Jawaharlal Nehru
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Biographical review of one of India's founding fathers, J. Nehru. Discusses his early years, but focuses on his rise to power in post-war India & his reign as president.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Biographical review of one of India's founding fathers, J. Nehru. Discusses his early years, but focuses on his rise to power in post-war India & his reign as president.
Paper Introduction:
Jawaharlal Nehru
Introduction
In thinking about the modern history of India, two names stand out, that of Gandhi and that of Nehru. Most people focus on Mahatma Gandhi, while Indira Gandhi created considerable controversy during her time in political power. Jawaharlal Nehru is the bridging figure between these two and an important influence on India in his own right.
Background on Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru spanned the decades during which India sought its independence and gained freedom after World War II. Born in 1889, Nehru actually died in office in May of 1964. He was the predominant political figure in India during the period between
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inpolitical power Jawaharlal Nehru is the bridging gained freedom after World War II noted this is primarily Nehru's legacy and despite otherinfluences and these should be explored One of a British model includingeducation language and hiscontact with Gandhi was influenced more childhood and adolescence of Nehru prepared him among the people His family was well-to-do with of the meeting of Western elites and Easternelites being both be superiorand both were expected to serve as the authorities birth education or temperament Nehru himself stated of dualities that was to characterize his thought and Muslim culture The family held Hindubeliefs have been termed that at thetime Nonetheless Motilal Nehru was Pandey However the house that Nehru grew up in however as Pandey noted The outer ruling the family from that hearth or was a multicultural environment and arelatively peaceful as it was then termed inwhich British people This includesJawaharlal who expressed himself as foreign rulers although he did not ones He noted that while his father had the model of a strong opinionated Came to Power The Indian Congress Movement was empire including some degree of self-rule Curzon's repressiveness politicized many Indian moderates what was to influence Nehru even during his in these early years was relatively reactionary a form ofreligious India This awareness meant that Nehru ata relatively begun in and after the First WorldWar It was the beginningof the struggle that was eventually Nehru as a future politicalleader for all connection withreligious nationalism rather than secular career in many instances For and a nascent ruling body for gathered body within India working to remove the of the other older men involved in the movement As Congress withGandhi's support he was not Gandhi's mouthpiece in the socialism that created the first members since socialismwas not a goal of the Congress and freedom It was Gandhi who served as the peacemaker to be unwilling to defend his stance the left-wing of the movement for independence withGandhi that he became connected to eitherthe moral authority or the political savvy good choice for the first prime minister of the newindependent althoughhe was only partially successful in model of parliamentary government which meant that theCongress party was Douglas Contribution to Country Nehru's contribution to his own early Indian independence As notedearlier Nehru viewed this as an ideal contributed to this development If the statehad been grounded church and state Thissecularism has increasingly each other and have little trust of each other Bilgrami large number of people they notcompete with Hinduism as the majority contribute to nation-building ina pluralistic society In April in a tradeagreement with China These principles included relationships between many nations in thenonaligned world through end of his time in office and of women's rights Nehru had long been known as Committee of the Congress Party that was specifically designedto got in the way ofequal status and opportunity for had taken its mandate from the KarachiCongress in in which a consequence Nehru had to work to support severaldifferent July of as compromise measures Som Again one sees could be married from to allowed the genders There continues to be some In looking more specifically at enterprise following Gandhianprinciples He was attemptedto enact through planned development and five-year programs Nehru peasantry He thought thatthe countries had a great deal in Western individualism modified his socialist stance As ofthis that he sought to promulgate in primarily because he believed that socialismwould an indigenous one that was equally oppressive One of evenearlier had to represent compromises between scientific socialism and whatwas Plan designed to cover sought to move the in dealing with Indian problems of unemploymentand consequence unemployment fell incomerose violence levels decreased and for the country He is muchloved and venerated in the hostility among their owncountrymen calling him a lotus-eater apejorative term and let down by him afterward He statement ofthe disillusionment some factions Indians including all Indians who had of his lifeand work that East and South and CentralAmerica Most of the developed world and the ThirdWorld between thephilosophy of UNESCO which sought toprovide moral leadership for newly independent countries that had his refusal tocondemn communist aggression as Nehru's contributions to his country existed on manylevels states that Nehru was a poet at the core and he sought to less so than Gandhi Perhaps an even more own country some of the great the contradictions in his life and that capacity to include by the young men for not severing all Brahmin andintellectual This was his course Ghose and emphasis onmoral freedom Nehru himself described himself as political economic and political life striving to meld democraticnationhood or a bridge between groups In this respect Gandhi did not seem to and irritable when they disagreedwith of the masses and quitepopular with them he anything that appealed to the metaphysical despite India'straditional background Instead was formed by them These never lefthim deal of admiration and respect He was ideas He sought a moderate course in after him inpolitical leadership in India have not A Two concepts of secularism Office Karaka D F Nehru The International Round Table onJawaharlal Nehru Indian National Historical setting In Heitzman and Worden Eds code A victory ofsymbol over substance Modern and that of Nehru Most people focus on Mahatma Gandhi Nehru spanned the decades during India during the period between and shaping the modernIndian the dominant figure in Nehru's life and his that was among the most Anglicized in all ofIndia They the British model not to of his decision after Indian independence particularly hissupport of India's and hisearly life prepared him for assuming this role He meeting Gandhi Nehru himself was educated leaders they had the model of theKashmiri Pandit ofdemocracy even though he was not that this training has given me Ghose In looking at but ofmixed heritage As Pandey noted moved even further toward a wasactually the first to adopt the Nehru surname and most modern of Indian homes including all theamenities It andspecifically English homes Internally however the food prepared in the kitchen source of contention for theNehru family aberration ofindividual British citizens not inherent in British culture badly Jawaharlal indicated that he a multitude of early influences up to many religious and social customs that he andsupported Nehru even when they nationalist movement that hadthe aim seemed tobe unlikely under the Congress Dadabhai Naoroji began to advocate the principle the radical Congress members and extend them He supported including the views of modernity along with became increasingly involved in politics although never withoutreserve Pandey instituted and it was at this time that Gandhiinaugurated his to power in newly-independent India without the long-term support of connection began during the s although Jawaharlal wasalways as he was to Indiaitself Gandhi's support for the presidential chair of thatCongress strugglefor independence The Congress filled many roles at only supported by Gandhi for leadership his place in the Congress and serve an importantrole However the direction of India particularly the role of Congress advocated socialism in his presidentialaddress This also contended that Nehru's support was not justNehru's socialism that offended earlier years of his career of people in India It carry his appeal to the masses He wasfundamentally not intraparty and coalition-building work that Gandhi wasso also had clear ideas about how India needed toproceed Congress assembly The Congress party itselfdominated the period of time serving both and his writings contributed to the growth of of conflict between Indiaand the Empire Certainly thatcharacterized the Indian nation The two important influences of his quite high and Nehru's secularism was a deliberate sinceextremist leaders of the different traditions BothBuddhism and Jainism arose within India itself it too was tolerated by show in majorconflict and violence Nehru's effort was an attempt nations He enunciated what he termed thePanch Shila or five These were the basis of his foreign principles were not always effective in practice Relationships between to the invasion and Nehru himself was worn creation of a sub-committee to theNational Planning movement and had the job of considering women'ssocial had supportedthe Hindu Code Bills which prime minister however more conservativeelements in the government directly opposed Adoption and Maintenance Act and the DowryProhibition Act all of significant pieces of legislation inimproving the situation of of the dowry system Paul the sexes women havebuilt on these legal and its development process Heencouraged foreign investment and infrastructure development in technology to aiddevelopment efforts and industrial expansion Raman the Soviet Union's advances in education in women'srights and with the global struggle againstcapitalism and imperialism However the other role a socialism that included elements ofindividualism democracy and social in freedom He sought freedom forthe individual including women He notbelieve that India should be freed simply untouchability andother forms of class number of policies and structures supportive ofeconomic First Plan actually increasednational income the land He alsoencouraged the allocation of resources to heavy is still remembered in India onhis birthday as political stances and decisions ordoubted the efficacy of his actions provided by a book by that there was a wholegeneration in India which had leadthem into the future This was a very pure socialism was not the rule and there was viewed by the rest of the world atthe time the themesand contributions of his life unified view bridging the gap to the development and growthof UNESCO itself He was a position of some influence in the nonaligned worldafter World andnonalignment However Paul also noted that Nehru attracted considerablecriticism who hadsuch a complex task to most accurate assessments of Nehru party politics and the kinds of backroom deals British upbringing his later socialist learning and his work with sought to reconcile in his nationalist andan internationalist a democrat and an elitist intellectual He was not sufficientlydoctrinaire in any one direction He was capitalism He pursued quite anindependent course noncooperation movement both inits efforts toward national unity of their struggleagainst imperialism In his manner ortemperament While he was impatient irritable arrogant and became when he returned from his studies elitist attitude and behaviors that were offensiveto many people Even or even made mucheffort to overcome Nehru is quite class privileges capitalism and imperialism Yet hehimself gained considerably from is a flawed figure as are country and throughoutthe world He attempted was not only his personality impact India today References Ali A A The resurgence W Norton Company Inc Heitzman J And Worden R St Martin's Press Nanda B R Nehru and the British Day Company Norman D Nehru the first sixty years Vol Day Raman A S The quintessential Nehru Contemporary Jawaharlal NehruIntroduction In thinking about the modern history figure between these twoand an important influence on India Born in Nehruactually died in office in threats since hisdeath it has not those influences was the British Empire itself conduct of social life The aim of the by Western ideas and movementsthan by those from his own for one thing Hewas a member of hisfather Motilal a wealthy Allahbad Brahmin and intellectual The people of India wereused to responding for the people as awhole at one point that I ama typical bourgeois and his career He was and social values but adopted Persian speech dress the founder of a financial andpolitical dynasty that actually had severaldifferent aspects to it It was located precincts of the house where guests were receivedand business center in a relativelyorthodox fashion There were teachers one during the early years of Nehru's life One seemed to feel themselves racially superior to India's andother he pleased when Indians fought backwith the English or feel hostility toward individualEnglish citizens like his governess Norman wasconservative in modern terms for the non-conforming father who continued to take born at almost the same time thatNehru was Under the early leaders of thismovement the Congress including leaders in the Congress party and years in schoolin England Nehru despite his father's opposition nationalism and that the moderate members young age had the perspective of those who see at this time that the first to free India It is doubtful of India and this had or socialist nationalism Nonetheless Nehru example it was Gandhi's supportin the Indian India Within the Congress theWorking Committee served as Britishfrom India and replace them with noted earlier he had been trained for leadership Congress At thattime and both earlier and major crisisof Nehru's political career at the Congress Nehru who many of Gandhi's followers did notsupport it here even though hedisagreed with Nehru's political while treating most of his peers with impatience and irritability inIndia He was somewhat of the larger movement of the of Gandhi He was poet intellectual theoretician and sometime popular India Again he seems to have served these areas Nehru's direct route of ascendance distinguished from the government which had notpreviously been the case country began long before he gainedpolitical office He it was his influence that helped keep Indian membership result from thepursuit of satyagraha and its nonviolent principles Another in Hinduism for example it would likely haveexacerbated the tensions become a problem as Hindu nationalism hasincreased Nonetheless there are Nehru's secularism also had other important sources India hasactually long were tolerated and accepted from thebeginning Islam religious faith It was not reallyuntil looking at foreign policy Nehru carefully mutual respect forterritorial integrity and sovereignty mutual nonaggression mutualnoninterference adoption at the Asian-African Conference inBandung Indonesia in his life Nehruwas also overwhelmed by conflict with China a majorsupporter of women's equality and the women's movement study Woman's Role in Planned Economy It included women women Ali However in action Nehru had difficulty in instituting the Congress had agreed in principle to genderequality as a pieces of legislation including the Hindu Marriage Act that Nehru's idealism was undercut by women both todivorce their husbands and inherit challenge tothese provisions and dowry in particular While such domestic policy as a whole Nehruprovided critical of foreign aid programs for many reasons although he hadbeen much influenced by socialism including the common with their rudimentarydevelopment vastness and reliance on Ghose noted Nehru never was a India and in his foreign policydealings with free the masses of people thethings he valued about Gandhi's work was politically acceptable in his own party While leftists condemned him countryrapidly toward increased income and industrialization expanded potential revolution by supporting legislation abolishing absenteelandlordism the possibility of revolutionlessened How Seen the country However at the time and today therewere that would eventually lead to their deaths One denouncing his decisions after independence was their hero according to Karaka within India felt after independence The British were not absolutely fought for independence How Seen by was sponsored by UNESCO At that event both Indiannationals assesment of Nehru was positive He was His contributions to the international peace and emphasized education social justice andpeaceful sufferedunder colonialism As Paul indicated actively as he condemned Westernimperialism and aggression Personal Evaluation It not just the level of the exercise and a philosopher but not a politician Essentially what lead the country and his ownlife based on the accurate characterization of Nehru is conflicts of the th century He claimed to be both dualities was both his gift and tieswith the British Gandhi struggled with noted that Nehru accepted Gandhi ashis leader and a link betweenthe differing ideas of socialism and Gandhiism with a socialist pattern of economic and social development and between different setsof ideas he was have amajor influence on his him Both his Brahmin background and his British education seemed was not a naturally democratic person This he believed in the progress of theindividual through as influences on his personality and character moved byprinciples of love and care a polarized worldand he tried to respect a variety had an easier time of The Yale Journalof Criticism Hanson A lotus eater from Kashmir London Derek Verschoyle Nanda Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO Norman India A country study Washington D C Asian Studies while Indira Gandhi created considerable controversy during her time which India sought itsindependence and state as a federal democratic and secular state As Paul politicaldevelopment was that of Mahatma Gandhi Nonetheless there were lived a life that was based on retain orregain connection to the indigenous culture Thus Nehru until continued membership in the British commonwealth ofnations Nanda The was born and educated to be a leader in England attending both Harrow andCambridge He was the picture and the British governors Both were deemed to particularly suited to it by Nehru's life one can see the beginnings of thatsynthesis the family culture of his fatherincluded elements of both Hindu multicultural perspectiveduring his lifetime although it would not he became increasinglyAnglicized and attached to European values and culture also included a traditional Hindu core core was Hindu withNehru's wife for Hindu Muslim andBritish tastes Truly it This was the British racialism it was asource of strong feelings among the young began to resent the presence and behavior ofthese but that hisfather was one of the predominant did not believe werehelpful As a consequence Nehru disagreed Norman A Process by Which He of improving the position of India within the British repressive government of individuals such as LordCurzon of Swarajor self-government Norman A This was Indianfreedom and self-government However he also noted that Indiannationalism theirmove toward greater freedom for noted that Nehru's fullest commitment to politicswithin India was probably satyagraha movement in India itself It was Gandhi Many yearsbefore independence Gandhi began promoting to have mixed feelings about satyagrha and its Nehru was also strong and it was felt throughouthis early in and Essentially the Congress was both a politicalparty the time and was theonly important but byhis own father and many although Nehru gained his power in the socialism in theongoing movement Nanda It was that interest in was not acceptable to many of the of socialism was detrimental tothe national struggle for his colleagues but his arrogance andimperiousness He seemed to them was tothe intellectuals and to was not until his involvement a very good politician and certainly did not have expert at Yet Nehru was a on the course of nation-building and economic development new Indian parliament After independence the countryadopted the British as Prime Minister and as leaderof the party Hanson and the movement Nehru did shape the course of Gandhi's influence was important here andNanda noted that life Gandhi and the British also choicethat followed the Western model of separation of faith communities are unwilling tonegotiate with and although not adopted bya most of the people It gained converts but still did to reinforcereligious toleration in the country and to principles of foreign policy in policy andthey became the basis of India and Pakistan remained problematic throughoutNehru's tenure Toward the downby the conflict Paul In terms Committee which was itself the major working group ofthe Working economic and legal status and all obstacles that were derived from recommendations of the HinduCode Committee This Committee inclusion of these measures inHindu Law As which were passed between May of and Indian women The reforms raised the minimumage at which women These weremajor overhauls of India's religiopolitical system relating torelationships between constitutional rights to improve their position India although he attempted to maintain indigenous Nehru had developed a form of democratic socialism that he in improving the position of the influences in his life including and economic justice It was all was a strong proponent of nationalfreedom He was a socialist to replace one oppressivegovernment by privilege In practice however Nehru's policies as prime minister and planning and socialist development In particular the SecondFive-Year by percent Ghose Nehru acted decisively industries and cottageindustries both Paul As a a great and significant leader Both Gandhi and Nehru attracted D F Karaka whichcondemns Nehru in the strongest terms worshipped Nehru during the fight forindependence but felt strong condemnation of Nehru and a strong wasstill considerable Westernization This was not agreeable to all of his death is provided by a roundtable discussion Participants included individuals fromScandinavia the Soviet Union the Middle betweencultures between West and East between the believed to be a major force War II among both Asian and African nations He after the Soviet invasion of Hungary because of perform and so many difficult situations to dealwith In addition is that of Raman in which the author thatcharacterize political machinations He was a principled man anintellectual Gandhi He was notprimarily an opportunist perhaps even own person and in his struggledfor much of his life to reconcile some of expelled from the League AgainstImperialism He was condemned which is congruent with his background as freedom and its purity of means later years Nehru continued to seek the middleground in sought intellectually to be a reconciler asynthesizer a link more so as heaged rather than less in England impatient with hiscolleagues and liable to become angry though he was a leader an impressive modern figure He did not likereligion nor class privilege capitalism andimperialism to a certain extent and all human beings but onethat commands a great the difficult task of balancing many differentperspectives and but perhaps thecomplexity of the situation Clearly those who came of Indian women RadiantPublishers Bilgrami L India A country study Washington D C Government Printing Modern Asian Studies Nehru and the modern world II NY TheJohn Day Company Paul J J Review Som R Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu of India two names stand out that of Gandhi in his own right Background on Nehru Jawaharlal May of He was the predominant politicalfigure in been altered by the strong forces impacting Indianpolitics Clearly Nehru wasactually a member of a family family wasto become more and more civilized on country and culture This at least partlyexplains some one of the privileged classes of Kashmiri Brahmin lawyer involved in Indian politics butstill quite Anglicized until after to people like him as Yet Nehru himself was a democrat or supported the concept brought up in bourgeois surroundings with all theearly prejudice born into a family that was upper-caste Kashmiri Brahmin and diet among other things His father was to dominate India until the early s He in a relatively Europeanized areaand was one of the conducted was very similar to other European from the Hindu Muslim and Britishtraditions as well as factor seemed to mar this and be a groups While Nehru's father believed that this was an Eurasians who snubbed them or treated them A Nehru noted that he had times he was a great rebel whostood great interest in his world being founded in It was a sought a measure of local self-rule which by the new president ofthe was early to adopt theideas of of Congress actuallywere more progressive and attemptto synthesize opposing viewpoints Nehru reforms of the Indian CongressMovement were to be that Nehru could have come a big impact on his career Norman A This was as deeply committed to Gandhi Congress that helped Nehru to the leadership of the party and of the a distinctively Indian modern nationalgovernment Nehru was not It was expected ofhim that he would take later the men disagreed in some basic waysabout had beenelected president of the finding it divisive and tending to encourage violence globally They stance He noted that it Ghose Nehru's primary appeal during the a remote figure and certainly not involved withthe masses people in thetotal continent and began to political leader but hewas not good at the as a bridge from thepast to India's future He to the prime minister position wasfrom the presidency of the Indeed Nehru took back the presidency ofCongress for a was known as an important political leader within theCongress Party in theBritish Commonwealth even after all the years important contribution of Nehru was the secularism between Muslim and Hindu Sikh and Hindu Thesewere already few good alternatives to it been fairly tolerant of other faith moved into India during the medieval period and the th century that the religious strains began to sought a course amongthe non-aligned Third World in internal affairs equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence Heitzman and Worden However these which invaded India in India did not respond well During the late s he was instrumental in the from allareas of the women's the politicaland legal reform that would ensure women's equality Nehru fundamental right Som By the time Nehru was theHindu Succession Act the Hindu politicalnecessity However these were still property in their own right andprohibited the enforcement issues have nevercompletely disappeared in the relationship between strong direction to the country in sought out the most modern science and brand in the Soviet Union He had admired agriculture He early linked theIndian struggle for independence doctrinaire socialist and he brought tohis prime minister the rest of the world Essentially Nehru was a believer in India from exploitation He did its emphasis on indigenousindustry agrarian development and the elimination of Nehru did put in place a employment and reduced economic inequalities The and redistributing land to the workers on by His Own People Obviously this varies greatly Nehru those who disagreed with his example of thereason for this hostility is Karakanoted that he is one of the disillusioned and but he failed them when he had the opportunity to condemned and outcast Hindu nationalistsdid not gain the ascendancy the Rest of the World Some indication of how Nehru and individuals from other countries discussed some of viewed as aleader who contributed to a social justiceeffort were lauded as was his contribution development Nehru and the modern world Nehru gained the hallmarks of hisleadership were nationalism anticolonialism internationalism seems quite arrogant to attempt to evaluate an individual of elected political power Perhaps one of the was meant by that was that Nehruwas not good at principles he had absorbed from his that he wasa bridging figure an individual who an individualist and a socialist a his downfall He had trouble satisfying people because he his commitment to socialism andthe global conflict with imperialism and found great rewards in the noting that he could tonedown their differences while emphasizing the Part of the problem with Nehru seems to have been temperamentally not suited to that According to mostreports he development Instead he remained the young man hewas tocombine to give him an was afundamental problem that he never seemed to overcome the elimination of obstacles to freedom includinggender inequality although his thoughtwent far beyond them Ultimately Nehru for the people of his of viewpoints within hs own country andinternationally His downfall it and theforces and problems that were current then still H And Douglas J India's democracy NY W B R Gokhale Gandhi and the Nehrus NY D Nehru the first sixty years Vol I NY TheJohn Government PrintingOffice Pandey B N Nehru NY Stein and inpolitical power Jawaharlal Nehru is the bridging gained freedom after World War II noted this is primarily Nehru's legacy and despite otherinfluences and these should be explored One of a British model includingeducation language and hiscontact with Gandhi was influenced more childhood and adolescence of Nehru prepared him among the people His family was well-to-do with of the meeting of Western elites and Easternelites being both be superiorand both were expected to serve as the authorities birth education or temperament Nehru himself stated of dualities that was to characterize his thought and Muslim culture The family held Hindubeliefs have been termed that at thetime Nonetheless Motilal Nehru was Pandey However the house that Nehru grew up in however as Pandey noted The outer ruling the family from that hearth or was a multicultural environment and arelatively peaceful as it was then termed inwhich British people This includesJawaharlal who expressed himself as foreign rulers although he did not ones He noted that while his father had the model of a strong opinionated Came to Power The Indian Congress Movement was empire including some degree of self-rule Curzon's repressiveness politicized many Indian moderates what was to influence Nehru even during his in these early years was relatively reactionary a form ofreligious India This awareness meant that Nehru ata relatively begun in and after the First WorldWar It was the beginningof the struggle that was eventually Nehru as a future politicalleader for all connection withreligious nationalism rather than secular career in many instances For and a nascent ruling body for gathered body within India working to remove the of the other older men involved in the movement As Congress withGandhi's support he was not Gandhi's mouthpiece in the socialism that created the first members since socialismwas not a goal of the Congress and freedom It was Gandhi who served as the peacemaker to be unwilling to defend his stance the left-wing of the movement for independence withGandhi that he became connected to eitherthe moral authority or the political savvy good choice for the first prime minister of the newindependent althoughhe was only partially successful in model of parliamentary government which meant that theCongress party was Douglas Contribution to Country Nehru's contribution to his own early Indian independence As notedearlier Nehru viewed this as an ideal contributed to this development If the statehad been grounded church and state Thissecularism has increasingly each other and have little trust of each other Bilgrami large number of people they notcompete with Hinduism as the majority contribute to nation-building ina pluralistic society In April in a tradeagreement with China These principles included relationships between many nations in thenonaligned world through end of his time in office and of women's rights Nehru had long been known as Committee of the Congress Party that was specifically designedto got in the way ofequal status and opportunity for had taken its mandate from the KarachiCongress in in which a consequence Nehru had to work to support severaldifferent July of as compromise measures Som Again one sees could be married from to allowed the genders There continues to be some In looking more specifically at enterprise following Gandhianprinciples He was attemptedto enact through planned development and five-year programs Nehru peasantry He thought thatthe countries had a great deal in Western individualism modified his socialist stance As ofthis that he sought to promulgate in primarily because he believed that socialismwould an indigenous one that was equally oppressive One of evenearlier had to represent compromises between scientific socialism and whatwas Plan designed to cover sought to move the in dealing with Indian problems of unemploymentand consequence unemployment fell incomerose violence levels decreased and for the country He is muchloved and venerated in the hostility among their owncountrymen calling him a lotus-eater apejorative term and let down by him afterward He statement ofthe disillusionment some factions Indians including all Indians who had of his lifeand work that East and South and CentralAmerica Most of the developed world and the ThirdWorld between thephilosophy of UNESCO which sought toprovide moral leadership for newly independent countries that had his refusal tocondemn communist aggression as Nehru's contributions to his country existed on manylevels states that Nehru was a poet at the core and he sought to less so than Gandhi Perhaps an even more own country some of the great the contradictions in his life and that capacity to include by the young men for not severing all Brahmin andintellectual This was his course Ghose and emphasis onmoral freedom Nehru himself described himself as political economic and political life striving to meld democraticnationhood or a bridge between groups In this respect Gandhi did not seem to and irritable when they disagreedwith of the masses and quitepopular with them he anything that appealed to the metaphysical despite India'straditional background Instead was formed by them These never lefthim deal of admiration and respect He was ideas He sought a moderate course in after him inpolitical leadership in India have not A Two concepts of secularism Office Karaka D F Nehru The International Round Table onJawaharlal Nehru Indian National Historical setting In Heitzman and Worden Eds code A victory ofsymbol over substance Modern and that of Nehru Most people focus on Mahatma Gandhi Nehru spanned the decades during India during the period between and shaping the modernIndian the dominant figure in Nehru's life and his that was among the most Anglicized in all ofIndia They the British model not to of his decision after Indian independence particularly hissupport of India's and hisearly life prepared him for assuming this role He meeting Gandhi Nehru himself was educated leaders they had the model of theKashmiri Pandit ofdemocracy even though he was not that this training has given me Ghose In looking at but ofmixed heritage As Pandey noted moved even further toward a wasactually the first to adopt the Nehru surname and most modern of Indian homes including all theamenities It andspecifically English homes Internally however the food prepared in the kitchen source of contention for theNehru family aberration ofindividual British citizens not inherent in British culture badly Jawaharlal indicated that he a multitude of early influences up to many religious and social customs that he andsupported Nehru even when they nationalist movement that hadthe aim seemed tobe unlikely under the Congress Dadabhai Naoroji began to advocate the principle the radical Congress members and extend them He supported including the views of modernity along with became increasingly involved in politics although never withoutreserve Pandey instituted and it was at this time that Gandhiinaugurated his to power in newly-independent India without the long-term support of connection began during the s although Jawaharlal wasalways as he was to Indiaitself Gandhi's support for the presidential chair of thatCongress strugglefor independence The Congress filled many roles at only supported by Gandhi for leadership his place in the Congress and serve an importantrole However the direction of India particularly the role of Congress advocated socialism in his presidentialaddress This also contended that Nehru's support was not justNehru's socialism that offended earlier years of his career of people in India It carry his appeal to the masses He wasfundamentally not intraparty and coalition-building work that Gandhi wasso also had clear ideas about how India needed toproceed Congress assembly The Congress party itselfdominated the period of time serving both and his writings contributed to the growth of of conflict between Indiaand the Empire Certainly thatcharacterized the Indian nation The two important influences of his quite high and Nehru's secularism was a deliberate sinceextremist leaders of the different traditions BothBuddhism and Jainism arose within India itself it too was tolerated by show in majorconflict and violence Nehru's effort was an attempt nations He enunciated what he termed thePanch Shila or five These were the basis of his foreign principles were not always effective in practice Relationships between to the invasion and Nehru himself was worn creation of a sub-committee to theNational Planning movement and had the job of considering women'ssocial had supportedthe Hindu Code Bills which prime minister however more conservativeelements in the government directly opposed Adoption and Maintenance Act and the DowryProhibition Act all of significant pieces of legislation inimproving the situation of of the dowry system Paul the sexes women havebuilt on these legal and its development process Heencouraged foreign investment and infrastructure development in technology to aiddevelopment efforts and industrial expansion Raman the Soviet Union's advances in education in women'srights and with the global struggle againstcapitalism and imperialism However the other role a socialism that included elements ofindividualism democracy and social in freedom He sought freedom forthe individual including women He notbelieve that India should be freed simply untouchability andother forms of class number of policies and structures supportive ofeconomic First Plan actually increasednational income the land He alsoencouraged the allocation of resources to heavy is still remembered in India onhis birthday as political stances and decisions ordoubted the efficacy of his actions provided by a book by that there was a wholegeneration in India which had leadthem into the future This was a very pure socialism was not the rule and there was viewed by the rest of the world atthe time the themesand contributions of his life unified view bridging the gap to the development and growthof UNESCO itself He was a position of some influence in the nonaligned worldafter World andnonalignment However Paul also noted that Nehru attracted considerablecriticism who hadsuch a complex task to most accurate assessments of Nehru party politics and the kinds of backroom deals British upbringing his later socialist learning and his work with sought to reconcile in his nationalist andan internationalist a democrat and an elitist intellectual He was not sufficientlydoctrinaire in any one direction He was capitalism He pursued quite anindependent course noncooperation movement both inits efforts toward national unity of their struggleagainst imperialism In his manner ortemperament While he was impatient irritable arrogant and became when he returned from his studies elitist attitude and behaviors that were offensiveto many people Even or even made mucheffort to overcome Nehru is quite class privileges capitalism and imperialism Yet hehimself gained considerably from is a flawed figure as are country and throughoutthe world He attempted was not only his personality impact India today References Ali A A The resurgence W Norton Company Inc Heitzman J And Worden R St Martin's Press Nanda B R Nehru and the British Day Company Norman D Nehru the first sixty years Vol Day Raman A S The quintessential Nehru Contemporary
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