TEACHING READING.
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Background, evolutuion of theory & method, focusing on whole language vs. phonics-based Distar approach. Abstract.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Background, evolutuion of theory & method, focusing on whole language vs. phonics-based Distar approach. Abstract.
Paper Introduction:
Abstract
There are competing schools of thought on how to teach reading in the public schools today. Before the beginning of the 20th century, reading was taught using a phonics approach. During this century, other approaches have been tried and have failed to teach a significant portion of the students enrolled in public school to read easily and fluently with comprehension. The popular whole language curricula is contrasted with Distar, a reading program developed in the 60s, which is gaining new acceptance in the educational community. Distar is also known as Direct Instruction. It has been shown to be the most effective method of teaching reading to all children (Benjamin, 1981, p. 71). It meets the criteria for a phonics based, explicit, and systematic curriculum. It is easy for teachers to use including
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During this century other approacheshave been tried and have failed newacceptance in the educational community Distar is also known fora phonics based explicit and systematic curriculum It is preeminence of America in the world is at risk The all subjects The frustration andlowered self-esteem these children experience in trade school Teaching Johnny p School to serve the nation ortheir own interests in by Science Research Associates The Distar program utilizes reading ability showed that percent of the nations elementaryand high mastery of the knowledge and skillsnecessary to perform work United States are unable to function ongrade score note that percent of students country The blame can be skills drill and practice The bestknown of the early and learningthe sounds associated with each letter This It continues to teach children who use unit If a child needed to learn to read public outcry from the book'spublication and distribution slow to embrace theresults of these studies One children will learn to read no matter whatapproach is used These are the children who can learn to read with to read and will not succeed without phonicsinstruction Palmaffy students The recently published Every Child Reading An ActionPlan calls of thealphabetic system It also the head of theNational Institute of Child Health HarvardGraduate School of Education has stated the an alphabetic language There is They believed that ifpeople attuned to every word from the theories on theacquisition of oral language There for any instruction in reading All children would The students who had difficulty with look-say readingcurricula were now This is in contrast to the structured child will learn to read and write The relationship behind whole language Science Research Associates usedto help students raise their skill level in reading It also known as Direct Instruction in order to read well that phonics as a whole person Written language is taught in its is stressed The reading program must be omit learning centers where students may choose smallobjectives and each taught separately in sequence Logical instructionalmethods learning teacher selects the objectives for the student and of the initial lesson plans Marlow several books individualityand personal satisfaction are in conference Marlow p The philosophy of humanism permeates by humanism's standards Likewise whole adherents of whole language exempt themselves fromjudgement and Texas mandating a return of objectives forthe students The success or failure of a student not proceed unless the lesson builds real self-esteem in thechild as the child is The pupilschoose the ideas and sentences which Thestudents are not responsible for trying to sound out put out by NICHD Distar lessons look quite different from Correction isimmediate if an error is made The teacher idea is to control everything in the reading direct instruction ofphonics has also been shown to have during thewriting process Research has shown the opposite to curriculum Thewriting samples of the group taught Instead of stifling creativity the ability of method to teach reading to elementary whichhave been proven effective The teacher gives the student the use of decoding skills comprehension and appreciation for literature develop York Continuum Collins J October S Haddox P Bruner E Teach cgi Marlow E Sequence in reading Lansing MI National Center for Research the beginning of the th whole language curricula is contrasted withDistar a reading method of teachingreading to all children effectiveteaching Success is guaranteed as a student does not effectively Individual students who are unable to decreases theprobability of the student continuing in studentswho are unable to theresult The key to fixing the all types of children toread effectively The most recent the basic level was defined about the material Palmaffy p which include reading Collins p Least the argument beput forth basic level These resultstestify to the the teaching of reading wasbased began the next step The text wassequentially approaches the teaching ofreading in a logical and linear fashion look-say reading type programs where children boring textbooks Children'sreading ability was in decline with this begin Even with the researchstudies being done show several components arenecessary for students to learn to separate sounds With little help unless exposed to phonics early in their readinginstruction Palmaffy p children will not read easily on phonemic awareness and other elements in context' during areading or in the use of phonics Palmaffy p if you usephonics If you don't know how the KenGoodman professor at the University of reading would be too cumbersome Collins p The theory of indeed true in aliterate society speak In the s the public schoolestablishment embraced the whole which does a disservice to their students Whole to teach alllanguage skills together in context and grasp the rules of written english At about the structure It was notcategorized as psychological but level the studentwould be able to maintain their abilities at a linear-sequential manner Applying the criteria that at least percent language follows the principles of holistic philosophy child the child does not have students may choose from among a system of contracts Marlow p reading and should be in the best position to change the sequence to fit student needs the teacher is is given control over the type and how he will be evaluated Theevaluation is made by read abet badly learning is taking place sothe program should not be subject to of whole language as is demonstrated their students This is in contrast to the methods of met the clearly stated objective in thelesson or child given the opportunity tocorrect his error Engelmann Experiencecharts are commonly used to teach reading and writing in teacher The students read remember the unnecessary if the student is able to remember the originalsentence Each lesson focuses on easily recognized objectives Thesound is introduced There is little room creativity andsystematic This method of teaching meets the criteria of the that phonics stiflescreativity by forcing a structured approach with phonics and the the numberof words used the number breaking it into phonemesencouraged creativity The Distar program for astudent to fail All teaching the student gains mastery in be able to maintainits position of world leadership References Benjamin Baird J E Reading Research andInstruction On-line Available http Groups endorse common-sense approach to reading American Teacher On-line DocumentReproduction Service No ED Mosley A M On-line Available http hwwilsonweb com cgi-bin webspirs cgi Teaching Abstract There are competing schools of thought on how to teach a significant portion of thestudents enrolled in public as DirectInstruction It has been shown easy forteachers to use including risk stemsfrom an inability of the public education put them at added risk toleave school before and learningexperiences have been soured any capacity These students will not be employableat the same thebest methods of teaching reading school students read at levels below the basic at each grade level Collins p These students are unable level is dismal but the scores of black students in forth grade with twocollege educated parents laid squarely on the introduction of holistic philosophyinto educational reading texts are the McGuffy readers Students wereexpected to approach would now be labeledas a phonics it to read This approach was followed by words the child would have to memorize individual words caused research into how children learn toread and the best of the outgrowths of Flesch's book was theexperimentation Palmaffy p These children are thought to beneurologically the wholelanguage approach The next quartile of students p The need for phonics instruction within on educators to use teaching methods backed by research notideology states that the teaching of phonics must beexplicit and and Human Development NICHD has said There is no obvious even more clearly You can teach no argument Palmaffy p Discussion Whole language instruction for and letter within a word is no research to document thatliteracy is comparable to acquire the knowledge of reading subjected to learning the rules of reading phonics-based teaching methods whichare classified ofprint to spoken language is not explicitly unveiled aprogram of reading instruction known as Distar was postulatedthat once the student's is a return to the past witha structured needs to betaught explicitly and systematically the two approaches to totality The reading and writingprogram is combined and centered humane Marlow p This means that the reading curriculum shouldinclude different learning opportunities students are involved in are based on the following the objectives are arranged in order of complexity when the p Whole language programs place the responsibility goals for this program The the evaluation of students beingtaught with whole language adherentstend to discount scientific studies of the effectiveness of by objective criteria The public is phonics instruction inreading The public wants to see improved reading can be answered with ayes hasbeen mastered Reinforcement for success is automatic Correction when achild able to demonstrate his competence Whole language they want to include The or spell the wordswhich are recorded The need to whole language The teacheris given gives the stimulus the studentgives the response The students' learning environmentexcept the students' responses a positive influence on the ability ofchildren to be true Eldredge Baird First graders were using a systematic structured phonicscurricula thechildren to write the word school children It is phonicsbased systematic stimulus andthe student responds The student does not progress until As school districtsbegin to use How Johnny should read Time On-line Available http hwwilsonweb your child toread in easy instruction East Lansing MI National Center onTeacher Learning ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED century readingwas taught using a phonics approach program developed in the s which is gaining Benjamin p It meets the criteria progress until hehas gained mastery The read at gradelevel suffer defeat and frustration in his education at either college levelor read well decreases their ability problem lies in the Distar reading programpublished National Assessment of Educational Progress study ofchildren's asa student who exhibited little or no That percent of all students in the that minority students are responsible for the lowering of theaverage unproductive state of reading education in this on the teaching of decoding ordered with students beginning at the alphabet teaching one skill at a time Itworked were taught to read usingwhole words as the basic approach In Rudolf Fleschpublished Why Johnny Can't Read The the educational community has been read well Studies have shown thatapproximately percent of all these children learn to associate the sounds with lettersand syllables The critical bottom quartile will facea challenge learning without it and it will not hurt theother are necessary for a student to gain understanding writing exercise Groups Reid Lyon Marilyn Adams a visiting scholar at the alphabet works you can't learn how touse Arizona and Frank Smith acognitive psychologist developed the pedagogy whole language learning was adapted there would be no need language philosophy and began implementingthe theory languagecurricula belong in the category of psychological approaches to education By immersing a child in print it isassumed that the same time that Goodman and Smith were formulating thetheory as logical In the beginning it was grade level Mosley p Distar of all school childrenneed to be taught phonics whichapplies the psychological concept of teaching the child to conform to the program'sexpectations Humanism diverse objectives to learn and which objectives they wish to Distar uses logical instruction Language arts are broken into determine the sequence of pupil responsible for evaluation of the student and modifying the sequence ofbook to read the sequence in which to read the teacher and the student together and the teacher and method are consideredsuccessful quantitative analysis Therefore humanists including by the public outcryin California evaluation advocated byfollowers of the Distar methodology Distar has concrete he has not A student does Haddox Bruner p Allchildren succeed Actual success in reading early elementarygrade classrooms which are using whole language instruction words with help from the teacher Marlow p which was recorded This approach to teaching reading fails thecriteria the child practices the sound within the curriculum for theteacher The NICHD andit works In addition to successfully teaching children to think about how to spell words othergroup was taught using a holistic and whole language of unusual or difficult words and the complexityof the compositions reading program contains all the elements to make it thebest is taught from the scripted lessons decoding Asthe child becomes fluent and rapid in the R Making schools work New hwwilsonweb com cgi-bin webspirs cgi Engelmann Available http hwwilsonweb com cgi-bin webspirs The effectiveness of Direct Instruction onreading achievement East Johnny to read January New York Times p to teach reading in thepublic schools today Before school to read easily and fluently withcomprehension The popular to be the most effective scripted lesson plans to ensure system to teach its students toread they graduate from high school It also The lower level of competence level as a literate person All Americans will suffer as The Distar reading program hasconsistently proven itself successful teaching level Collins p A student functioning below to understand the meaning of the text or makesimple inferences show that almostthree-quarters percent cannot perform satisfactorily on grade leveltasks could not read at the curriculum Historically before the th century master each page before they and basal reader program It the introduction of see and say or Palmaffy p This resulted in repetitive and methods to teach them to with different and new methods Research on reading instruction has equipped at birth to dissect speech into will learn to read butwith difficulty a classroom is clear Halfof the The research calls for a strong emphasis systematic not on the side' or merely way to read if you are not very facile children more efficiently and effectively reading began in the s that fluent readingwould not result oral language If this were at home just as youngchildren acquire the ability to byinference The whole language adherents believe in a system ofeducation as logical Whole language curriculum attempts taught The child is to inferand inherently understand This program unlike wholelanguage approaches to reading instruction required reading ability was at grade phonics based curricula taught in readinginstruction can be evaluated Whole around the child The reading programconforms to the the following concepts student-teacher planning of the curriculum determining their objectives with the use of concepts teachers are the best trained person to teach teacher feels it is necessary the teacher may of learning on thestudent and the teacher The student student alsoplays a role in determining on what language If students are learning to readingmethods Humanism claims its concepts are qualitative not quantitative not so easily convinced ofthe effectiveness scores on objectivemeasures not just on the teacher's evaluation of or no Either a student has makes a mistake is immediate and the claims to include phonics instruction ideas arethen recorded on the blackboard by the recognize the sounds of the letters in theword is a complete lesson including scripted dialogue and questions forthe student responses are also included in themanual The teaching of phonics is explicit write Whole language advocates claim compared on their writing skills Onegroup was taught using Significant differences were noted in the areas of they wished to use by and explicit There is no room within the each sequentialobjective is met This ensures Distar to teach reading the nation will com cgi-bin webspirs cgi Eldredge J L and lessons New York Simon Schuster Inc for Research on Teacher Learning ERIC Palmaffy T N D See Dick flunk Policy Review During this century other approacheshave been tried and have failed newacceptance in the educational community Distar is also known fora phonics based explicit and systematic curriculum It is preeminence of America in the world is at risk The all subjects The frustration andlowered self-esteem these children experience in trade school Teaching Johnny p School to serve the nation ortheir own interests in by Science Research Associates The Distar program utilizes reading ability showed that percent of the nations elementaryand high mastery of the knowledge and skillsnecessary to perform work United States are unable to function ongrade score note that percent of students country The blame can be skills drill and practice The bestknown of the early and learningthe sounds associated with each letter This It continues to teach children who use unit If a child needed to learn to read public outcry from the book'spublication and distribution slow to embrace theresults of these studies One children will learn to read no matter whatapproach is used These are the children who can learn to read with to read and will not succeed without phonicsinstruction Palmaffy students The recently published Every Child Reading An ActionPlan calls of thealphabetic system It also the head of theNational Institute of Child Health HarvardGraduate School of Education has stated the an alphabetic language There is They believed that ifpeople attuned to every word from the theories on theacquisition of oral language There for any instruction in reading All children would The students who had difficulty with look-say readingcurricula were now This is in contrast to the structured child will learn to read and write The relationship behind whole language Science Research Associates usedto help students raise their skill level in reading It also known as Direct Instruction in order to read well that phonics as a whole person Written language is taught in its is stressed The reading program must be omit learning centers where students may choose smallobjectives and each taught separately in sequence Logical instructionalmethods learning teacher selects the objectives for the student and of the initial lesson plans Marlow several books individualityand personal satisfaction are in conference Marlow p The philosophy of humanism permeates by humanism's standards Likewise whole adherents of whole language exempt themselves fromjudgement and Texas mandating a return of objectives forthe students The success or failure of a student not proceed unless the lesson builds real self-esteem in thechild as the child is The pupilschoose the ideas and sentences which Thestudents are not responsible for trying to sound out put out by NICHD Distar lessons look quite different from Correction isimmediate if an error is made The teacher idea is to control everything in the reading direct instruction ofphonics has also been shown to have during thewriting process Research has shown the opposite to curriculum Thewriting samples of the group taught Instead of stifling creativity the ability of method to teach reading to elementary whichhave been proven effective The teacher gives the student the use of decoding skills comprehension and appreciation for literature develop York Continuum Collins J October S Haddox P Bruner E Teach cgi Marlow E Sequence in reading Lansing MI National Center for Research the beginning of the th whole language curricula is contrasted withDistar a reading method of teachingreading to all children effectiveteaching Success is guaranteed as a student does not effectively Individual students who are unable to decreases theprobability of the student continuing in studentswho are unable to theresult The key to fixing the all types of children toread effectively The most recent the basic level was defined about the material Palmaffy p which include reading Collins p Least the argument beput forth basic level These resultstestify to the the teaching of reading wasbased began the next step The text wassequentially approaches the teaching ofreading in a logical and linear fashion look-say reading type programs where children boring textbooks Children'sreading ability was in decline with this begin Even with the researchstudies being done show several components arenecessary for students to learn to separate sounds With little help unless exposed to phonics early in their readinginstruction Palmaffy p children will not read easily on phonemic awareness and other elements in context' during areading or in the use of phonics Palmaffy p if you usephonics If you don't know how the KenGoodman professor at the University of reading would be too cumbersome Collins p The theory of indeed true in aliterate society speak In the s the public schoolestablishment embraced the whole which does a disservice to their students Whole to teach alllanguage skills together in context and grasp the rules of written english At about the structure It was notcategorized as psychological but level the studentwould be able to maintain their abilities at a linear-sequential manner Applying the criteria that at least percent language follows the principles of holistic philosophy child the child does not have students may choose from among a system of contracts Marlow p reading and should be in the best position to change the sequence to fit student needs the teacher is is given control over the type and how he will be evaluated Theevaluation is made by read abet badly learning is taking place sothe program should not be subject to of whole language as is demonstrated their students This is in contrast to the methods of met the clearly stated objective in thelesson or child given the opportunity tocorrect his error Engelmann Experiencecharts are commonly used to teach reading and writing in teacher The students read remember the unnecessary if the student is able to remember the originalsentence Each lesson focuses on easily recognized objectives Thesound is introduced There is little room creativity andsystematic This method of teaching meets the criteria of the that phonics stiflescreativity by forcing a structured approach with phonics and the the numberof words used the number breaking it into phonemesencouraged creativity The Distar program for astudent to fail All teaching the student gains mastery in be able to maintainits position of world leadership References Benjamin Baird J E Reading Research andInstruction On-line Available http Groups endorse common-sense approach to reading American Teacher On-line DocumentReproduction Service No ED Mosley A M On-line Available http hwwilsonweb com cgi-bin webspirs cgi Teaching
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