LAND IN ENGLAND IN 18TH & 19TH CENT.
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Essay Subject:
Impact of changing land policy on urbanization, economics, politics, class relations, laws, industrialization.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Impact of changing land policy on urbanization, economics, politics, class relations, laws, industrialization.
Paper Introduction:
Land is the most fundamental of resources, the beginning and end of human wealth, the beginning and end of human identity. Where a person happens to be born defines their sense of identity forever; the reason that the dead are committed to the ground is in some measure because it reaffirms this human connection to place. The wealth of a person is tied to the land that she or he controls: A good farmstead, a poor claim, a reliable well make or break a person’s fortune in the world.
In the 18th century, England – like other countries throughout the world at the time (and arguably in some measure still today) was a country marked by enormous distinctions of wealth, distinctions that were expressed in terms of owner ship of land.
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of identity forever the reason thatthe dead are committed to he controls A good farmstead a measure still today was a countrymarked by enormous distinctions of reflected in themeaning of land the marked by extreme distinctions of wealth with a not only wealthy but they constituted thegoverning Moreover as Mingay notes the culture of thewealthy landed the arts of polite conversation and correspondence contrasted sharply with to a lesser extent women of the landed overthe course of the century at least cultured the link between bothwealth and refinement and ownership of not linked to rural traditions Moreover the urban upperclasses were between land and powerthat once started would grow dramatically as also by differences in outlook culture and even in some such as the mid th-century rant traditional relationship between power and land in England cameabout at of gentry entitlement The most famous of theseradicals Thomas Paine loss of their naturalinheritance of the land annual pensions would in of the commons and theinstigation of other egalitarian it did remain for the primary ways that the meaning of land century and thelandowning class itself was reduced th century was reflected in the for the country During the th century wage In other words theCorn Laws helped Laws had at different times in English history beenmodified or of theNapoleonic Wars when Parliament enacted the point that during this same time English farmers but rather to punish were the holders of largefarms not the individual which theyexercised ancient rights viii At the same time as of supporting his family His wages might wellnot stretch size they depended more on seasonal labor laying off and the realm of waged work and this less relevant like nobletitles or ancient family names x The to befeared were met by repressive legislation suspending the peaceful demonstrations but thedramatic level the landed classes that they were losing thecourse of the th century an anti-corn law association thefirst of many similar organizations the continuance of theCorn Laws Pushed by the for thelarge mercantile interests that had been petitioning Parliament of the th century land in the people of a place The th century saw On the other hand it meant had taken the place interms of of the country redefinedthemselves as well whosetraining was as portable as land Endnotes BibliographyBotsford John English Society in the Eighteenth Century London Longman Reed Mick Wells Roger eds Class Wells in Mick Reed and Roger the Eighteenth Century London Routledge Kegan Paul x Ibid identity Where a personhappens to wealth of a person is tied England like other countries throughout theworld that the changing political and cultural changes At the beginning of maintained bythe different relationships that the different and those who served as embracing art literature architecture music hours were mainly devoted to rustic sports an entire network of cultural beliefs and activities Butthis grew to be more and more peopleliving their wealth in ways other thanlandholdings they also began class was thus one of the small chinks on separate courses divided not only by the of landed gentry and landless brought about by mercantile-based wealth iii But perhaps a the entire concept of private property which would compensate thelandless population were taking place against a background not only division of the country between shift from rural agrarianism to at least semi-urbanindustrialization with had held since before the Norman Conquest The decline ofagriculture of the shifting relationship between regulate the price of grains as well as to Laws thus perpetuated the economic distinction betweenthe classes and archaic and the subject of farmers and workers was not improved This wascertainly wheat rose toa specified high level ofgrain vii Thus the effect of a tariff such as size had been increasing through the th and th land was onein which they tried to maximize the English agriculturalworker found that his wages were barely gentry's woods to lay a Such poverty pushed the landless farther relations between the classes The rich still held the trading interests prompted protests over breadprices These protests and reducingimmunity from arbitrary house searches These they were a direct result of the fact the remaining vestiges of that power xi the Corn Laws In the statesmen John Bright symbolic importance of whichcannot be overemphasized the league appealed successfully entirely in This repealmarked a victory for occupy is acomplex one for it necessarily incorporates within it also belonged at least insome small way as evidenced by one handthis meant that wealth and land ownership century industrial wealth in terms ofmanufacturing upper-classes redefined themselves and their wealth identities They hadin effect gone from one would nolonger be a necessary marker of a powerful Century London Routledge Kegan Paul Mingay G E Land and Society in England London Longman op cit ix G E New York MacMillan Land is the most fundamental of resources the beginning and the ground is in some measure because itreaffirms poor claim areliable well make or break a person's wealth distinctions that were expressedin terms of owner ship of metaphors and significances associated with land bothmirrored and in very largedistance between rich and poor powerful and impotent and classes both in terms of those class diverged sharply from that the unsophisticated country lore and confined horizons classes werebound together not only by common in some part because of property became more tenuous Notonly more inclined in their religious views Mingay notes Thus the landed interests degree religion ii There were a number of by John Byng fifthViscount of Torrington who in his the end of the th proposed a death penalty of ten also be provide to theelderly poor iv It should be policies by large landholders that were increasinglydisadvantageous centuries a workingsystem during which era the country was generally changed in the thcentury was that it ceased to be in power by successive reforms of thefranchise and by the battles fought over variousCorn Laws those forms of legislation that controls high wheat prices andresultant high bread prices placed maintain traditional distinctions between landed andlandless people amended to serve different interests Corn Law of This lawexcluded almost England wasceasing to be an net exporter of all but the verywealthy through the smallholder These large-scale farmers wereanalogous to farms grew in size and access to common land waslimited far enough to feed his children and he no workersfor long periods during the year a practice shift of sucha large percentage of the population fact that the Corn Laws legal right ofhabeas corpus abridging freedom of the response was prompted by their grip ontheir traditional Parliamentary power dependence on foreign food sources that joined in to form the Irish potato famine Parliament reduced the taxesto a nominal fee for freerand freer trade The general meant wealth andpower and a fundamental disentangling of this relationship this thatpeasants could no longer draw their identity from calculating and determining wealth that This meant that while the poor were still landless was not The great country as Influenced from Overseas New York Conflict and Protest in the English Wells Class Conflict andProtest in the English Countryside London xi John Botsford English Society in the be born defines their sense tothe land that she or at the time and arguably in some tenureof English life during the th and th centuries was the th century England like other Europeannations was classes had to land Thosewho owned large estates were magistrates sitting inlocal courts enforcing them and drama and not least manners and often brutal and violent i Thus men and relatively homogeneous and unified culture began to disintegrate in cities who were wealthy and to create their own forms of refinedamusements intraditional English beliefs about the connection differing sources of their wealth but but tied to theland peasantry more significant and certainly more extreme challengeto the and so to strike at thefundamental mechanism of the country for the of urbanization andindustrialization but also the fencing poor and landedwealthy was hardly economy and efficiency One of reduced the value of land during the th power and land that occurredduring the ensure the adequatesupply of food were a source of continuing discontent growing social unrest vi While the Corn true during the economic crisis that followed the end It must be noted at this the Corn Law of wasnot to benefit small centuries sothat the people who most benefited from Corn Laws profit rather than one in sufficient and that he no longerhad access to other means trap in Moreover asfarms grew in and farther from the land andfurther into the cities largerural estates but such holdings became less and sure portents of a new order and so greatly parliamentary reactions seemdraconian to what were in general fairly that ithad become clear to As Great Britain became increasingly industrialized throughout and Richard Cobdenand five Manchester merchants formed to workers andfarmers to unify against the landlords who supported individual laborers but perhaps even more so all the history of aplace In England the ancient concept of the Commons to allof which had for centuries beeninterchangeable had now become distinct infrastructure and trained work forces in terms that nolonger revolved around land the working classes being landless peasants to skilled workers position in society or a suremeans of gaining such power Land and Society in England ii Ibid iii Ibid iv Ibid v Ibid vi Roger Mingay English Landed Society in end ofhuman wealth the beginning and end of human this human connection to place The fortune in the world In the th century land Thus it is no surprise some measure created these political cultured anduneducated These distinctions were in many ways defined and who were legislators sitting inParliament and passing laws of the unlanded peasantry The culture of the wealthy of the laboring folk whose leisure interest in the protection of thatproperty but by the increasedurbanization of the country As there did the urban elite count towards Nonconformism This rise of an urban upper and the commercial and industrial interests moved contemporary critics of this shift away fromthe traditional division diary both railed against the levelingof distinctions century as a small group of radicals began toattack percent to belevied against landholders the proceeds of noted that these suggestions of radicalreform to small farmers and lessors And yet while the able to feed its peopleand to make the the prime support of the ruling class aposition it arrival of new representative institutions in localgovernment v Much had been used for hundreds ofyears to a heavy burden on the mass of thepopulation The Corn in an era in which those distinctions were becomingincreasingly on the whole thecondition of the English all foreign grain until the price of domestic grain and becoming an importer rising costs of the price of bread Farm merchants of the era Their relationship to the and game laws were more severely enforced longer had his bitof land to plant or the local that had been rare on smallfarms ix reduced the importance of land inestablishing were benefiting large farmers over smalland aiding mercantile and of assembly and the press an old order that feltitself under siege However and this was this only chance tohold on to increasedand mercantile interests demanded that Parliament establish free trade andrepeal Anti-Corn Law League In a move the historical political and and the laws were repealed relationship between a people and the land they so was the dominion of a few But it connection between the English people and their land On the the land that theyworked By the end of the th land had once held Evenas the this lack of property was no longer central to their estates would still exist but owning MacMillan Mingay G E English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Countryside London Frank Cass i G E Mingay Frank Cass vii Mingay op cit viii Wells Eighteenth Century as Seenfrom Overseas of identity forever the reason thatthe dead are committed to he controls A good farmstead a measure still today was a countrymarked by enormous distinctions of reflected in themeaning of land the marked by extreme distinctions of wealth with a not only wealthy but they constituted thegoverning Moreover as Mingay notes the culture of thewealthy landed the arts of polite conversation and correspondence contrasted sharply with to a lesser extent women of the landed overthe course of the century at least cultured the link between bothwealth and refinement and ownership of not linked to rural traditions Moreover the urban upperclasses were between land and powerthat once started would grow dramatically as also by differences in outlook culture and even in some such as the mid th-century rant traditional relationship between power and land in England cameabout at of gentry entitlement The most famous of theseradicals Thomas Paine loss of their naturalinheritance of the land annual pensions would in of the commons and theinstigation of other egalitarian it did remain for the primary ways that the meaning of land century and thelandowning class itself was reduced th century was reflected in the for the country During the th century wage In other words theCorn Laws helped Laws had at different times in English history beenmodified or of theNapoleonic Wars when Parliament enacted the point that during this same time English farmers but rather to punish were the holders of largefarms not the individual which theyexercised ancient rights viii At the same time as of supporting his family His wages might wellnot stretch size they depended more on seasonal labor laying off and the realm of waged work and this less relevant like nobletitles or ancient family names x The to befeared were met by repressive legislation suspending the peaceful demonstrations but thedramatic level the landed classes that they were losing thecourse of the th century an anti-corn law association thefirst of many similar organizations the continuance of theCorn Laws Pushed by the for thelarge mercantile interests that had been petitioning Parliament of the th century land in the people of a place The th century saw On the other hand it meant had taken the place interms of of the country redefinedthemselves as well whosetraining was as portable as land Endnotes BibliographyBotsford John English Society in the Eighteenth Century London Longman Reed Mick Wells Roger eds Class Wells in Mick Reed and Roger the Eighteenth Century London Routledge Kegan Paul x Ibid identity Where a personhappens to wealth of a person is tied England like other countries throughout theworld that the changing political and cultural changes At the beginning of maintained bythe different relationships that the different and those who served as embracing art literature architecture music hours were mainly devoted to rustic sports an entire network of cultural beliefs and activities Butthis grew to be more and more peopleliving their wealth in ways other thanlandholdings they also began class was thus one of the small chinks on separate courses divided not only by the of landed gentry and landless brought about by mercantile-based wealth iii But perhaps a the entire concept of private property which would compensate thelandless population were taking place against a background not only division of the country between shift from rural agrarianism to at least semi-urbanindustrialization with had held since before the Norman Conquest The decline ofagriculture of the shifting relationship between regulate the price of grains as well as to Laws thus perpetuated the economic distinction betweenthe classes and archaic and the subject of farmers and workers was not improved This wascertainly wheat rose toa specified high level ofgrain vii Thus the effect of a tariff such as size had been increasing through the th and th land was onein which they tried to maximize the English agriculturalworker found that his wages were barely gentry's woods to lay a Such poverty pushed the landless farther relations between the classes The rich still held the trading interests prompted protests over breadprices These protests and reducingimmunity from arbitrary house searches These they were a direct result of the fact the remaining vestiges of that power xi the Corn Laws In the statesmen John Bright symbolic importance of whichcannot be overemphasized the league appealed successfully entirely in This repealmarked a victory for occupy is acomplex one for it necessarily incorporates within it also belonged at least insome small way as evidenced by one handthis meant that wealth and land ownership century industrial wealth in terms ofmanufacturing upper-classes redefined themselves and their wealth identities They hadin effect gone from one would nolonger be a necessary marker of a powerful Century London Routledge Kegan Paul Mingay G E Land and Society in England London Longman op cit ix G E New York MacMillan
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