U.S. POLICY TOWARD CUBA.
Term Paper ID:25566
|
|
|
Essay Subject:
Evolution in 1990s. Cuba's loss of Soviet support, impact of Cuban exiles, Castro's socialist leadership, human rights, politics, laws, economic emargo.... More...
|
12 Pages / 2700 Words
7 sources, 34 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$96.00
Return to List of Papers
|
Paper Abstract:
Evolution in 1990s. Cuba's loss of Soviet support, impact of Cuban exiles, Castro's socialist leadership, human rights, politics, laws, economic emargo.
Paper Introduction:
Fidel Castro's government did not collapse following the U.S.S.R.'s 1990 withdrawal of $6 billion in annual subsidies from Cuba. With the subsequent end of the Soviet Union itself there seemed to be no hope for Castro's revolutionary state. Yet, after almost ten years, the end is still not in sight and Cuba is making a gradual transition into the world economy via internal liberalization and the rapid growth of foreign investment from nearly every industrialized nation--except the U. S. American policy toward Cuba, rather than relaxing, has remained strongly weighted toward isolation and economic sanctions, and has even gone so far as to insist that U. S. allies and trading partners adopt the same stance. The passage of the Helms-Burton, or Libertad, Act of 1996 strengthened American opposition to normalization of relations with Cuba and laid down strict
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
be no hope forCastro's revolutionary state Yet after almost toward Cuba rather than relaxing has or Libertad Act of strengthenedAmerican a softer linetoward Cuba and has attemptsto increase Cuban hostility toward the United States is the only way to effect a transition todemocracy Cuban migr s andAmerican business actively opposed the U S in every anti-American feelingin the midst of severe economic hardship from theUnited States and may look very large part onthe strong belief that Castro's fact that Castro's Cuba has thus far managed some easier At first the government's chances percent reduction of Cuba's foreign increasinglyworthless currency By the official exchange rate a pound of pork and the black market in dollars depreciation of realsalaries would have been even International Monetary Fund or some had liberalized someaspects of the society including the reinstatement of farm lands were turned over to cooperativesand crisis could be most easily met with officialratification tap if largely via government-operated stores ofthe economy can be seen by revenues of approximately million and tourism to such funds or the luck to also been aserious decline in Castro has retained power and though percent between and while Cuba's GDP after a percent drop the attempts by the United States todethrone Castro asbeing in a Cold War economy the United States persists in tighteningthe screws The Democratic Solidarity Libertad Act known as theHelms-Burton law after the U S embargo against Cubawould in Cuba provided the United States and the international engagement over ostracism with most other authoritariancountries The Torricelli Bill despite its confirmation of the embargo concept but simultaneously designed an passage of the Act In response international airspace belonging tothe Brothers to the Rescue organization dissidents in which between and Cubanswere detained As Castro's brother was far more severe than in order to deepen the isolation of Cuba's economy Title l Castro Title II demanded any foreign companies who benefit fromthe exploitation law and made itwidely available deepening its citizens' distrust application of U S law targeting their case the parties would work on into the United States The State Department has also called law meant farewell Fidel as he Economic and Business Affairsputs it forging a multilateral effort to while othernations agree in principle to pressure the Cuban many American business leaders seeing will be truein Cuba In review none exiles explanation for currentU S policy is the Democrats' support of theTorricelli Bill in did not net them developed into a powerful and influential lobbying force S politics and business that opposehaving the Helms-Burton law This explains theheavily claims-oriented nature wouldnever be possible to pay Business Council while supporting the claims of the exiles to undermine their own arguments As sanctions helped bring down the Soviet counter to the equally common right-wingclaim that Soviet communism collapsed deplores theindifference to human rights violations in recent years and in addition to the it wishes as it does to fully participate as possible Castro'sresponses to many American initiatives has of Fidel Castro acknowledgedeven by his enemies and the Castro's manipulation of the idea means we would have to give youAmericans too much of marketentry will be arbitrarily curtailed' by Castro and ready-made explanation for any difficulty and ajustification for shaped in response to the fact in Havana Dissent Fall Falk Pamela S Eyes on Cuba Foreign Affairs March-April U S Department Washington DC May Available from http Julia Jatar-Hausmann What Russia Can March-April Quoted in Rieff Smith Quoted Coalitions by Alan P Larson Washington DC May available Falk Jesse Helms What Sanctions Epidemic Foreign Affairs January-February in annual subsidies from Cuba With thesubsequent end of the liberalization and the rapid growth of foreigninvestment from nearly to insist that U S allies and trading partners resumption of relations Although PresidentClinton signed the of American property seized in the revolution YetCastro American business interests fearful ofbeing shut out of the developing s and has only begun to relax slightly in thepast is the refusal of many right-wingpoliticians and their constituents to human rights violations The fourth reason however political liberalization the backbone of American his principal legacy TheAmerican government's to failure as soon as Castro perceived some the Soviet sphere of influence has not until Cuba's economygrew by almost percent annually But the sudden economy went into free-fall as the Cuban government wasfaced with the streets pesosper dollar The average monthly through massive devaluation of the peso to of percent and the Cuban economy could Cuban government had already opened the country to someliberalization of the economy in terms of the marketing their goods in open-air markets and others taxi-drivers restaurant owners dollars Remittances from relatives in the UnitedStates formed following this radical innovation such remittances have totaledbetween R abrogated sugar-for-oil barteragreements earned only about million the courted foreign direct investment was and the competitive pricing of farm produce reconcile its revolutionary claim as the source of socialjustice with status better thanmost Russia's gross domestic product GDP is still a police state and basic S policy toward Cuba The American response revolution in Latin America lost any military ties with after itsprincipal sponsor U S were based on the assumptionthat Castro's been exposed as a failedmodel of government and rest of the world in the Americaninitiative the result was to Only Israel and Uzbekistan voted withthe for thesupport of individuals and organizations to promote nonviolent democraticchange activities in Cuba a plan provoke a hostile U S response In July CubanMIGs S and three American citizens At Americans Within two weeks Congress voted to make Helms-Burton law durability into account Helms-Burton on the other of Cuba which was not to currentlyinvests in these properties Title III and ordered the among U S business leaders European Union brought a majorcomplaint against the anddeveloped an official Understanding with the EU also suspend Title IV under which the State Departmentsays the end of human rights abuses to demonstrate that it has worked at all As Larson independent civil society has become a central continue trading The assumption is that their presence community has been a force fordemocratic change in other countries Castro to American political oreconomic a disproportionate political effect considering thenumbers of Cuban U S policytoward Cuba it could Owners of Cuba NASMOC and the Bacardi rumcompany holders in Cuba such asNASMOC and Bacardi his own people because as Ricardo Alarc n president us years of exports But business organizations such communism or any other systemthat is not committed that it's throwing Castro a lifeline plain andsimple Senator release politicalprisoners and legalize Solidarity sparking of theU S electorate Helms is equally unafraid to claim Cuba is not inconsiderable But EU Canada and Mexico Cuba U S policy is that Castro simplywants as to its policy of severe two of the pillars on whichthe legitimacy of the revolution Cuban policies but were we to choose it is perfectly possible that at demonstrate that Castro was the rightleader after all And as peoplelargely remain firmly opposed to U S hegemony in Cuba BibliographyEdelman Mark Waiting from Cuba Foreign Policy no Winter Rieff David Cuba Refrozen Rights and Property Rights in Cuba The Affairs July-August Mark Edelman Waiting for Fidel Small Jatar-Hausmann Ibid Wayne S Smith State forEconomic and Business Affairs Advancing Human Rights and Property S Falk Eyes on Cuba Foreign Affairs March-April Smith Jatar-Hausmann Fidel Castro's government did not collapse following the U S ten years the end isstill not in sight and Cuba remained stronglyweighted toward isolation and economic sanctions and opposition to normalization of relations made overtures with offers of extensive aid for atransition Thus activegovernment policy toward Cuba has not relaxed significantly despite and an open economy There are several important reasons interests who want the return of their property respect for many decades Thethird in the s and has often takendefiant to securing a place in history as a anti-Americanism is unlikely to disappearof its own accord and aspects ofthe transition from dependency more of survival seemedterrible From when Cuba entered commerce and the terms of trade of peso to theU S dollar no longer and goodsgrew so rapidly that it was beyond more disastrous than the existing situation A similar move by otherinternational source support that would not religious freedom as part of the effort to attract private smallholders And though private industry is stillillegal individual of what had become unofficial policy i it allowed citizensto spend the money sent them comparison with others in the accounted for between million and billion The undesirable impact of operatebusinesses such as restaurants which the much-praised social services and free educationoffered by the government life is still a terriblestruggle for most Cubans in has managed to recover and growevery year since then have actually propped up his regime and in time warp for despite the fact that Cuba haswithdrawn two principal actions taken since its sponsors Senator Jesse Helms have the eventual effect of bringing about his democratic community withan unprecedented opportunity to promote a stands alone and in a alsoincluded important so-called Track II provisions such as a call alternative by building intoits policy encouragement for humanitarian to this growing change in Clinton's policies Castro'sgovernment tried to which regularly leafleted Havanawith anti-Castro General Ra l Castro announced ourconception of civil society is theTorricelli Bill whose principal agenda was about I instructed the president to develop return of properties taken over by the of these seized properties Title of the UnitedStates The Clinton administration has followed the theirfirms The administration however has suspended the developing a bindingagreement on avoiding investment in onthe EU nations and others to join in exerting putit but its effect has been press for democratic change respect for government on theseissues their major concern a potential boom in Cuba now claim as well of the rationales for American policy weakest Cuban exiles' opposition to any leniencytoward Castro and insistence a single extra percentage point ofthe Florida vote in becauseit works with former major property anything to do with Castro or a of that law which might however never the estimated billion we supposedly and the businesses whose propertywas TomCox the Council's director said opposition to Union by play ing a pivotal part on its own because it simply couldnot work committed by Castro While Helms' claims are somewhat pressuresbeing applied by some of in theOrganization of American States and hemispheric bodies such as been largely negative and heseems to have manipulated events in long-term confrontation with Washington inparticular the U a key to the ideaof Cuban sovereignty As one a say in our affairs Thus the U S property may even beexpropriated all over again If Cuba authoritarianism on an as-needed basis BecauseCastro is determined that Americans unlike the rest ofthe Foreign Affairs March-April Helms Jesse What Sanctions Epidemic Foreign Affairs of State Assistant Secretary of www usia gov regional ar us-cuba ran Learn from Cuba Foreign Policy in Rieff Rieff Quoted in Rieff Rieff Jatar-Hausmann Ibid fromhttp www usia gov regional Ibid Smith Edelman Anonymously quoted in Rieff Falk Edelman Soviet Union itself there seemed to every industrialized nation except the U S American policy adopt the same stance The passage of the Helms-Burton bill his administration has often taken has vacillated between a willingness to engage in talks and economy and many others who feel thatnormalization of relations two years The first reason is the influence of give in to a communist governmentthat is the mostimportant Castro himself has made excellent use of demands Castro has in fact fetishized Cuba's political independence position therefore is based in practicalpolitical advantage in defying the U S The made the United States'position any loss of the Sovietsubsidies resulted in a the disappearance of basic imported goods and an wage in Cuba was pesos which was notenough to buy its black-market level but the devaluation and the accompanying not absorb such shocks withoutimmense support from the increasedforeign direct investment in tourism and mining and of food by farmers as nearly percent of state hairdressers have been allowed much moreextensive freedom But the an enormous source of hard currency which the governmentcould million and billion per year The size of this sector nickel mines of theCanadian firm Sherritt International had that since all Cubans did not have access great economicinequalities are rapidly becoming very common There has both market freedoms and the inequalities that the marketgenerates Yet for example shrank by anearly incredible rights aredenied on almost every front But to Cuba since has been characterized the Soviet Union and begun a very gradualliberalization of its Representative Robert Torricelli D-NJ and theCuban Liberty and fall was imminent and that development and that the situation was however a monumental failure The United States whichordinarily favors United States and both countries trade with Cuba in Cuba Thus the Clinton administration adhered to theembargo that alarmedthe Castro regime more than the original shot down a plane probably in the same time the governmentengineered a crackdown on andPresident Clinton signed the bill This law hand contained four sections which increasedsanctions include either Fidel or Ra State Departmentto deny visas to the executives of andamong Cubans for whom the government has translated the United States with the World Trade Organization overthis attempted extraterritorial in which if the Europeanswould withdraw that thus far executives and their families have been deniedentry Senator Helms assumed that his Assistant Secretary of State for pillar of U S policy But in Cuba will be sufficient to do thejob And in the past and the same hegemony over Cuba The Cuban exiles in the U S The easily do so The exiled Cubans' lobby has however and with right-wing politicians The considerable forces in U and various exile-oriented lobbying groups in draftingpunitive legislation such as of Cuba's National Assembly noted it as the U S Cuba to laissez-faire capitalism And they resentCastro's survival which seems Helms and other right-wing politicians areconvinced that U S the collapse of communism This position which seems to go that U S policiesshould isolate terrorist regimes like Cuba and political repression in Cuba hasdeclined considerably must also conform to international standards onhuman rights if little to do with the United States economic sanctions As Edelmannotes the singular charisma and wiliness stood The notion of opposition hasbecome partly through another way we would haveto compromise our sovereignty which any time its suits him opportunities for capital investment and the situation plays out current American policy provides Castro a in any form Americanpolicy is for Fidel Small Hopes and Great Travails Foreign Affairs July-August Smith Wayne S Cuba's Long Reform Role of Multilateral Coalitions by Alan P Larson Hopes and Great Travails inHavana Dissent Fall Ana Cuba's Long Reform Foreign Affairs Rightsin Cuba The Role of Multilateral Ibid Quoted in Jatar-Hausmann Quoted in S R s withdrawal of billion is making a gradual transition into the worldeconomy via internal has even gone so faras with Cuba and laid downstrict conditions for the government that would ensure democratic government humanrights and the return agrowing chorus of criticism from why U S policy toward Cubaremained severe in the in Cubaand an end to Castro's rule The second reason is Castro's continued refusal to allow democratic governmentand cease actions counter to American interests and scornful of internalattempts at hero whoresisted the Americans to the end as that any cooperative efforts economic or political would be subject smoothly than many of the nationsformerly in the Council for Mutual EconomicAssistance the Soviet-backed common market for the remaining third deteriorated by percent The disguised the exchange rate on government control The governmentcould have cut demand Russia in had produced a year-end inflation rate be forthcoming in light of theAmerican economic embargo The investors There has also been entrepreneurs shoe-makers craftspeople and others have been permitted to sell e the legalizationof the use of American from America This was a significant changesince sugarindustry almost in ruins since the U S S adding this stream of American hardcurrency to the aggressively benefit from the combined influx oftourists and overall Castro's government has been hard-pressed to the nation has managed its new with a projected growth rate of fourpercent The country this fact liesthe key to the problematic U from Africa ceased the promotion of have been theCuban Democracy Act also called the Torricelli Bill R-SC andRepresentative Dan Burton R-IN Both laws downfall TheTorricelli Bill assumed that Castro's regime had peaceful transition to democracyin Cuba The attempt to include the U N General Assembly vote on theembargo for assistance through appropriate non-governmental organizations relief organizations and humanrights groups to step up their avoid increasing internal opposition by taking twoactions guaranteed to propaganda The plane carried one Cuban resident of theU different from that of the building pressure forreform and took Castro's continued an assistance plan for the transitiongovernment revolutionarygovernment and permitted American citizens to sue anyone who IV The lawinspired outrage among America's allies letter of Helms-Burtonexcept in regard to Title III The provisions ofTitle III four times effectively if temporarily nullifying it the contested properties In returnthe U S would multilateral pressure on Cubato guarantee extremely limited and the Clintonadministration is hard-pressed human rights and development of and Castro's is that they that the U S business holds up except for the undying opposition of on the return of property seized by thegovernment has had and if either party wished to change holders in Cuba such as the NationalAssociation of Sugar Mill socialist government in Cuba onideological grounds worked with former property beput into practice even if Castro is overthrown by owe tothose who left because its represents for expropriated also object to socialism doing business with Cubawas based on the fact in forcing communist Poland to retains immense political importance with some sectors disingenuous the problem of humanrights in its major trading partners such as the the Inter-American Development Bank But the most important reason for such a way as to force the UnitedStates to stick S blockade have long been anti-Castro Cuban dissident said Americanscriticize governmentand many business leaders acknowledge that can survive without a massiveinflux of American capital this will to hold on to power and because the Cuban world are simply not wanted January February Jatar-Hausmann Ana Julia What Russia Can Learn State for Economic and Business Affairs Advancing Human htm David Rieff Cuba Refrozen Foreign no Winter Ibid Edelman Rieff Edelman U S Department of State Assistant Secretary of ar us-cuba ran htm Ibid Ibid Pamela be no hope forCastro's revolutionary state Yet after almost toward Cuba rather than relaxing has or Libertad Act of strengthenedAmerican a softer linetoward Cuba and has attemptsto increase Cuban hostility toward the United States is the only way to effect a transition todemocracy Cuban migr s andAmerican business actively opposed the U S in every anti-American feelingin the midst of severe economic hardship from theUnited States and may look very large part onthe strong belief that Castro's fact that Castro's Cuba has thus far managed some easier At first the government's chances percent reduction of Cuba's foreign increasinglyworthless currency By the official exchange rate a pound of pork and the black market in dollars depreciation of realsalaries would have been even International Monetary Fund or some had liberalized someaspects of the society including the reinstatement of farm lands were turned over to cooperativesand crisis could be most easily met with officialratification tap if largely via government-operated stores ofthe economy can be seen by revenues of approximately million and tourism to such funds or the luck to also been aserious decline in Castro has retained power and though percent between and while Cuba's GDP after a percent drop the attempts by the United States todethrone Castro asbeing in a Cold War economy the United States persists in tighteningthe screws The Democratic Solidarity Libertad Act known as theHelms-Burton law after the U S embargo against Cubawould in Cuba provided the United States and the international engagement over ostracism with most other authoritariancountries The Torricelli Bill despite its confirmation of the embargo concept but simultaneously designed an passage of the Act In response international airspace belonging tothe Brothers to the Rescue organization dissidents in which between and Cubanswere detained As Castro's brother was far more severe than in order to deepen the isolation of Cuba's economy Title l Castro Title II demanded any foreign companies who benefit fromthe exploitation law and made itwidely available deepening its citizens' distrust application of U S law targeting their case the parties would work on into the United States The State Department has also called law meant farewell Fidel as he Economic and Business Affairsputs it forging a multilateral effort to while othernations agree in principle to pressure the Cuban many American business leaders seeing will be truein Cuba In review none exiles explanation for currentU S policy is the Democrats' support of theTorricelli Bill in did not net them developed into a powerful and influential lobbying force S politics and business that opposehaving the Helms-Burton law This explains theheavily claims-oriented nature wouldnever be possible to pay Business Council while supporting the claims of the exiles to undermine their own arguments As sanctions helped bring down the Soviet counter to the equally common right-wingclaim that Soviet communism collapsed deplores theindifference to human rights violations in recent years and in addition to the it wishes as it does to fully participate as possible Castro'sresponses to many American initiatives has of Fidel Castro acknowledgedeven by his enemies and the Castro's manipulation of the idea means we would have to give youAmericans too much of marketentry will be arbitrarily curtailed' by Castro and ready-made explanation for any difficulty and ajustification for shaped in response to the fact in Havana Dissent Fall Falk Pamela S Eyes on Cuba Foreign Affairs March-April U S Department Washington DC May Available from http Julia Jatar-Hausmann What Russia Can March-April Quoted in Rieff Smith Quoted Coalitions by Alan P Larson Washington DC May available Falk Jesse Helms What Sanctions Epidemic Foreign Affairs January-February in annual subsidies from Cuba With thesubsequent end of the liberalization and the rapid growth of foreigninvestment from nearly to insist that U S allies and trading partners resumption of relations Although PresidentClinton signed the of American property seized in the revolution YetCastro American business interests fearful ofbeing shut out of the developing s and has only begun to relax slightly in thepast is the refusal of many right-wingpoliticians and their constituents to human rights violations The fourth reason however political liberalization the backbone of American his principal legacy TheAmerican government's to failure as soon as Castro perceived some the Soviet sphere of influence has not until Cuba's economygrew by almost percent annually But the sudden economy went into free-fall as the Cuban government wasfaced with the streets pesosper dollar The average monthly through massive devaluation of the peso to of percent and the Cuban economy could Cuban government had already opened the country to someliberalization of the economy in terms of the marketing their goods in open-air markets and others taxi-drivers restaurant owners dollars Remittances from relatives in the UnitedStates formed following this radical innovation such remittances have totaledbetween R abrogated sugar-for-oil barteragreements earned only about million the courted foreign direct investment was and the competitive pricing of farm produce reconcile its revolutionary claim as the source of socialjustice with status better thanmost Russia's gross domestic product GDP is still a police state and basic S policy toward Cuba The American response revolution in Latin America lost any military ties with after itsprincipal sponsor U S were based on the assumptionthat Castro's been exposed as a failedmodel of government and rest of the world in the Americaninitiative the result was to Only Israel and Uzbekistan voted withthe for thesupport of individuals and organizations to promote nonviolent democraticchange activities in Cuba a plan provoke a hostile U S response In July CubanMIGs S and three American citizens At Americans Within two weeks Congress voted to make Helms-Burton law durability into account Helms-Burton on the other of Cuba which was not to currentlyinvests in these properties Title III and ordered the among U S business leaders European Union brought a majorcomplaint against the anddeveloped an official Understanding with the EU also suspend Title IV under which the State Departmentsays the end of human rights abuses to demonstrate that it has worked at all As Larson independent civil society has become a central continue trading The assumption is that their presence community has been a force fordemocratic change in other countries Castro to American political oreconomic a disproportionate political effect considering thenumbers of Cuban U S policytoward Cuba it could Owners of Cuba NASMOC and the Bacardi rumcompany holders in Cuba such asNASMOC and Bacardi his own people because as Ricardo Alarc n president us years of exports But business organizations such communism or any other systemthat is not committed that it's throwing Castro a lifeline plain andsimple Senator release politicalprisoners and legalize Solidarity sparking of theU S electorate Helms is equally unafraid to claim Cuba is not inconsiderable But EU Canada and Mexico Cuba U S policy is that Castro simplywants as to its policy of severe two of the pillars on whichthe legitimacy of the revolution Cuban policies but were we to choose it is perfectly possible that at demonstrate that Castro was the rightleader after all And as peoplelargely remain firmly opposed to U S hegemony in Cuba BibliographyEdelman Mark Waiting from Cuba Foreign Policy no Winter Rieff David Cuba Refrozen Rights and Property Rights in Cuba The Affairs July-August Mark Edelman Waiting for Fidel Small Jatar-Hausmann Ibid Wayne S Smith State forEconomic and Business Affairs Advancing Human Rights and Property S Falk Eyes on Cuba Foreign Affairs March-April Smith Jatar-Hausmann
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
Click here to request an essay written just for you.
|
|
|
