BREASTFEEDING & CHILD DEVELOPMENT.
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Examines positive biological, psychological, cognitive & other benefits.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines positive biological, psychological, cognitive & other benefits.
Paper Introduction:
PART I: INTRODUCTION
As more women enter the workforce, the question of whether or not to breast feed becomes a decision of great importance. This paper will examine studies dealing with the effect of breast feeding on infant nutrition and development, as compared to the effect of bottle feeding. Breast feeding has gone in and out of style throughout the years, but as research continues, its use has been proven to be overall physically and cognitively beneficial, and its positive effect on health cannot be ignored.
Breast feeding begins in a hospital setting. Up until 75 years ago all infants had to be breast fed. Rosenblith (1992) points out that breast feeding "requires frequent interactions; a baby nursed on demand will nurse every two to three hours. . . among upper classes in
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studies dealing with the effect of breast feeding on infantnutrition physically andcognitively beneficial and its positive nursed on demand will nurseevery two to of nursing p Epidemiological studies have shown Research in the United States Canada Europe and urinary tract infection and necrotizingenterocolitis American Academy of Pediatrics of Pediatrics p Klaus and Kennell had fewer infections Klaus and Kennell surmised that these benefits and measure between and standard deviation units in at eighteen months and higher intelligence quotients at et al Winters Klaus and Kennell Neurodevelopmental research Studies have also looked at the effect acknowledged that breast feeding increases levels of cytocin resulting in delayed resumption of ovulation with increased Academy of Pediatrics Overall research supports these RESEARCHStudying Health Care Costs of first yearof life after adjusting for potential confounders Ball and milk provides optimal nutrition and manycomponents including benefits inherent in breastfeeding In study by calculating the how often inthe first year of Respiratory Study and infants in theDandee Community Study were undergoing p Based oninformation gathered at three months each and maternal smoking confounders Ball per never-breast fed infants compared with infants exclusively breast fed Ball and White p Those infants breast fed exclusively p They were also lesslikely to smoke Ball and White p confirming include significant indicators forall the to some of these More research studying the correlationsbetween correlations For instance those with those who do not interact withhealth professionals avoid coming in affecting reports of illness also be examined Breast feeding and Later years using data collected duringthe course breast fed children performed better on numerous tests over their breast feeding patterns and based onthose results the The follow-up at eight and eighteen was ratings of school performance standardized tests of reading comprehension mathematics feeding was associatedwith consistent and statistically significant increases ratings of reading and mathematics They also compared breast feeding to bottle feeding Beforefactoring in considerably less likely than non-breastfed children to leave school without these results werereduced After adjustment using multiple regression one clearly nonsignificant In addition did not breast feed were found to beyounger a singleparent at the time of quotient or parenting skills This is a valid hole very subjective form of observation Horwood and Fergussonstick to quantifiable In light of the findings of the nextstudy more Breast feeding Effects on Intelligence social class and education Jacobson etal p However when these advantageous to cognitive development but rather thatgenetics and socioenvironmental found to have no effectduring breast feeding Data was collected exclusively breast fed to exclusivelybottle reached the age of eleven They education levels of parents reduced thesefigures but not below significance presumablyreflects her concern with her infant's welfare and evidence presented to drawthis conclusion Maternal intelligence quotient parenting skills are determined is not explained in greatdetail leaving themajority were from the middle-class exploring breast feeding versus bottle intelligence quotients better test scores improved cognitive isolate theingredients This information has been used to it is the mother's concern and breastmilk would this not indicate a concern and explore both the physical andcognitive benefits of breast also needed Theeffects of maternal In light of the number of always bethe sole choice for some mothers Some see MPH and Wright A L PhD April S W PhD Chiodo L M MA and Jacobson J fromConception to Age Two Sage Publications Newbury Park Souza P Aires Winters M The relationship of time of tobreast feed becomes a decision and out of style throughout the years but agoall infants had to be breast fed Rosenblith hired to nurse babies and In addition breast feeding also decreases the incidence and or syndrome insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Crohn'sdisease ulcerative colitis lymphoma allergic breast feeding at six months studies have found that children breast fed for aslittle as that could affect the outcome Another studyfound that Horwoodand Fergusson p Other studies have shown that immediatecontact helps long-chainpolyunsaturated fatty acids and particularly docosahexanoic acid DHA found health benefits for the mother as well loss over the months after delivery Recent research demonstrates menopausal period and reduced risk of ovarian and nutritional value of breast milk The following articleswill determine the excess cost of healthcare services for three care system more money Ball and White infant tissues such as the brain Ball and White healthier children with regard toincidence of This study was conducted during the medicalrecords All children were healthy at birth and Ball and White p The results for confounders there were excess office visits excess days of care system between and per never-breast fed infant during the age of three years than were those whonever not significant Ball and White p They did find breast feeding However some issues are Perhaps this could besaid of many other illnesses Perhaps the effect of confounders such as amount ofcontact and may be more knowledgeable about health to come into the hospital care factors such as geographic locationsand population characteristics including breast feeding and childhood cognitive ability Zealand children Horwood and Fergusson p In year then again at eight years than or at four months four months to sevenmonths and a range of measures of cognitive and academic outcomes qualifications Horwood and Fergusson p They found that mathematical ability and scholastic ability assessed from Horwood and Fergusson p In addition these effects were between and standard deviationunits higher than those bottle fed qualifications Horwood and Fergusson p units higher than those not breastfed Of these Confounders included those factors that were associated with theduration to have come from families of lower socioeconomic status below-average a number of confounders the next researcher some ofwhich may also correlate interested insomething as vague as parenting style They could have which to build More research isnecessary to did havesignificantly higher scores on intelligence quotient tests significant This suggests that perhaps at four years pulled form another study and the children were classified intoone toperform a variety of tests The sample duration of breast feeding also affected testscores Jacobson et al al suggest this means that a mother'sdecision to social class and education Jacobson et al this means these women are moreconcerned and capable results can not beapplied to Beneficial Despite the questions raised found to have enhanced immunity to certain illnesses been found that breast milkhas certain nutritional value research suggests that there is chooses to research the availableinformation to determine differencesbetween breast feeding and bottle feeding at ourunderstanding of the physical effects of breast feeding may be studied as well Rating a mother's concern and according to the type of formula Breast feedingand the use of human milk D M January Breastfeeding and later cognitive Kennell J H Maternal-infant bonding Mosby St Louis MO and Arruda L A October Attachment and PART I INTRODUCTION As more and development as compared to effect on health cannot beignored Breast feeding begins in three hours among upper classes in that breast feeding providessignificant advantages other developedcountries among predominantly middle-class populations p Breast feeding also has the probable protective found that a mother's milk provides betterimmunity and eliminates differences may simply reflect the advantages of mean test performance even aftercontrol for confounders seven-and-a-half to eight years of has found that one factor in the improvedcognitive of breast feeding on themother and found correlations less postpartum bleeding and more rapid uterine involution Lactational child spacing improved bone remineralization postpartum with findings though some probe deeper Formula-Feeding in the First Year of Life White p They found that formula-fed infants immunoglobins and growth factors not present informula These components act addition it compares breast feeding to bottle feeding life health services were used for three exclusive breast feeding Information was collected from study records child was classified asbelonging to one of three categories and White p The results found for at least three months These additional for more than or equal to threemonths were significantly less to suffer from lower respiratory tract illness within what many others had already noted The findings are illnesses Rather lower respiratory tract illness is found to nothave various other diseases and breast feeding and bottle feeding willshed a greater-than-average amount of interaction with medical staff frequently Similarly those who are less And finally in regard to the Cognitive and Academic Outcomes Horwood and Fergusson of an eighteen year longitudinal theirbottle fed counterparts Each child following groups were identified in regard meant to gather data on howlong any and scholastic ability pass rates in intelligence quotient assessed at assessed at eight and twelve years and higher levels potential confounders children breast fed for longer qualifications with those breast fedfor longer than models childrenbreast fed for more than eight months breast fedchildren were still significantly less likely to to have been less educated to have the survey Horwood and Fergusson in theirresearch However they do control measures in the study from test scores to familyplacement to research is needed to determine if the previous Quotient in and Year-OldChildren Jacobson et al Jacobson results were adjusted for themother's factors influence this process The sample was on breast feeding patterns attwo fed At four years and eleven found that breast fed children had However when maternal intelligencequotient and parenting style was also factored her motivation andability to stimulate and enrich her may play a role as willparenting questions as to the quantifiability and subjectivity ofthese A broader sample would be feeding has found thatbreast feeding has ability and superior academic performance In connection develop supplements forformulas to attempt interest in herchild's However this does not explain interest in the care of herchild If milk Research studying breast milk's effecton other intelligence quotient must be further examined Standards for formulasthat are now supplemented with breast it as natural Othersappreciate the bond that forms as a Health care costs of formula-feeding in the first year L PhD May Breast feeding effects on intelligence quotient in L R Barros F C Gazalle R initial feeding tosuccess of breast feeding Unpublished master's of great importance This paper willexamine asresearch continues its use has been proven to be overall points out that breastfeeding requires frequent interactions a baby thusrelieve the mother of the chore decreases the risk for manydiseases severity ofdiarrhea lower respiratory infection otitis media bactermia bacterialmeningitis botulism diseases as well as otherchronic digestive diseases American Academy had gained one-and-a-halfpounds more and had three to five months receive breast feeding also correlates to increased developmentalscores to establish breast feeding Rosenblith Souza in the breast milk Horwood and Fergusson p as the infant It has long been that lactating women have an earlier return to prepregnant weight cancer and premenopausal breast cancer American explore these issues and findings Part II TARGET illnesses in formula-fed infants in the p They concluded that breast p The study illustrates the physical these illnesses Ball and White conducted their period of time that infants in the Tucson Children's represented non-selected population-based samples Ball and White were adjusted for possible correlations with maternaleducation hospitalization and excess prescriptions for these three illnesses the first year of life breast fed Ball and White that breast feeding mothers were significantly bettereducated and less likely raisedby the research The findings do not bottle fed infants would expressgreater immunity with medical staff health-seeking behavior and referral patternsmay reveal additional andappropriate procedures as a result than more frequently whilethose who are uncomfortable with doctor's visits will feeding and illness rates should and academic achievementover the period from eight to eighteen addition they compared breast feeding to bottle feeding and foundthat and finally at eighteen years Mothers were queried about longer than eight months Exclusive breast feeding was alsotracked including measures of child intelligence quotient teacher a longer duration of breast ten to thirteen years teacher evident into adolescence and youngadulthood Horwood and Fergusson p Breast fed children were also However when corrected for confounders some of ten were statistically significant one marginallysignificant and of breast feeding Women who living standards and or low income and to have been we will examine accuses them of not including maternalintelligence with maternal intelligence and or parenting style which is a however correctedfor maternal intelligence quotient confirm the findings of this study at four andeleven even with corrections for breast milk does notcontain nutrients researching the effects ofan environmental contaminant The contaminant was of five categories ranging from was reduced to children whenthey p Multiple regression tablescompleted with social class and breast feed particularly for an extended period p This may seem logical but there is no mothers will probably meet with great argument Inaddition how a wider population The children were all white and by the last study the majority of theresearch Theywere also found to have higher Further research has tried to no cognitive nutritional valueto milk but rather that which formula offers similar benefits as all More research is definitely needed to Studies exploringadditional confounders on the cognitive effects are level ofinterest would also prove enlightening used Regardless of the research however breast feeding will Pediatrics Ball T M MD and academic outcomes Pediatrics Jacobson Rosenblith J F In the Beginning Development lactation Paper presented at the Fifteenth InternationalCongress of Pediatrics Buenos women enter the workforce the question of whether or not the effect of bottle feeding Breast feeding has gone in a hospital setting Up until years Western cultures women called wet nurses' often had been with regard to general health growth anddevelopment provides strongevidence that human milk feeding effect of deterringsudden infant death dangers of formula contamination In fact infantsthat were still breastfeeding over bottle feeding Longitudinal Horwood and Fergusson p Confounders are factors age than children who were not breast fed abilities of breast fed children may involve exist that indicate breast feeding haspotential amenorrhea causes less menstrual blood reduction in hip fractures in the post exploring additional factors and in some instances questioning thebeneficial Ball and White Ball and White set out to have more illnesses and as aresult cost the health in assisting the development of immunologicresponse and growth of andfinds that breast feeding produces illnesses lower respiratory tract illness otitis media and gastrointestinalillness including enrollment surveysand repeat visit questionnaires subsequent study visits and never breast fed partially breastfed or exclusively breast fed that in the first year of life after adjusting health care services cost the managed health likely to have had otitis media andgastrointestinal illness before the first yearof life however the difference was definitely indicative of the tangible physicalbenefits associated with a significant association with breast feeding light on these questions In addition studying will have moreopportunity to ask questions hesitant tovisit a doctor may tend calculations determining the excesscost spent on additional health Horwood and Fergusson examine the associations between duration ofbreast study of a birth cohort ofgreater than New was studied regarding maternal breast feeding from birthto one to when breastfeeding was terminated fewer effects persist The children or sample members were assessed on in school leaving examinations and leaving school without age eight and nine years reading comprehension of school attainment leaving examinations thaneight months had mean test scores eight months only two-thirds as likely to have left schoolwithout had mean test scores that werebetween and standard deviation leave school withoutqualifications Horwood and Fergusson p smoked during pregnancy to bemore likely p While Horwood and Fergusson did adjust for for a number of other factors age Therefore they would probably not be research stillstands or if served as a springboard from et al found that children breast fed in infancy intelligence quotient and parenting skills the new data was notstatistically comprised of white predominantly middle-classchildren four five and seven months years the children were asked higher intelligence quotientsat both ages and that the in the differences werenonsignificant Jacobson et child's development which are at leastpartially independent of skills but to assume that measures In addition the sample was not diverse and these necessaryto determine applicability PART III SYNTHESISResearch Shows Breast Feeding Is benefits not inherent in bottle feeding Breast fedinfants were with these studies it has to mimic the effects of breast feeding Some the physical effects likeincreased immunity In addition if a mother this is the case why would there be any significant illnesses as compared to breast feeding would further parenting skills need to be developed and quantified so thatthese milk nutrients perhaps it wouldalso to help categorize children result of breast feeding References American Academy of Pediatrics December of life Pediatrics Horwood L J and Fergusson andeleven-year old children Pediatrics Klaus M H and V Begeres R M Pinheiro G N Menezea S T thesis University ofWashington Seattle studies dealing with the effect of breast feeding on infantnutrition physically andcognitively beneficial and its positive nursed on demand will nurseevery two to of nursing p Epidemiological studies have shown Research in the United States Canada Europe and urinary tract infection and necrotizingenterocolitis American Academy of Pediatrics of Pediatrics p Klaus and Kennell had fewer infections Klaus and Kennell surmised that these benefits and measure between and standard deviation units in at eighteen months and higher intelligence quotients at et al Winters Klaus and Kennell Neurodevelopmental research Studies have also looked at the effect acknowledged that breast feeding increases levels of cytocin resulting in delayed resumption of ovulation with increased Academy of Pediatrics Overall research supports these RESEARCHStudying Health Care Costs of first yearof life after adjusting for potential confounders Ball and milk provides optimal nutrition and manycomponents including benefits inherent in breastfeeding In study by calculating the how often inthe first year of Respiratory Study and infants in theDandee Community Study were undergoing p Based oninformation gathered at three months each and maternal smoking confounders Ball per never-breast fed infants compared with infants exclusively breast fed Ball and White p Those infants breast fed exclusively p They were also lesslikely to smoke Ball and White p confirming include significant indicators forall the to some of these More research studying the correlationsbetween correlations For instance those with those who do not interact withhealth professionals avoid coming in affecting reports of illness also be examined Breast feeding and Later years using data collected duringthe course breast fed children performed better on numerous tests over their breast feeding patterns and based onthose results the The follow-up at eight and eighteen was ratings of school performance standardized tests of reading comprehension mathematics feeding was associatedwith consistent and statistically significant increases ratings of reading and mathematics They also compared breast feeding to bottle feeding Beforefactoring in considerably less likely than non-breastfed children to leave school without these results werereduced After adjustment using multiple regression one clearly nonsignificant In addition did not breast feed were found to beyounger a singleparent at the time of quotient or parenting skills This is a valid hole very subjective form of observation Horwood and Fergussonstick to quantifiable In light of the findings of the nextstudy more Breast feeding Effects on Intelligence social class and education Jacobson etal p However when these advantageous to cognitive development but rather thatgenetics and socioenvironmental found to have no effectduring breast feeding Data was collected exclusively breast fed to exclusivelybottle reached the age of eleven They education levels of parents reduced thesefigures but not below significance presumablyreflects her concern with her infant's welfare and evidence presented to drawthis conclusion Maternal intelligence quotient parenting skills are determined is not explained in greatdetail leaving themajority were from the middle-class exploring breast feeding versus bottle intelligence quotients better test scores improved cognitive isolate theingredients This information has been used to it is the mother's concern and breastmilk would this not indicate a concern and explore both the physical andcognitive benefits of breast also needed Theeffects of maternal In light of the number of always bethe sole choice for some mothers Some see MPH and Wright A L PhD April S W PhD Chiodo L M MA and Jacobson J fromConception to Age Two Sage Publications Newbury Park Souza P Aires Winters M The relationship of time of tobreast feed becomes a decision and out of style throughout the years but agoall infants had to be breast fed Rosenblith hired to nurse babies and In addition breast feeding also decreases the incidence and or syndrome insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Crohn'sdisease ulcerative colitis lymphoma allergic breast feeding at six months studies have found that children breast fed for aslittle as that could affect the outcome Another studyfound that Horwoodand Fergusson p Other studies have shown that immediatecontact helps long-chainpolyunsaturated fatty acids and particularly docosahexanoic acid DHA found health benefits for the mother as well loss over the months after delivery Recent research demonstrates menopausal period and reduced risk of ovarian and nutritional value of breast milk The following articleswill determine the excess cost of healthcare services for three care system more money Ball and White infant tissues such as the brain Ball and White healthier children with regard toincidence of This study was conducted during the medicalrecords All children were healthy at birth and Ball and White p The results for confounders there were excess office visits excess days of care system between and per never-breast fed infant during the age of three years than were those whonever not significant Ball and White p They did find breast feeding However some issues are Perhaps this could besaid of many other illnesses Perhaps the effect of confounders such as amount ofcontact and may be more knowledgeable about health to come into the hospital care factors such as geographic locationsand population characteristics including breast feeding and childhood cognitive ability Zealand children Horwood and Fergusson p In year then again at eight years than or at four months four months to sevenmonths and a range of measures of cognitive and academic outcomes qualifications Horwood and Fergusson p They found that mathematical ability and scholastic ability assessed from Horwood and Fergusson p In addition these effects were between and standard deviationunits higher than those bottle fed qualifications Horwood and Fergusson p units higher than those not breastfed Of these Confounders included those factors that were associated with theduration to have come from families of lower socioeconomic status below-average a number of confounders the next researcher some ofwhich may also correlate interested insomething as vague as parenting style They could have which to build More research isnecessary to did havesignificantly higher scores on intelligence quotient tests significant This suggests that perhaps at four years pulled form another study and the children were classified intoone toperform a variety of tests The sample duration of breast feeding also affected testscores Jacobson et al al suggest this means that a mother'sdecision to social class and education Jacobson et al this means these women are moreconcerned and capable results can not beapplied to Beneficial Despite the questions raised found to have enhanced immunity to certain illnesses been found that breast milkhas certain nutritional value research suggests that there is chooses to research the availableinformation to determine differencesbetween breast feeding and bottle feeding at ourunderstanding of the physical effects of breast feeding may be studied as well Rating a mother's concern and according to the type of formula Breast feedingand the use of human milk D M January Breastfeeding and later cognitive Kennell J H Maternal-infant bonding Mosby St Louis MO and Arruda L A October Attachment and
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