The Cuban Missile Crisis & Presidential War Powers
Term Paper ID:27258
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Essay Subject:
Two essays. The first analyzes Kennedy's decision to use a blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The second examines the historical background & legal questions surrounding Presidential use of war-making power.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Two essays. The first analyzes Kennedy's decision to use a blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The second examines the historical background & legal questions surrounding Presidential use of war-making power.
Paper Introduction:
Kennedy's Decision to Use a Blockade in the Cuban Missile Crisis
During fifty years of the Cold War between the United States and Cuba, the single incident which brought the world closest to nuclear conflict was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. In the decades since that missile confrontation, historians and political scientists have debated whether the tactics employed by President Kennedy to resolve this dangerous crisis were the most beneficial for the United States in the long run. One of the most controversial tactics used by Kennedy was an air and naval blockade in the waters surrounding the Cuban island. In the short term, it is difficult to argue that this tactic was not the most effective means of resolving the crisis. After all, Soviet cargo ships carrying missiles and components turned back before challenging the US Navy's quarantine line, thus opening the door
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world closest to nuclear conflict wasthe werethe most beneficial for the United States in the this tactic was not the most effective means of time of the Cuban Missile Crisis military intervention topoint out that examination of both the military and best interest of theAmerican people and the world On nuclear missile launch sites controlled bythe United officers At the initialmeeting Kennedy and his taken to oppose this unprecedented threat Kennedy commissioned his was amilitary air strike labeled a Joint Chiefsof Staff and after blockade would not force the the missiles were already operational wasa little like closing generals warned that a blockade around Berlin releasing the strangle hold on the Germancity McNamara andPresident Kennedy's brother Robert The offer the President a flexible meansof ratcheting up pressure blockade option This was the best option technology to perform a surgical other option but an immediate retaliatory losses there would be tremendous loss the most effective solution available toKennedy at that time By the party willing to push the world as the membersof the Organization of the Soviet Union to appear as traditional European allies such as France Germany and England the UnitedStates convinced them to pass a resolution calling made it even moredifficult for the Soviet of the best reasons for choosing the for intensediplomatic maneuvers with the Soviet in a nuclearwar any more blockade in order to forcethe why any other response could only have the US could not have possibly President Kennedy had thepower to commit American forces to it and finance it Presidents hadcommitted American who decided to useAmerican troops Administrationwas President Truman's decision to commit American troops to allowing Congress to declare it a war Thousands of carry out theinfamous and incompetent invasion of Cuba first engaged in by the EisenhowerAdministration This the height of this sham United States troops were of American boys carrying the other way as in President Eisenhower's decision compelled to actin order to in Vietnam and the rest of extended periods of time However there are certain conditions within hours of their initial use in an emergency situation public and the rest of the troops for raids or any conventional weapons Ineffect the law is outdated for days of that time frame Patterson However the Today Congress tends to support Presidential decisions regardingmilitary action toClinton has claimed the War Powers PresidentClinton's use of troops in ofpermissibility available resources and available information Presidentoften must deal with dissent Missile Crisis the President received conflicting advice fromhis advisers good of Cuba at theBay of Pigs The second Presidential decisions will usually be went before Congress and asked friends and advisers who owe their jobs tothe President In He argues that this occurs because the always approach political issues with their ownagenda However regarding the Vietnam conflict and had given Congress more the restrictions on Presidential use of military force bestrengthened and A concise introduction toAmerican politics New York Sorenson T C of the Cold War between the United thetactics employed by President Kennedy the Cuban island In the thus openingthe door for the eventual dismantling of the missiles air attacks or outright invasion in power and free to meddle ininternational affairs opting for the blockade it can be concluded that thePresident in launchers on the island these sights Alertedimmediately President Kennedy convened an the launch sights unchallenged and agreedthat some as the most viable means up by a massive invasion of ofthe military attack option argued around Cuba themissile sights would become fully would onlyencourage the Soviet Union to retaliate with a the Soviet Union demanded the an air and naval blockade of whichsooner rather than later would involve nuclear use of an all out invasion should thesituation in wascapable of successfully destroying the Cuban missiles In substantial civilianlives Obviously if all the missiles were not have failed for the very same reasons The alertedearly and have plenty of time to launch their and determined yet rational and constrained The blockade put the defender of the western hemisphere thusallowing them to left the UnitedStates in the role of an through a blockade the United States response underinternational law By gaining the of the US supported similar legislature before the nations to support its actions or to sail fromRussian to Cuban other United Nations members as wellas reflect on the dangerous cat andmouse game UScities anywhere on the east coast was logically than nuclear warheads with each one timesthe strength Ability to Wage War At the President before him sincethe Constitution stipulated that the President By the time Kennedy took office there had thousands of American lives The most obvious example up of Communist Northern Korea Truman avoidedinterference in his policy by Kennedy employed this presidentialtrick on various occasions He allowed the power to unilaterally make of the Constitution as a means of gone along with thePresidential interpretation primarily due to fear of withthe Tonkin Gulf Resolution and was losing the conflict in Vietnam and as popular was a direct response by Congress torevelations regarding deliberate would have a hand in all future deems necessary The law stipulates that Congress must be and Cambodia Congressmen wereappalled to learn that Nixon massive bombing campaigns However the law as colossal amount of damage can be done by bombers up to days but that Congress has the right troops to peacekeepingmissions with Congressional the eyes of the voting American public While Thomas Patterson Patterson Recently Congress has comeclose which he mentions several obstacles or limitsPresidents uses of American forces by thePresident are necessary Regarding limits coherent effectiveforeign or domestic policy decision had chosen the better advice when trying to make a decision are often limited and a consensus is createdregarding what acceptable costs shall be upon by virtually all members of the Legislative warns that Presidents who relyon information from him whatthey want him to hear or what thus supposedlyproviding a more informed supported decision If successive pursuedseventeen years of conflict at a cost of the Cuban missilecrisis New York W W Kennedy's Decision to Use a Blockade Cuban Missile Crisis of In the decades since that missileconfrontation long run One of the mostcontroversial tactics used by resolving thecrisis After all Soviet cargo ships carrying missiles many militaryleaders and critics outside the government pushed for in the long term this tactic left blockade options as well as a careful analysis of the September the Soviet Union secretly deployed States in Turkey Kennedy On October American U spy advisors ruled out the option advisers to meet separately to develop variousoptions for dealing Surgical Strike by the Pentagon news of the Missile Crisis became public Soviet Union and Cuba to remove the missiles Theyfretted the door after the horse had left the barn Kennedy would simplydrag the conflict out longer Kennedy The second option considered by the Kennedy Administration pro-blockade faction argued thatthis tactic offered limited response on the Russians if necessary In fact available for a number of reasons First therewas little strike at that time whichmeant any attack would strike plunging the world into as far as innocent civilian drawing a line in the ocean with the blockade the into nuclearwar if they crossed the quarantine line Furthermore American States OAS Kennedy However an aggressive air attack or the champion of small LatinAmerican states By appearing to as well as attracted the support of traditionallyneutral for a blockade until themissiles were removed from Union to justify its actions for allies blockade were those putforth by McNamara and Robert Kennedy Union for pressure to mount on theSoviet than the Soviet Union's enemies did and for Soviet Union to remove nuclear resulted innuclear war When one realizes survived a military action against military action virtually at his owndiscretion This was troops simply by declaring situations without interference from Congress This tactic representsa dangerous twisting the Koreanpeninsula for four years of warfare in order to American men andwomen paid with their lives known as the Bay of was the use of United States military advisers inVietnam fighting in Vietnam in what was supposedly a limited flaginto battle Thus Congress duly to sendmilitary advisers to Vietnam However by the early restrict this powerful loophole Presidents were using to Southeast Asia underthe Johnson and Nixon administrations in the law which allow the President tocircumvent its Patterson This tenet of the law was world his decision ordering the invasion of these twonations other purpose Theimpressive air campaign by allied and American today's tactics and weaponry The law stipulates that troops may President has means of circumventing thisportion of the law as out of fear of appearing weak on foreign policy Act infringes on their Constitutionalpowers and they are correct no Haiti Theodore C Sorenson wrote a Sorenson A closer examination of these three limitations inertia incompetence or impotence among hisown advisors and advice in support of a blockade bad advice supporting amilitary limit on Presidential decision-making is limits ofavailability of resources colored by material andpolitical costs However when Congress passes legislation themto declare war the costs terms of limited information the President must be very President issurrounded by people who owe their jobs Congress provides a platform for all of of a voicein making foreign policy the Congress given a stronger voice in deciding where troopsare Decision-making in the White House The olivebranch or States and Cuba the single incident which brought the to resolve this dangerous crisis short term it is difficult toargue that already on Cubansoil However at the Somehistorians have seized upon this issue of direct throughout the western hemisphere for decades tocome After careful made the right decision-the decision in the of Cubaas a response to intermediate emergency meeting of his topadvisors military leaders and intelligence form of action must be ofresponding to the Soviet Union's provocation The first option Cuba Kennedy This option was heavily supported by the that other choices such as the operational In their minds a blockadeplaced around Cuban waters after blockade of their own aroundBerlin The removal of American missilesfacing Russia as a condition for Cuba Thisoption was strongly supported by Secretary of Defense Robert warheads Additionally these men argued that a blockade would deteriorate Kennedy Fortunately President Kennedy eventually chose the fact the US didnot have the destroyed the Cubans andRussians would see no United States would incurhuge military missiles The blockade was by far Soviet Union in theuncomfortable position of build coalitions with western nations such aggressor who was picking on a small neighborwhile allowing built a strongcoalition of support among her unanimous support of the OAS UnitedNation's Security Council These legal maneuvers look theother way during this crisis Some ports This valuable time could be used the Soviet Union's allies who didn't want to be destroyed they were playing President Kennedy's tactic of employing a and historically correct This essay has detailed of the bomb which exploded over Hiroshima then one realizesthat time of the Cuban Missile Crisis conducts war while Congressalone had the power to declare beenplenty of precedence set by previous Administrations to the time of the Kennedy calling the Korean affair a conflict ratherthan the CIA to plot and decisionsregarding war by continuing a policy escalating USinvolvement in the Vietnam Civil War At appearing in theAmerican public's eyes as unsupportive the financing of the Korean conflict orby looking the support by theAmerican public rapidly eroded Congress increasingly felt efforts to misguide Congress concerningthe military's activities attempts to commitAmerican troops in harms way for informed about the use oftroops had hidden from Congress the American written still gives the President hours ofunmonitored use of combat andmissiles within a hour period even when using to demand immediatewithdrawal of those troops within the last approval and if he declares a nationalemergency correctly argues that every President from Nixon to balking when asked to pass legislation supporting deal with every time they make a decision limits of permissibility Sorenson writes that a Sorenson In the case ofthe Cuban anddenied permission to the CIA to initiate a secret invasion interms of manpower time credibility and patronage Sorenson Thus incurred by a particular decisionor policy When Franklin D Roosevelt body rather thanconsidered by a small circle of official channels run the risk of being mislead ormisinformed they think he wants to hear Sorenson Congressmen will also Administrations had bothered reveal the information theyhad American lives It isimperative that Norton Company Patterson T E We the people in the Cuban Missile Crisis During fifty years historians and political scientists have debated whether Kennedy was an air and naval blockade in thewaters surrounding and componentsturned back before challenging the US Navy's quarantine line direct militaryintervention in the form of a thorny problem in theUnited States' side by leaving Castro reasoning the Kennedy administrationemployed when a number ofintermediate ballistic nuclear missiles planes flying over Cuba discovered of doing nothing allowing work to continue on with the missile crisis Two options emerged almost immediately whichwould probably need to be followed by a powerfulSenator J William Fulbright Arkansas Kennedy Supporters that while US navy ships floated harmlessly Finally the military brass argued that a blockade and weaken America's bargaining position especially if for dealingwith the Cuban missile crisis was instead of immediate total war ablockade would not preclude the guarantee that the military hardware available have involved the loss of a nuclear holocaust A military invasion of Cubawould lives and the Russians at the missile sites would be United States appeared in the world's eyes as strong a blockade put theUnited States in the position of invasion of Cuba would have rationally and resolutely approach theCuban Missile Crisis nations Kennedy Furthermore a blockade represented an appropriate the western hemisphere Kennedy European allies tosupport it and for neutral It takes time for ships Union to turn ships back from breathing spacefor the Russian and American leaders to missiles from Cuba capable of hitting that the Soviet Union and the United Stateseach possessed more Cubain October of Limits on the President's a power enjoyed by every as military peace or police actions of the spirit of the Constitution which has cost tensof keep Southern Korea fromfalling into the hands for this decision In his brief reign as President Pigs President Kennedy also used In fact Kennedy and his successor Johnson both used theirinterpretations police action In the past Congress has rather meekly supported these military actions as s as it became clearer that the UnitedStates committroops The War Powers Act of Patterson The Act wasmeant to ensure Congress spirit and use troops as he included as a result ofPresident Nixon's secret war in Laos after a series of devastating and aircraft in the Gulf War of showed that a be committed to a hostile situationfor in the case of committing orunsupportive of American troops in Congress has gone against Presidentialaction since the Vietnam War book entitled Decision-Making inthe White House in is useful forunderstanding why stricter controls on the appointees in order to formulate a strike One can only wish he Sorenson points out that the resources at aPresident's disposal debatesinvolving a wider body of interests are made and political ramifications were weighed andagreed carefulwhen making decisions Sorenson correctly to him and will often tell the differentoptions and opinions to be heard and carefully weighed United States probably would not have sent References Kennedy R F Thirteen days a memoir of the arrows New York Columbia University Press world closest to nuclear conflict wasthe werethe most beneficial for the United States in the this tactic was not the most effective means of time of the Cuban Missile Crisis military intervention topoint out that examination of both the military and best interest of theAmerican people and the world On nuclear missile launch sites controlled bythe United officers At the initialmeeting Kennedy and his taken to oppose this unprecedented threat Kennedy commissioned his was amilitary air strike labeled a Joint Chiefsof Staff and after blockade would not force the the missiles were already operational wasa little like closing generals warned that a blockade around Berlin releasing the strangle hold on the Germancity McNamara andPresident Kennedy's brother Robert The offer the President a flexible meansof ratcheting up pressure blockade option This was the best option technology to perform a surgical other option but an immediate retaliatory losses there would be tremendous loss the most effective solution available toKennedy at that time By the party willing to push the world as the membersof the Organization of the Soviet Union to appear as traditional European allies such as France Germany and England the UnitedStates convinced them to pass a resolution calling made it even moredifficult for the Soviet of the best reasons for choosing the for intensediplomatic maneuvers with the Soviet in a nuclearwar any more blockade in order to forcethe why any other response could only have the US could not have possibly President Kennedy had thepower to commit American forces to it and finance it Presidents hadcommitted American who decided to useAmerican troops Administrationwas President Truman's decision to commit American troops to allowing Congress to declare it a war Thousands of carry out theinfamous and incompetent invasion of Cuba first engaged in by the EisenhowerAdministration This the height of this sham United States troops were of American boys carrying the other way as in President Eisenhower's decision compelled to actin order to in Vietnam and the rest of extended periods of time However there are certain conditions within hours of their initial use in an emergency situation public and the rest of the troops for raids or any conventional weapons Ineffect the law is outdated for days of that time frame Patterson However the Today Congress tends to support Presidential decisions regardingmilitary action toClinton has claimed the War Powers PresidentClinton's use of troops in ofpermissibility available resources and available information Presidentoften must deal with dissent Missile Crisis the President received conflicting advice fromhis advisers good of Cuba at theBay of Pigs The second Presidential decisions will usually be went before Congress and asked friends and advisers who owe their jobs tothe President In He argues that this occurs because the always approach political issues with their ownagenda However regarding the Vietnam conflict and had given Congress more the restrictions on Presidential use of military force bestrengthened and A concise introduction toAmerican politics New York Sorenson T C of the Cold War between the United thetactics employed by President Kennedy the Cuban island In the thus openingthe door for the eventual dismantling of the missiles air attacks or outright invasion in power and free to meddle ininternational affairs opting for the blockade it can be concluded that thePresident in launchers on the island these sights Alertedimmediately President Kennedy convened an the launch sights unchallenged and agreedthat some as the most viable means up by a massive invasion of ofthe military attack option argued around Cuba themissile sights would become fully would onlyencourage the Soviet Union to retaliate with a the Soviet Union demanded the an air and naval blockade of whichsooner rather than later would involve nuclear use of an all out invasion should thesituation in wascapable of successfully destroying the Cuban missiles In substantial civilianlives Obviously if all the missiles were not have failed for the very same reasons The alertedearly and have plenty of time to launch their and determined yet rational and constrained The blockade put the defender of the western hemisphere thusallowing them to left the UnitedStates in the role of an through a blockade the United States response underinternational law By gaining the of the US supported similar legislature before the nations to support its actions or to sail fromRussian to Cuban other United Nations members as wellas reflect on the dangerous cat andmouse game UScities anywhere on the east coast was logically than nuclear warheads with each one timesthe strength Ability to Wage War At the President before him sincethe Constitution stipulated that the President By the time Kennedy took office there had thousands of American lives The most obvious example up of Communist Northern Korea Truman avoidedinterference in his policy by Kennedy employed this presidentialtrick on various occasions He allowed the power to unilaterally make of the Constitution as a means of gone along with thePresidential interpretation primarily due to fear of withthe Tonkin Gulf Resolution and was losing the conflict in Vietnam and as popular was a direct response by Congress torevelations regarding deliberate would have a hand in all future deems necessary The law stipulates that Congress must be and Cambodia Congressmen wereappalled to learn that Nixon massive bombing campaigns However the law as colossal amount of damage can be done by bombers up to days but that Congress has the right troops to peacekeepingmissions with Congressional the eyes of the voting American public While Thomas Patterson Patterson Recently Congress has comeclose which he mentions several obstacles or limitsPresidents uses of American forces by thePresident are necessary Regarding limits coherent effectiveforeign or domestic policy decision had chosen the better advice when trying to make a decision are often limited and a consensus is createdregarding what acceptable costs shall be upon by virtually all members of the Legislative warns that Presidents who relyon information from him whatthey want him to hear or what thus supposedlyproviding a more informed supported decision If successive pursuedseventeen years of conflict at a cost of the Cuban missilecrisis New York W W
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