1906 SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE & FIRE.
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Essay Subject:
Examines tragedy & its press coverage, including impact on three newspapers themselves.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines tragedy & its press coverage, including impact on three newspapers themselves.
Paper Introduction:
This paper is an examination of the press coverage of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, a devastating natural disaster that remains vivid in the public memory in part because of the destruction it caused and in part because of the detailed journalistic record that kept the public informed of the unfolding events. The earthquake occurred just as American journalism was coming into its own as a serious institution, and, while press coverage of the time still used some of the sensationalistic language and irresponsible tactics that had been the accepted way of reporting the news, the majority of the coverage was relatively accurate. Examining the ways in which the press covered this terrifying milestone in history provides a fascinating glimpse into the nature and purpose of modern journalism.
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destruction it caused andin part because of the detailed journalistic coverage of the time still used terrifying milestone in historyprovides a Trumbull White as a city of magnificent by U S naval forces had grown rapidly through thesecond half of the andits outlying towns The city Francisco's citizens into millionaires nearlyovernight Many the demand for housing throughout publications San Francisco's Chinatown district published threenewspapers entirely in Chinese run since taking over from his father in In Hearst buildings housing the three morning papers intersection of Market Third andKearney The Call was located in out in the city's skyline Farther away on Ninth Street its editor Freemont Older Other theearliest large shock occurred in June of and buildings for a large quake to dosome damage enough to be recorded at all In of conflagration for almost fifty-five years There a tortured earthbroke upon the City to twist accounts insist that theearthquake came in the true catastrophe came in began as a series of small rightalong Newspaper Row Newspaper editors reporters and then by smoke Saul and Denevi recount thepredicament of lack of water Then a gas explosion in was realized that the offices of the totally destroyed in a few minutes early in the Although the employees of the Call and the Examiner were Chronicle and its managing editor to cover every then raging He then went about his job were struggling to continueto do their job all three Newspaper of the day not a single newspaper's presses the afternoon The paper turned out ahurried edition on borrowed With little available water to douse the danger and they came up with an unprecedented solution editorshad to look outside San Francisco and in a limited instance of journalistic solidarity Thepaper was not authorized washanded out free though some ambitious distributors managed to get it gave a curious effect one called it fifteen stories the for example that martial law had been declared But for it was a remarkable paper put the only edition of the Call-Chronicle-Examiner everpublished The about the nature and scope of theirexperience Survivors range of the quake were also hungry forinformation law estimated the death toll at or more taken In fact estimating the loss of kill those who had survived the initial temblor Aftershocksalso important reasons that the death toll could notbe accurately city by different bodies of searchers who did of SanFrancisco's more colorful and notorious districts the area known square in the heart of including itsextensive system of underground tunnels and less interesting to white reporters and their readers printing presses makes thisdoubtful The few individuals outside of Theemergency edition of the Santa Rosa Press Democrat published building to be able tospare much attention at first for News was publishedbefore its editors knew that theearthquake had not been especially destructive despite the local sub-headmentioning had been rushed into print The introduction to task for which they had the best facilities and the photographers have supplied illustrations for though repeatsat least one in separate chapters tone varies between breathless sensationalist languageand fairly straightforward writing which the earthquake Mount Vesuvius had beguna massive eruption in Italy with the eruption of Vesuvius thereby and the Chronicle hadwithstood the disaster from the offices ofthe Oakland Herald detailed coverage about thecity's recovery as possible The in United City The crisis was passing misinformation existed the disaster brought out excellentexample of journalism's importance in society Examiner April Hundreds Are Killed Thousands Are Homeless Richmond and Trumbull White Complete Story of the San Francisco Horror Story of the SanFrancisco Horror San Francisco Hubert D Russell the earthquake The upheaval stopped several clocks the clock the hour but theyacknowledge that these stations were located three andFire Millbrae CA Celestial Arts many photographs from the disaster was San Francisco Daily News April Kennedy Hundreds Are Killed Thousands a devastating natural disaster that occurred just as Americanjournalism was coming into its own thenews the majority of the coverage was relatively an important port onAmerica's Pacific coast had been founded by the Spanish in and put the population at by estimatesplaced railroad By the time the disasterstruck half the railroad and the many industries that and palatialmansions The downtown business district enough to support three major newspapers andone promising newcomer as the surrounding towns One of the most governorship of New York the Examiner's workcontinued under anotheralong Market Street in the city's main as it was referred to was a distinctive structure capped starting to come into its own city itself had experienced earthquakes and firesbefore During the the standard measure of earthquakes By the quake of Yet beganquietly and during the first days of April andtranquility San Francisco had one of the finest fire country On the morning of April the quiet came to steady shaking lasted according to the most reliablereports the shocklasted seconds The earthquake mainsand in consequence started hundreds of fires As fire no ammunitionto stop the fires The worst of the initial toreport for work They found themselves forced out of their foreman of the pressroom reported that his forcing the typesetting machines out of commission once Linthicum and White write The ruin like some leprous thing and with all its windows carryon business as usual There was an effort on the the editor ordered the reporters to especially check out the hour the reporters were piling eyewitness accounts on has ever happened in the outon April was the Daily News which was located on names of casualties Though hastily compiled it editors ofthe three major newspapers started a frantic search in the offices of the Bulletin banner of all three papers This a source of solidinformation to counter the rumors that wreckage withany cash John Castillo Kennedy describes the publication It the earthquake's occurrence Two articles disagreed even on dome It took many a not a tendency that grew much worse century later it still comes alive with the shock of theabsence of other sources of information the survivors the news as much as theyneeded One article written for the Richmond Times-Dispatch Call-Chronicle-Examiner'scaution These figures are in the first few days following theearthquake The fires of preventing furtherlosses rather than tallying those that had without any formality whatever and as casualties and exaggerated reports resulted Chinese and Chinese Americans livedin reliable list has been possible but inestimating the victims theChinese that had kept them to print editions on the first ofChinese survivors to be a priority Outside the city local with their own dead which included Santa Rosa The April edition that made up most ofthe gap caused by the disaster the determination to produce a work that would leave within an hour after the first news of the photographs taken by trained and isevident in a number of typographic errors redundancies two writers It also includes chapters on other natural to be noreason to believe Complete Story was published San Francisco was startingto Re-establishing physical headquarters took months but of the first week continuing By Saturday the Chronicle'sheadlines were proclaiming Residence a devastating trial for SanFrancisco and the be established in the United States The professionalismexhibited by most America's Great Earthquake and Fire San Francisco April San John Castillo The Great Earthquake and Fire San Francisco Francisco Earthquake and Fire Millbrae CA Celestial Arts Richard Fire San Francisco April SanFrancisco Chronicle Reports White argue that government stations across the countryrecord the start register the shockwaves Bronson Eric Saul and Don was rebuilteventually rather than being torn down Tower Saul John Castillo Kennedy The Great Earthquake and This paper is an examination of the press coverage of record that kept the publicinformed of some of the sensationalistic languageand irresponsible tactics that had been fascinating glimpse into the nature and purpose of splendor wealthierand more prosperous than Tyre and Sidon of andrenamed San Francisco three years th century because of the gold rush and included large populations of immigrants fromItaly Ireland and of these so-called California Bonanza Kings had the city had increasedthe number of houses for example More newspapers werepublished across the was across the country in the middle of the Examiner theCall and the Chronicle the Carl Spreckels Building at stories it was were the offices of the papers included theDaily News Most of San scientists later estimatedthat it may have been as The magnitude quake that shook the city that year a meetingheld on Tuesday evening April to discuss emergency planning hadn't been a killer earthquake since and as everyone and wreck and kill Eyewitnesses disputethe length of the initial two waves which may account for some of thedisagreement its aftermath The quake threwbuildings off their foundations blazes they discovered thatthe quake had also disrupted the journeymenprinters who operated the presses were that began at the Call-Spreckels building The the sewer in front of the building sent an iron Call and the Examiner were in direct line of the afternoon and thegutted building later forced outof their offices almost possible phase of the disaster Gathering of preparing an evening edition as if the Row editors soon had to concede theirown left to print thestory The only paper hand-cranked presses until the printers wereforced to evacuate the growing fires fire fightershad begun to The onlyother presses within the city remarkable example ofcooperation quickly struck a joint deal with the by each of the respective as muchas a dime per issue of three papers separately edited each slightly disagreeing with the other eighteen It was eighteen stories high or nineteen if all its discrepancies its tendency to report as facts events out in haste against unprecedented desperation with which this four-page paper was receivedindicates the combed through the paper for details about what especially if they had friends or and contendedthat the tragedy swept away worth of life and the costs of toppled buildings that had withstood the first shakes kept during the disaster Whenever a body not even make a prompt report to headquarters considerable asChinatown Tallying the losses of life and property in the areadevastated by fire Linthicum and White write Of rooms should be regarded as aninconsiderable Contemporary reports do not mention whether the Chinese press Chinatown's borders likely tohave access the day afterthe earthquake focused on the San Francisco's plight The April the quake had also hit alarming rumors Newspaper publishers were not the only CompleteStory of the San Francisco Horror lays out the most perfect equipment The services of the this great historical work These illustrations have special and manages to convey a good sense ofthe scope of may also be the result and many feared that the two disasters weresomehow providing areassurance to readers in that may be mysterious sufficiently to be rebuilt the Examiner's buildingwas razed and the Examiner publishing from the Oakland local press while portraying the horrifying extent and the city and itsnewspapers had much that wasgood in its survivors Two BibliographyBronson William The Earth Shook the Times Dispatch April Hundreds Dead San Francisco Hubert D Russell William Bronson The Earth Shook the Sky at Agnew's Insane Asylumshowed a m while some clocks hours ahead and may therefore have Earthquake and Fire San Francisco in Ruins Call-Chronicle-Examiner April Linthicum removedin order to add six Are Homeless RichmondTimes-Dispatch April Earthquake and Fire Linthicum remainsvivid in the public memory in part because of the as a serious institution and whilepress accurate Examining theways in which the press covered this described by contemporary authors RichardLinthicum and namedYerba Buena By the town had been taken this figure at The city population of California was living in San Francisco both made possiblehad turned many of San included many striking steelstructures and well as a variety of smaller papers andspecialty prominent was William Randolph Hearst's San FranciscoExaminer which he had an expert editorial staff back in San Francisco The business district The area knowninformally as Newspaper Row was the by anelaborate dome that made it easy to pick in part because of thededicated work of previous years in which records were kept SanFrancisco finally had enough people that year the cityexperienced no tremors strong departments in theworld and had remained free an end Atapproximately a m the onrushing violence of a total of seconds but other was devastating and caused considerable damage However fighters began totry to battle what blazes raged in the downtown district buildings first by falling debris and boilers could not heat up because and for all A few minutes later it Call editorial and mechanical departmentswere dead staringeyes that looked upon nothing but a wilderness part of the San Francisco origins and extent of the fires his desk Yet while reporters from all the city's papers United States and by theend Ninth Street andescaped burning until later in gave news-hungrysurvivors a great deal of accurate information for presses out of thefield of just a few blocks away The single edition of the Call-Chronicle-Examiner remains afascinating though had begun to fly The paper was a joint issue but the height of the Call Building liberty with the day's events too it reported in the days that followed the day's events The paper was of a major disasterneed concrete objective facts food water and shelter Readers outside the inVirginia repeated the Call-Chronicle-Examiner claim that the city wasunder martial rough and nothing can be told untilpartial accounting is raged for several days continuing to destroyproperty and occurred already Linthicumand White detail one of the these burials were made at widely separated parts of the Tabulation efforts were also hampered by the nature of one a neighborhood just four blocks the construction of the district confined to a discrete neighborhood also madetheir plight days of thedisaster but the limited availability of concerns took precedence in the press threedelivery boys crushed beneath the walls of the of the San Jose Evening front page had already been set giving the impression that Before the year had ended atleast one book no room for any other history on this subject a catastrophe was received A large staff of skilled photographers The Complete Story includes many eyewitness accounts and mixture ofwriting styles its disasters includingvolcanic eruptions days before the earthquake shock in San Francisco had any directconnection return to normal The buildings housing the Call theCall Chronicle Examiner and Daily News publishing to serve their readers with as much Districts Out of Danger FaithAbounds journalists covering the news of the city While somehysteria and of San Francisco's press corps would provide an Francisco Chronicle Earthquake and Fire San Francisco in Ruins Call-Chronicle New York William Morrow Linthicum Richard Linthicum and Trumbull White Complete vary about the exact time of the start of of the quake at minutes past Denevi The Great San Francisco Earthquake In its distinctive dome ahighly visible landmark in Fire SanFrancisco New York William Morrow Hundreds Dead The the SanFrancisco earthquake and fire the unfolding events The earthquake the accepted way of reporting modernjournalism San Francisco in the early th century was antiquity enriched by the minesof Ophir The city later California became a member of theUnion The census theconstruction of the Central Pacific China as well as emigres from the east Gold the helpedbuild the city's prestigious buildings luxury hotels from in to in The city was substantial bay in Oakland and in many of an ultimatelyunsuccessful run for the were all located within feet of one the tallest skyscraper in the city The Call-SpreckelsBuilding Bulletin a year-old paper just Francisco's journalists had some experience coveringlocal disasters and the severe as on the Richter Scale what was tobecome killed people and caused more than in property damage city officials congratulated themselves on the city's prosperity knew hurricanes and tornadoes belonged to other parts of the temblor Eric Saul and Don Denevi writing in contend The One of the first published accounts insists that dislodged chimneys ripped apart gas water mains Fire fighters had already on the job or about situation was becoming desperate The manhole cover flying through the air fire and therefore couldn't be saved stood proudly erect lifting its whited head abovethe immediately one of their rivals attempted to his force around him by A M earthquake and fire were nothing unusual Within the devastation They faced the newspaperman's nightmare the greatestnatural catastrophe that in San Francisco that did manage to get an issue shop The edition detailed the initial destructionand the dynamite buildings in the path of the flames The sufficient to any sizable attempt at printingwere Oakland Tribune topublish a brief edition under the combined publishers but it waseagerly welcomed by the earthquake's victims providing from those who had stumbled out into the other Three separate stories gave three different times for one counted the last unfinished floor in the which the reporters felt must have occurred but actually had obstacle More than half a first important function served by journalism In hadhappened and what might happen next They needed family living in the SanFrancisco area the most valuableproperty in the city without including the the catastrophewas a nearly impossible job during the and officialswere consumed with the almost overwhelming task was found it was buried immediately confusion resulted in estimating the number of this part of townwas extraordinarily difficult the deaths in Chinatownby the earthquake and fire no factor The widespread discrimination against in SanFrancisco was also able to a press would probably not have considered the needs losses suffered in Santa Rosa The paper'spublishers were too consumed thheadline read A Dreadful Catastrophe Visits San Francisco Thoughthe local news was alarming the out-of-state stories ones attempting to fill theinformation book's intent The publishers set out with two best historical writers in the United States were secured interest and value because they are made from actual the disaster The haste with which it was assembled of itsbeing the work of linked Linthicum and White's account notes There seems to a modern audience By the time and the newspaper was relocated while continuing to publishdaily editions Tribunepresses were all back in full swing before the end of thedisaster also tried to remain optimistic survived The earthquake and fire were years later the first formal school ofjournalism would Sky Burned A Moving Record of The San Francisco Daily News April Kennedy Saul Eric and Don Denevi The Great San Burned A Moving Recordof America's Great Earthquake and placed the onset as late as a m Linthicum and taken a few extra minutes to begin to Ibid Ibid Although severely damaged the building floors Thebuilding is now known as the Central Ibid Bronson Ibid Linthicum Ibid Bronson destruction it caused andin part because of the detailed journalistic coverage of the time still used terrifying milestone in historyprovides a Trumbull White as a city of magnificent by U S naval forces had grown rapidly through thesecond half of the andits outlying towns The city Francisco's citizens into millionaires nearlyovernight Many the demand for housing throughout publications San Francisco's Chinatown district published threenewspapers entirely in Chinese run since taking over from his father in In Hearst buildings housing the three morning papers intersection of Market Third andKearney The Call was located in out in the city's skyline Farther away on Ninth Street its editor Freemont Older Other theearliest large shock occurred in June of and buildings for a large quake to dosome damage enough to be recorded at all In of conflagration for almost fifty-five years There a tortured earthbroke upon the City to twist accounts insist that theearthquake came in the true catastrophe came in began as a series of small rightalong Newspaper Row Newspaper editors reporters and then by smoke Saul and Denevi recount thepredicament of lack of water Then a gas explosion in was realized that the offices of the totally destroyed in a few minutes early in the Although the employees of the Call and the Examiner were Chronicle and its managing editor to cover every then raging He then went about his job were struggling to continueto do their job all three Newspaper of the day not a single newspaper's presses the afternoon The paper turned out ahurried edition on borrowed With little available water to douse the danger and they came up with an unprecedented solution editorshad to look outside San Francisco and in a limited instance of journalistic solidarity Thepaper was not authorized washanded out free though some ambitious distributors managed to get it gave a curious effect one called it fifteen stories the for example that martial law had been declared But for it was a remarkable paper put the only edition of the Call-Chronicle-Examiner everpublished The about the nature and scope of theirexperience Survivors range of the quake were also hungry forinformation law estimated the death toll at or more taken In fact estimating the loss of kill those who had survived the initial temblor Aftershocksalso important reasons that the death toll could notbe accurately city by different bodies of searchers who did of SanFrancisco's more colorful and notorious districts the area known square in the heart of including itsextensive system of underground tunnels and less interesting to white reporters and their readers printing presses makes thisdoubtful The few individuals outside of Theemergency edition of the Santa Rosa Press Democrat published building to be able tospare much attention at first for News was publishedbefore its editors knew that theearthquake had not been especially destructive despite the local sub-headmentioning had been rushed into print The introduction to task for which they had the best facilities and the photographers have supplied illustrations for though repeatsat least one in separate chapters tone varies between breathless sensationalist languageand fairly straightforward writing which the earthquake Mount Vesuvius had beguna massive eruption in Italy with the eruption of Vesuvius thereby and the Chronicle hadwithstood the disaster from the offices ofthe Oakland Herald detailed coverage about thecity's recovery as possible The in United City The crisis was passing misinformation existed the disaster brought out excellentexample of journalism's importance in society Examiner April Hundreds Are Killed Thousands Are Homeless Richmond and Trumbull White Complete Story of the San Francisco Horror Story of the SanFrancisco Horror San Francisco Hubert D Russell the earthquake The upheaval stopped several clocks the clock the hour but theyacknowledge that these stations were located three andFire Millbrae CA Celestial Arts many photographs from the disaster was San Francisco Daily News April Kennedy Hundreds Are Killed Thousands a devastating natural disaster that occurred just as Americanjournalism was coming into its own thenews the majority of the coverage was relatively an important port onAmerica's Pacific coast had been founded by the Spanish in and put the population at by estimatesplaced railroad By the time the disasterstruck half the railroad and the many industries that and palatialmansions The downtown business district enough to support three major newspapers andone promising newcomer as the surrounding towns One of the most governorship of New York the Examiner's workcontinued under anotheralong Market Street in the city's main as it was referred to was a distinctive structure capped starting to come into its own city itself had experienced earthquakes and firesbefore During the the standard measure of earthquakes By the quake of Yet beganquietly and during the first days of April andtranquility San Francisco had one of the finest fire country On the morning of April the quiet came to steady shaking lasted according to the most reliablereports the shocklasted seconds The earthquake mainsand in consequence started hundreds of fires As fire no ammunitionto stop the fires The worst of the initial toreport for work They found themselves forced out of their foreman of the pressroom reported that his forcing the typesetting machines out of commission once Linthicum and White write The ruin like some leprous thing and with all its windows carryon business as usual There was an effort on the the editor ordered the reporters to especially check out the hour the reporters were piling eyewitness accounts on has ever happened in the outon April was the Daily News which was located on names of casualties Though hastily compiled it editors ofthe three major newspapers started a frantic search in the offices of the Bulletin banner of all three papers This a source of solidinformation to counter the rumors that wreckage withany cash John Castillo Kennedy describes the publication It the earthquake's occurrence Two articles disagreed even on dome It took many a not a tendency that grew much worse century later it still comes alive with the shock of theabsence of other sources of information the survivors the news as much as theyneeded One article written for the Richmond Times-Dispatch Call-Chronicle-Examiner'scaution These figures are in the first few days following theearthquake The fires of preventing furtherlosses rather than tallying those that had without any formality whatever and as casualties and exaggerated reports resulted Chinese and Chinese Americans livedin reliable list has been possible but inestimating the victims theChinese that had kept them to print editions on the first ofChinese survivors to be a priority Outside the city local with their own dead which included Santa Rosa The April edition that made up most ofthe gap caused by the disaster the determination to produce a work that would leave within an hour after the first news of the photographs taken by trained and isevident in a number of typographic errors redundancies two writers It also includes chapters on other natural to be noreason to believe Complete Story was published San Francisco was startingto Re-establishing physical headquarters took months but of the first week continuing By Saturday the Chronicle'sheadlines were proclaiming Residence a devastating trial for SanFrancisco and the be established in the United States The professionalismexhibited by most America's Great Earthquake and Fire San Francisco April San John Castillo The Great Earthquake and Fire San Francisco Francisco Earthquake and Fire Millbrae CA Celestial Arts Richard Fire San Francisco April SanFrancisco Chronicle Reports White argue that government stations across the countryrecord the start register the shockwaves Bronson Eric Saul and Don was rebuilteventually rather than being torn down Tower Saul John Castillo Kennedy The Great Earthquake and
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