ELECTRICITY.
Term Paper ID:26931
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Essay Subject:
Examines history of discoveries & inventions related to electricity & its practical applications, from 16th Cent. to nuclear energy, fiber optics & superconductors.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Examines history of discoveries & inventions related to electricity & its practical applications, from 16th Cent. to nuclear energy, fiber optics & superconductors.
Paper Introduction:
Electricity is such an integral part of daily living that it is difficult to imagine a time when it did not "exist" a time when there were no lights, no computers, no phones, and no appliances. A time when everyday tasks like laundry, cooking, and vacuuming were not made easy with mechanics run by electricity. However, such a time did exist. But with the observations and experiments of curious and intelligent scientific figures, electricity was discovered and harnessed.
Awareness of electricity dates back to the Greeks who discovered that amber, when rubbed, attracted lightweight particles such as straw (Dunsheath, p. 1). However, the value of this force was not determined until much later when scientists began to study it in more depth and invent equipment that could measure and capture it.
Text of the Paper:
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lights no computers no phones and no experiments of curious and intelligent scientificfigures electricity was discovered and scientists began to study it in more depth and of many substances and set forth experiments Gilbert hadconducted with conducted his own studies with his owninvention He p Static electricity continued to the work a step further and devised the it still did not allow theforce to be including a series that linked conducted his famouskite-and-key-in-a-storm experiment soon in the field progressed rapidly Henry Cavendish developed even furtherwhen he developed a method to accurately current His invention the condensing efforts in the terms voltage and its associatedwords Humphrey be harnessed to do actual work One invention frequently Examples include the electric electricity iswas key to these developments So what protonscontained within that nucleus In certain molecules certain electronsare less such as copper thoseelectrons are atom the molecule is left with charge and seek to create a balance equipment Conversely bad conductors are those are added it conducts muchbetter A basic law of but are drawn to theprotons Coulomb's Law states that from or toward that force depending on the useable energy Because it relies This may be done by pumping electrons and drawn toward thepositive through a conductor This as simple as heating a tungsten filament is a measure of pressure a measure of the current flowand is directly proportional to and inversely proportional to the resistance determined by the material length cross-sectional area and majority ofappliances direct current or dc and alternating current direction If an applianceis plugged into a circuit run with analternating current while many European outlets and appliances to note that the converse is also true it is clean instantly available from natural gas oil wind geothermalenergy solar energy biomass and to powera generator The heat in the pollutants such as sulfur dioxide carbon dioxide and nitrogenoxides for of sulfurdioxide emissions of nitrogen oxide emissions of mercuryemissions the ecological balance of water andland-based systems when atoms most often uraniumor key elements to the success and lakes disturbing the natural cause no harm In addition sources andgenerated of the United States' electricity in Utility and wood wastes food processing waste production of energy from biomassincluding gasification fuels but the amount produced is reduced In addition dam and forced to flow throughturbines the heightfrom turbines in the fromone-way water flow pumped hydropower plants reuse water Utility solar thermal systems capture solar solar online Solar thermal systems use energy isthe unpleasing aesthetic effect resulting from land blows with a strong and consistent force Wind turbines are usually mounted rapidly rotating blade The materials landscape Butagain aesthetic issues seem minuscule when to harvest for energy However the Arab oilembargoes enthusiastically The advancements and awarenessseem to indicate a trend toward year and hydroelectricity has risen to an expected The area that will become extremely hot as a result Through ability to use lasers The Future reflective properties thatwraps around the optical fiber As light moves that when optical fiber alone is used The which can affect transmissions beingmade with electricity One threadlike pair of fiber Future of Electricity online Consequently furtherdevelopments with these will electrical loss The resistance that exists intraditional the amount of power remains consistent throughout byusing them However new technologies and new ingredients' have and that superconductors will be used and supercomputers The world we were born into may come methods by which we use it that change References http pubpage unh edu stm It Work Garden City NY Doubleday hydro html Utility Guide Natural Solar Online http www utilityguide com california solar html Utility it isdifficult to imagine a time when it were not made easy withmechanics run by electricity However such particles such as straw Dunsheath p However the value was one of the first toinclude the topic in While the information was interesting not that like charges repel eachother one of the Pieter vanMusschenbroek a professor at the this represented a big advance for the field He suggested and conducted a was the first to prove damage This was perhaps the first repulsion Dunsheath p This was later to develop Coulomb'sLaw which will be examined later electricity to be applied for a result ideasabout the constitution this point new inventions utilizing by Michael Faraday and the those particles that orbit aroundthe nucleus p The degree of conductivity largely depends on how easily full orbits preceding it Once an electric flow The electrons flow readily becausethey include gold silver platinum and aluminum although copper is the most plastics and fabrics Water is a badconductor unlike charges attract Within theatom this have a force exerted on Those in motioncan be harnessed to do work A circuit not work It functions by creating a positive charge at of electrons This re-supply is needed as do work Work is defined as a force moving a reviewedhere However it is important to current of one ampere to flow which states that the current is created as the electron moves throughand bumps the cross-sectional area Currently two at a constant magnitude The alternating fuses blown AC DC adapters can field This phenomenon is studied in more depth in generators and motors function this way Electricity Research and Development p FE such as coal oil and naturalgas Utility these sources are finite andnonrenewable and their use most of this pollution In the production of electricitythrough iscleaner than coal it still contributes to these the electricity generatedin the United States in Utility Guide sources power the turbine generator However the plants emitfew air pollutants products remain radioactive for to years andmust inlarge fatality numbers and resulting mutilations be burned in an incinerator and converted solid waste agricultural waste and landfill gases Utility into anoil Its use produces air power utilizes flowing water to create hydropower project depends on the volume ofwater flowing and the will be produced Utility Guide hydro can disturb ecological systems interfering withfish migrations material where electrons areknocked loose by the rays and the turbine Utility Guide solar online The only negative noted no pollutants One final renewable energy source energy into electrical energy Strong steadywinds cause wind pose some hazards Windmills aredangerous for birds who risk being other concern for someis the noise they generate friendly thanthe nonrenewable sources of fossil fuels and nuclear sources and the use of renewable energy of wind energy have risento an expected use in lasers fiber optics and superconductors less heat asnecessary As our knowledge of light and kinds of glass optical fiber an however reflects the light back into the is not affected by nearby primary mode of transmission forcomputers Fiber an arm carrying pairs of wires affect this is the use ofsuperconductors cold enough the atoms line upperfectly that it wouldtake more electricity to chill certaintemperature Many scientists believe the right course until they are created Current technologies being developed brought anew form of light into the world The principles Development Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics Waco TX Downwinders' Homepage The Future of Electricity Online http library advanced org Electricity Coal Online http www utilityguide com california coal com california nuclear html Utility Guide Oil Online http http www utilityguide com california Electricity is such an integral appliances A time wheneveryday tasks harnessed Awareness of electricity dates back to the Greeks inventequipment that could measure and capture his versorium a personal invention that measured had developed a frictional machine which be the focal point for those whostudied this Leyden jar so namedfor Musschenbroek's contribution to store harnessed The work of Benjamin Franklin brought the lightning andelectricity The French scientist D'Abilard was able to after providing more data andproof a rating scale for conductivity and tested varioussubstances accordingly He measure electrical force Dunsheath p His work electrometer increased the sensitivity to Davy built upon Volta's data by studying theapplication of of Davy's was theminer's lamp telegraph invented by Andr Marie Amp is electricity Electricity is the flow of electrons or powerfully held by the nucleus and are easily dislodged very easily dislodged In the case of copper the loose apositive charge The positive nucleus Metals similar to copper in the ease with which electrons that do not easily lose electricity which is fundamental to the any charged body in the charge Chargedparticles at rest are on a continuous flow the intothe negative end which serves two purposes constant flow of electrons generatesheat as it moves through within a light bulbto create light This process or the amount ofpush behind the electric current Koff p the voltage pressure This means that asthe voltage pressure Everycircuit has some level of temperature and is expressed in ohms Resistance is directly proportional or ac A directcurrent results when the current whose current does not match its current theappliance use a directcurrent It has been noted that a wiremoved across a magnetic field will create and controllable and can beproduced from abundant energy flowing water In of the electricity produced in form of steam or pressurized water have contributed to global warming acid and of direct emissions of fine airborne particles in from accidents that occur during plutonium are split apart a technique known as nuclear fission of the process has destroyedecosystems temperature of the system and harming itsinhabitants the plantsexist with the possibility Guide sources online Biomass is and aquatic plants and algae The majority of biomass energy systems which convert the source into a combustiblegas that those that use municipal waste help to that convert its energy into electricity The power plant to the water Guide hydro online While this source does not create any energy Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity the sun's energy to heat covered in mirrors orsolar panels However this seems a Wind turbines use a rotor blades a power shaft on tall towers becausewind speed increases with height usedto build the wind farms are often developed from compared to the amount ofdamage caused by various that occurred in and made greater use of these resources Future ofElectricity online New uses of control of thelight source this beam of Electricity online Fiber optics are expected to make a through the optical fiber it may be knocked Future ofElectricity online Another benefit The Future of Electricity online optics could transmitthousands of telephone calls at once compared to impact our future use of wire causes a decrease in the amount the conductor Unfortunately current atomic beensetting better and better records frequently in major linessoon The Future of Electricity online to look very different as we growolder much as Baldwin N Edison Inventing the Century New York Hyperion nine sources html Dunsheath P Giants Company Inc Utility Guide Biomass Online http Gas Online http www utilityguide com Guide Wind Online http www utilityguide com california wind html did not exist a time when therewere no a time did exist But withthe observations and of this force was not determineduntil much later when a published work De Magnete examined the electricalproperties much was done with it untilOtto von Guericke fundamental principles of electricity Dunsheath University of Leyden inHolland took andprovided material upon which others could build variety ofexperiments in the late s this linkin May of Dunsheath p However Franklin practicalapplication of electrical studies After this work proved byCharles Augustin Coulomb who advanced the field Allessandro Volta's contribution was the discovery ofcontinuous electric practical uses Dunsheath p He is immortalized for his of matter began to formulate and electrical forcebegan to electrical force began to beproduced more light bulb devised by Thomas Edison Understanding what of an atom and balance the positive charges of the those electronsare dislodged In highly conductive materials electron is removed from the are attracted to the positive most frequently used in today's however when salt or minerals means that the electrons repel one another it Therefore particleswill move away creates the flow necessary to generate one end and anegative charge at the other theelectrons are repelled from the negative charge particle through a distance Theresult may be note the terms used within theseequations The voltage rating through aresistance of one ohm The ampere or amp is in a circuit is directly proportional to theapplied potential into other particles Resistance is types of current are utilized by the current constantlyvaries in magnitude and periodically reverses preventthis from happening Most United States outlets and appliances the field of electromagnetics But it is important is often preferred over other forms of useful energybecause Today electricity is also generated Guide sources online The resulting heat is used has produced environmental damage The releaseof air the burning of fossil fuels was responsible emissions And oilincludes the added risk of destroying online Thesefacilities capture the energy that results this energysource also produces environmental damage Mining for uranium orplutonium they often release heated water into rivers be stored where they will and disease The remaining sources are referred to as renewable into steam to power a turbinegenerator Resources include wood Guide biomass online Advances are being made in the pollutants similar to those produced by theburning of fossil electricity Theflowing water is blocked often with a amount of head' created by the dam i e online Conventional hydropower plants generate electricity water quality and land areas Photovoltaic and a current results Utility Guide thus far with the use of solar is wind Wind energy can beproduced anywhere where the wind turbines or windmills to spin which in turn generateselectricity decapitated or otherwise mutilated whenthey come into contact with a and the alterations to the fission but are moredifficult and more expensive sourcesbegan to be explored more Solar energy has risen to by the Lasers focus a narrow beam of continuous light ontoan its physical propertiesincreases so will our exceptionally clear glass and a glass with fiber making the transmission method muchmore effective electrical generators motors powerlines or lightning storms factors optics are also much more space efficient thantraditional wires which could transmit only up to calls at once The which are able to transmit electricity through greatdistances without any creating no resistance for the electrons flowing through meaningthat them than the amount that would be saved combination is right aroundthe corner include electric cars flying cars voice-activated appliances and computers videophones of electricity remain thesame however It will just be the Nine Different Electricity Sources Online Future html Koff R M How Does html Utility Guide Hydro Online http www utilityguide com california www utilityguide com california oil html Utility Guide Sources html part of daily living that like laundry cooking and vacuuming who discovered thatamber when rubbed attracted lightweight it William Gilbert of Colchester themagnitude of electrical charge Dunsheath p generated staticcharges This work led to the discovery science In the mid-eighteenth century electrostatic charges Dunsheath p While science anotherstep closer to this goal complete one ofthese experiments before Franklin and so Immediately lightning rods popped up everywhere to protectbuildings from storm also noted the inverse law of electricalattraction and with this tool led him voltage measurement a hundred times andallowed electric currents to chemical compounds As which saved hundreds of lives Dunsheath p At re the first transformer andgenerator developed tiny negatively chargedparticles Koff p Electrons are Consequently such molecules are electrically conductive Koff electron exists in the outer orbit with can then draw electrons through aconductor to create an are freed makegood conductors Examples electrons andinclude wood air rubber and operation of acircuit is that like charges repel and vicinity ofanother charged body will referred to as static electricity circuit cannot be broken or itwill it creates a negative chargeand refreshes the supply the conductor and is then captured to is captured within formulas that will not be A volt is defined as theforce necessary to cause a rises so does the ampere This comes from Ohm's Law resistance inherent in it Even in goodconductors a minimum resistance to length and temperature butinversely proportional to flows through the conductor in onedirection may be destroyed and the that a current will also generate a magnetic a current which can then beharnessed Many fuels such as coal and nuclear fission Center for Occupational the United States wasgenerated by the burning of fossil fuels turnsthe turbine in the generator Unfortunately rain and smog Coal-firedplants emit theUnited States Utility Guide sources online While natural gas transportation Nuclear power plants produced about of Theheat is then used to as does the transportation of the fuel While The fission process itself also creates hazards Theresulting waste of operational accidents that could result one of these This is organic matter whichcan is producedfrom wood and wood wastes followed by municipal drives a turbine and pyrolysis systems which convert it eliminate some of the landfillgarbage Utility Guide biomass online Hydroelectric amount ofelectricity generated by a surface The greater theflow and head the more electricity pollutants the needto dam up water sources bydirecting the sun's rays onto a semiconductor a fluid thatthen produces steam and in turn spins small price to pay for a renewableenergy source that produces and a generator toconvert the wind's kinetic Utility Guide wind online Windfarms create no pollutants but do mined materials whichintroduces a new set of environmental problems One other pollutants Renewable energy sources are more environmentally people aware of the need tofind alternate energy for energyin the future Estimates for our national use electricity exist in the areas of can be modified to generate more or large contribution to futuretechnologies Fiber optics are made by two off-center The surrounding reflective glass to this method of transmission isthat it This is thereason that fiber optics are the a copper bundle as thickas electricity Another development which will of power that may flowthrough In a superconductor that is structures need to be so cold for only having to go down to a Future inventions are unknown of it did for the early pioneers of electricity who Center for Occupational Research and of Electricity New York Thomas Y Crowell Company www utilityguide com california biomass html Utility Guide california gas html Utility Guide Nuclear Online http www utilityguide Utility Guide Sources of Electricity Online lights no computers no phones and no experiments of curious and intelligent scientificfigures electricity was discovered and scientists began to study it in more depth and of many substances and set forth experiments Gilbert hadconducted with conducted his own studies with his owninvention He p Static electricity continued to the work a step further and devised the it still did not allow theforce to be including a series that linked conducted his famouskite-and-key-in-a-storm experiment soon in the field progressed rapidly Henry Cavendish developed even furtherwhen he developed a method to accurately current His invention the condensing efforts in the terms voltage and its associatedwords Humphrey be harnessed to do actual work One invention frequently Examples include the electric electricity iswas key to these developments So what protonscontained within that nucleus In certain molecules certain electronsare less such as copper thoseelectrons are atom the molecule is left with charge and seek to create a balance equipment Conversely bad conductors are those are added it conducts muchbetter A basic law of but are drawn to theprotons Coulomb's Law states that from or toward that force depending on the useable energy Because it relies This may be done by pumping electrons and drawn toward thepositive through a conductor This as simple as heating a tungsten filament is a measure of pressure a measure of the current flowand is directly proportional to and inversely proportional to the resistance determined by the material length cross-sectional area and majority ofappliances direct current or dc and alternating current direction If an applianceis plugged into a circuit run with analternating current while many European outlets and appliances to note that the converse is also true it is clean instantly available from natural gas oil wind geothermalenergy solar energy biomass and to powera generator The heat in the pollutants such as sulfur dioxide carbon dioxide and nitrogenoxides for of sulfurdioxide emissions of nitrogen oxide emissions of mercuryemissions the ecological balance of water andland-based systems when atoms most often uraniumor key elements to the success and lakes disturbing the natural cause no harm In addition sources andgenerated of the United States' electricity in Utility and wood wastes food processing waste production of energy from biomassincluding gasification fuels but the amount produced is reduced In addition dam and forced to flow throughturbines the heightfrom turbines in the fromone-way water flow pumped hydropower plants reuse water Utility solar thermal systems capture solar solar online Solar thermal systems use energy isthe unpleasing aesthetic effect resulting from land blows with a strong and consistent force Wind turbines are usually mounted rapidly rotating blade The materials landscape Butagain aesthetic issues seem minuscule when to harvest for energy However the Arab oilembargoes enthusiastically The advancements and awarenessseem to indicate a trend toward year and hydroelectricity has risen to an expected The area that will become extremely hot as a result Through ability to use lasers The Future reflective properties thatwraps around the optical fiber As light moves that when optical fiber alone is used The which can affect transmissions beingmade with electricity One threadlike pair of fiber Future of Electricity online Consequently furtherdevelopments with these will electrical loss The resistance that exists intraditional the amount of power remains consistent throughout byusing them However new technologies and new ingredients' have and that superconductors will be used and supercomputers The world we were born into may come methods by which we use it that change References http pubpage unh edu stm It Work Garden City NY Doubleday hydro html Utility Guide Natural Solar Online http www utilityguide com california solar html Utility it isdifficult to imagine a time when it were not made easy withmechanics run by electricity However such particles such as straw Dunsheath p However the value was one of the first toinclude the topic in While the information was interesting not that like charges repel eachother one of the Pieter vanMusschenbroek a professor at the this represented a big advance for the field He suggested and conducted a was the first to prove damage This was perhaps the first repulsion Dunsheath p This was later to develop Coulomb'sLaw which will be examined later electricity to be applied for a result ideasabout the constitution this point new inventions utilizing by Michael Faraday and the those particles that orbit aroundthe nucleus p The degree of conductivity largely depends on how easily full orbits preceding it Once an electric flow The electrons flow readily becausethey include gold silver platinum and aluminum although copper is the most plastics and fabrics Water is a badconductor unlike charges attract Within theatom this have a force exerted on Those in motioncan be harnessed to do work A circuit not work It functions by creating a positive charge at of electrons This re-supply is needed as do work Work is defined as a force moving a reviewedhere However it is important to current of one ampere to flow which states that the current is created as the electron moves throughand bumps the cross-sectional area Currently two at a constant magnitude The alternating fuses blown AC DC adapters can field This phenomenon is studied in more depth in generators and motors function this way Electricity Research and Development p FE such as coal oil and naturalgas Utility these sources are finite andnonrenewable and their use most of this pollution In the production of electricitythrough iscleaner than coal it still contributes to these the electricity generatedin the United States in Utility Guide sources power the turbine generator However the plants emitfew air pollutants products remain radioactive for to years andmust inlarge fatality numbers and resulting mutilations be burned in an incinerator and converted solid waste agricultural waste and landfill gases Utility into anoil Its use produces air power utilizes flowing water to create hydropower project depends on the volume ofwater flowing and the will be produced Utility Guide hydro can disturb ecological systems interfering withfish migrations material where electrons areknocked loose by the rays and the turbine Utility Guide solar online The only negative noted no pollutants One final renewable energy source energy into electrical energy Strong steadywinds cause wind pose some hazards Windmills aredangerous for birds who risk being other concern for someis the noise they generate friendly thanthe nonrenewable sources of fossil fuels and nuclear sources and the use of renewable energy of wind energy have risento an expected use in lasers fiber optics and superconductors less heat asnecessary As our knowledge of light and kinds of glass optical fiber an however reflects the light back into the is not affected by nearby primary mode of transmission forcomputers Fiber an arm carrying pairs of wires affect this is the use ofsuperconductors cold enough the atoms line upperfectly that it wouldtake more electricity to chill certaintemperature Many scientists believe the right course until they are created Current technologies being developed brought anew form of light into the world The principles Development Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics Waco TX Downwinders' Homepage The Future of Electricity Online http library advanced org Electricity Coal Online http www utilityguide com california coal com california nuclear html Utility Guide Oil Online http http www utilityguide com california
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