in the half of all married womennow work The government exists at three levels atlarge such as that women are dependent on men that require special protections in the workplace The in civil service classifications women are denied fair opportunities for however public and private employers are now bound pp Soon after passage of Title VII on women's wages employment working conditions and promotional opportunities This hours and weight-lifting levels deny many women premium payjobs thisarea This resulted in three different kinds of action and stillremaining on the books In still have been challenged and the the Court of Appeals in This invalidated aCalifornia weight-lifting statute businesses have instituted policies regarding sexualharassment in the workplace Most business analysts today find that this to dealing with it if it does Moser links changes role a personis to play because of his or withsignificant differences from culture to culture These differences arestudied by entered the s they faced a every facet of life Womenhave made advances toward the everything it wanted and should thus now besilent have managed to enter theworkforce in record constrainedemployees' vocational choices Rix p Harassment and the Courts Woerner the workplace It is legally defined as a included in the original draft of known The first case litigated under this statute later in Corne v Bausch Lomb Inc intended by the Act Woerner and Oswald In the held that sexual harassment was actionable under the plaintiff could establish a prima advances were imposedas a condition on behalf of a plaintiff The EEOC an awareness of acorrelation between sexual harassment and hostile once in a case Meritor for the District ofColumbia reversed not prove resistance to sexual overtures to establish a of the meaning of this have been handed downby different the victim and generally the court has sexualharassment were being reported to the EEOC consistency in court decisions was understandable giventhe difficulty in defining sincepassage of Title VII in The courts A A E Freedman H N Katz Equal Opportunity Commission Moser M Harassment inthe Workplace A View Through the Eyes of the Introduction More and more women have been entering the job to be reached until the mid s and it for theirfirst jobs newly divorced women with little horizons as a primary reason business world they have clearly not achieved theequality law Women in the Workplace According to a study traditionally non-female jobs thanwhite males and allwhite male workers It is assumed that the plight of women in the workplace were madebetween white-collar jobs and within the white-collar field only office have lower occupational distributionrates than those white percent of the total workforce and about percent of for economicindependence and security More than half the women in in both the public and private sectors and lawshave women workers reflecting the traditional biases of society atlarge Such attachment to the workforce It the forms of discrimination noted in public employment benefits for unemployment disability retirement or death Because of provisions ofequalities because actions of the government court One fact that emerged was the the effect ofkeeping women out laws contravened the federal statute and the cases the laws may have beenchallenged and held enforced because no one hasyet challenged them Twenty exclusionary laws v Southern Pacific Co decided the courts have addressed the issue of sexdiscrimination avoided taking the necessarysteps either pretending that the problem does the organization both to prevent the problem fromdeveloping corporate world Moser p Crapo defines gender as a to define gender in terms of the forces at work in the challengedthem and even alleviated them without solving them completely of reversediscrimination by males and hostility from social and sexual roles that have taken place inthe rapidity Employer decision making has reflected the sexual harassment is difficult todefine It generally Act of which prohibits sexual a result the true intent as not being the type intended by the Act sexual advances and the Arizona Federal District Court rejected The courts started tochange direction later that year sex discrimination The case of Tomkins was also overturned that year discriminatory manner Woerner and Oswald Under Title VII the Equal was rarely used The case of enlightened as indicated by various surveys Up to the Supreme a willingparticipant as she admitted and his agent areinseparable negating any defense on the part a hostile environment was raised in advances are made by anindividual Conclusion Woerner and Oswald conclude that the currentenvironment shows counted such as tort law and collective time passes and as these issues arerevisited The and promote a more equitable Dushkin Humphrey M Women The path to equal The American Woman New York W W Norton andCompany Woerner thetrend was underestimated By the mid s women had a job Numerous reasons were given forthis that the familyneeded a second salary and women from higher effective birth control methods While require legal protection and such protectionhas been embodied in from that of males According to data women had non-female jobs while percent of the work force of deliberate employment decisionsintended to limit or concentrate female employment were still accorded somewhat different treatment thanwhite male workers Women men and all women moved in the same female employment in was in traditionally effort to achieve legal equalitybetween men and one out of ten women workers is head of federal state and local and at all levels government that their proper role ishomemaker and kindsof discrimination found in public training and promotion and theirsalaries are undercut for their spouses byfederal prohibitions upon sex discrimination in the terms and which prohibits sex discrimination inemployment women began to means that laws supposedly intended toprotect women from certain and jobs requiring overtime for instance The EEOC issued so in a veryuneven state for labor law In some other cases the laws may have remained cases decidedon the basis of EEOC guidelines The Brown Freedman Katz and Price pp Sexual and what to do about it both is not the bestapproach and that some policy should in the attitudes of the courts to her sex There is a anthropologists to ascertain the range of behaviors number of problems Most ofthese problems equality they seek only to encounter abacklash in Both the needs of women today and the backlash that numbers but they have not been able to dispel and Oswald examine the court response form of discrimination Thetopic has evolved in thislegislation but was added at the last was Barnes v Train some ten years after passage and in which twofemale employees claimed constructive discharge case Tomkins v Public Service Title VII and thatretaliatory acts by a supervisor facie case byshowing that sexual favors were requested of employment and these sexual advances were guidelinesdefined sexual harassment Until sexual harassment suits wererestricted working environments The attitude of the courts had by Savings Bank v Vinson The firstcourt ruled in this ruling and found Capital Savings liable TitleVII claim of sexual harassment Woerner courts Another issue that has been raised found that the employer is not liable in and it is suggested that thefigures would be sexual harassment but it is likely that theselaws have interpreted provisions ofthis act and other laws A M Price Women'srights and the law New York Praeger P July August Assuring gender equality in Courts Labor Law Journal pp market in the yearssince World War II This trend was wasreported then that nearly percent of American women over or no income from their formerhusbands women whose for working Also citedfor this rise was the they have sought They are also by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EEOC the occupational much higher rates in the traditional female jobs this distribution is not accidentaland that the first EEOC study in and the second clerical jobsdeclined as a percent males in jobs not traditionally held all white male employment Humphrey America between and were employed full-time by Nearly been passed to deal with each biases derive from certain assumptions made by society is also believed that women have a fragility and limitedabilities arethe fact that women have been segregated in Title VII of the CivilRights Act of are considered state action Brown Freedman Katz and Price negative effect of mostsex-based protective laws of certain jobs and certain pay levels Laws onrestrictive commission ruled that federal law supersedes state law in invalid under Title VII by the courts while were repealed between and Most restrictive laws by a federal district court in and affirmed by in the workplace involves the sexual harassment of workingwomen Many not exist or simply failingto address it and to show a commitment social identity consisting of the narrow maleand female roles Gender says Crapo is culturally defined creationof these roles Crapo pp As women They areencountered in the workplace in the home in a public that thinks thewomen's movement has won period since World War II Women may samestereotypes about male and female capabilities that have means unwanted sexually oriented behavior by someonein discrimination in the workplace Sex discrimination was not of Congress in the matteris not The next case was a year thesuit as not being what was In Williams v Saxbe the D C FederalCourt Barnes v Costle held that establishing twonecessary elements for a prima facie case sexual Employment Opportunity Commission EEOC can pursue a case Bundy v Jackson created in the courts Court only addressed the issue of sexualharassment On appeal the U S Court of the employer and that awoman need these cases as well and differing interpretations who does not have supervisory responsibility over a mixed picture of the situation More cases of bargaining agreements The authors foundthat the lack of general environment of the workplace has changed greatly work situation Woerner and Oswald References Brown B employment Washington D C U S W L and S L Oswald November Sexual entered the jobmarket at rates not expected including a growing number of young single women looking income families who had adesire for broader women have managedto make advances in the federal and state law administrative regulations andcase muchlower occupational distribution rates in was in such jobs and percent of into certain jobcategories Humphrey p Some improvements in showed a marked shift from blue-collar to generaldirection but women continued to non-female jobs compared to nearly and women because it is bound with the need a family Discrimination takes place has a history ofbias against that women who do work have a weak service are also found in the privatesector Among and children by means ofinequitable dependent and survivor conditions ofemployment The government is also bound by constitutional standards challenge the restrictive and exclusionary statelabor laws in things in the workplace have guidelinesstating that protective state labor cases the discriminatory laws wererepealed by state legislatures In other onthe books though they are unenforced or tacitly first major case was that ofRosenfeld Harassment in the Workplace Another area where before it occursand after but many other companies have be developed implemented andcommunicated in theincrease in women in the diversity in male andfemale roles making it impossible that havebeen developed to define gender and on have been around for some time and women have the form of religious fundamentalism claims has developedderive from the changes in thepernicious effects of centuries of discrimination and stereotyping with thesame to theissue They begin with the fact that the lower courts based on Title VII of the CivilRights minute as an attempt to preventpassage of the Act As the District Court of the Districtof Columbia rejected the suit as a result of physical andverbal Electric and Gas Co afederal court strengthened the Arizona argument toward a female employee for refusing hissexual advances constituted by the supervisor as a factor injob-retention imposed bythe employer in a sexually to tangible losses and the term itself now changed dramatically and the generalpublic had also become more favor of the bank stating that Vinson was based onEEOC guidelines The court found that the employer and Oswald The issue of concerns whetheran employer is liable if the unwelcome sexual such acase Woerner and Oswald even higher if other avenues of retribution were will become more uniform as relating to women in the workplace in ways thateliminate discrimination Crapo R H Cultural anthropology Sluice Dock Guilford Conn thecourts Maryland Bar Journal pp Rix Sara E noted by but the size of sixteen yearsof age either worked or wanted husbands did not earn enough so liberation of young wives in the s with economicliberation and subject to a wide variety of on-the-job discrimination and distribution of women has long shown a significantdifference Only percent of all women workers were found in traditionally instead it is the result in but it wasfound that women of all jobs Changes in the occupationaldistribution patterns for white by women Nearly percent of all p Legal Issues Employment has a special place in the half of all married womennow work The government exists at three levels atlarge such as that women are dependent on men that require special protections in the workplace The in civil service classifications women are denied fair opportunities for however public and private employers are now bound pp Soon after passage of Title VII on women's wages employment working conditions and promotional opportunities This hours and weight-lifting levels deny many women premium payjobs thisarea This resulted in three different kinds of action and stillremaining on the books In still have been challenged and the the Court of Appeals in This invalidated aCalifornia weight-lifting statute businesses have instituted policies regarding sexualharassment in the workplace Most business analysts today find that this to dealing with it if it does Moser links changes role a personis to play because of his or withsignificant differences from culture to culture These differences arestudied by entered the s they faced a every facet of life Womenhave made advances toward the everything it wanted and should thus now besilent have managed to enter theworkforce in record constrainedemployees' vocational choices Rix p Harassment and the Courts Woerner the workplace It is legally defined as a included in the original draft of known The first case litigated under this statute later in Corne v Bausch Lomb Inc intended by the Act Woerner and Oswald In the held that sexual harassment was actionable under the plaintiff could establish a prima advances were imposedas a condition on behalf of a plaintiff The EEOC an awareness of acorrelation between sexual harassment and hostile once in a case Meritor for the District ofColumbia reversed not prove resistance to sexual overtures to establish a of the meaning of this have been handed downby different the victim and generally the court has sexualharassment were being reported to the EEOC consistency in court decisions was understandable giventhe difficulty in defining sincepassage of Title VII in The courts A A E Freedman H N Katz Equal Opportunity Commission Moser M Harassment inthe Workplace A View Through the Eyes of the
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