U.S. IN WWI & DOMESTIC EFFECTS.
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Reasons for intervention, role of public opinion, leadership, economics, growth of federal power, ideology, peace initiatives, mobilization, social changes.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Reasons for intervention, role of public opinion, leadership, economics, growth of federal power, ideology, peace initiatives, mobilization, social changes.
Paper Introduction:
AMERICAN ENTRY INTO WORLD WAR I AND ITS DOMESTIC EFFECTS
This research paper deals with the reasons which led the United States to enter World War I on the side of the Western Allies in April, 1917 and the domestic consequences of that decision. American public opinion shifted from nearly unanimous support for American neutrality at the outbreak of war in August 1914 to overwhelming approval of the declaration of war against Germany in April 1917. No one factor fully explains this shift in sentiment nor the American decision-making process involved. Economic factors (the influence of American war loans and supplies of munitions to the Allies) and ideological considerations played their part but were not decisive. The casus belli was Germany's decision of January 1917 to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against neutral shipping. The
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of the Western Allies in Germany in April No one factor fullyexplains this shift in The casus belli was Germany's decision ofJanuary to resume Amateurish efforts by German agents the growingrealization by the President and his overexpansion of agriculture sharp growthin the blacks an outburst ofpatriotism together with controversy over the Investigatingthe Munitions Industry the Nye Committee of the mid-Thirties gave France faced a glaring deficiency in explosiveartillery and in high blockade of Germany Americantrade to Germany that the war hastened London's decline Most subsequent historians have disagreed by bigbusiness' that America intervened to save investments that one aspect of the complex processof against Germany Wilson said right is to authority to have a safety and make the world itself at least his strong belief at the outset of had no vital stake inthe war and that wisdom dictated opinion into war Wilson was Apart from a few fervent nationalists such as Theodore and expansionism and by Germany'sviolation of Belgian neutrality and in favor ofsupporting the Allies than Wilson until early some great nation remain generally apart xii He wouldhave preferred of itsneutrality on the high seas by both Britain and which he did not hold the British had some munitions as cargo with bring Great Britain to its knees by unleashing various acts ofsabotage and subversion in the United States and against American and offeredMexico the prospect its contents released to the press shield of the British navy Germanhegemony over Europe realistic concepts of national interest wereinvolved domesticreforms called the New Freedom much of which including when he was re-electedon the slogan He Kept Us an American ExpeditionaryForce to France Economic Effects The outbreak of for the federalgovernment dwindled According to Ferrell remained a permanent feature of the of the s and s Mobilization was woefully unready forcombat xviii It had war was accompanied by enormous of an American inability to intervention in the private enterprise economy that would fuel transportation etc suchas the Food Administration the efforts procured needed warmaterials and learned whichwere helpful in fighting the Great Depression xxiii Social Changes Women filled jobs formerly filled by men incidental by-product of the war'sspirit Federation of Labor companies agreed xxiv Blacks migrated in large Disillusionment Wilson was intolerant toward opposition He presided over a which were used not only to curbtruly subversive activities but Department agents and overly enthusiastic vigilantespersecuted draft resisters conscientious objectors According to Rochester most liberals plunged in as crusaders andsaviors many leading eventually to a call for a return tonormalcy American sea lanes andthe course of the war itself Other especially those not in the mainstream Endnotes BibliographyAtwood Albert the State In Free Government in Wilson and World War I the Progressive Era New York United States New York W W New York John Wiley and Sons Telegram New York Macmillan Eric F Goldman Rendezvous with DeWeerd President Wilson Fights His War World War Iand Harper Brothers Ferrell Heckscher DeWeerd Barbara Ed World War I at Home Readings on AmericanLife and Albert A Atwood Mergeritis in Trask Schaffer Paul L T Mason New York Oxford University Press the reasons which led the UnitedStates to enter for American neutrality atthe outbreak of war in August to of munitions to the Allies and ideological considerations playedtheir peacesettlement in the winter of German Zimmermann telegram of January inflamed domestic effects of American entry society war mobilization and welfare Oversimplified Explanations Goldman points out bygreedy businessmen i During the early theAllies increased between and from orders filled American arms factories andshipyards swelled American stressed theimportance of these economic factors as the primary cause evidence that indeciding to go to war the v DeWeerd said that war orders his address to Congress on to our our hearts for democracy for the domination of right by such a concert of make it genuinely democratic pacific and antiimperialistic almost all Americans agreed in opinion was Initiatives Some recent historians for example positioned themselves in such a way that a Middle Westand the West most Americans were pro-Allied in their of Wilson'sclosest advisers such as Colonel Edward House and Robert mediator among the warring powers secret peace initiative his'Peace Without Victory' formulation left Wilson while theBritish were merely seizing cargo Wilson early submarine warfare were accompaniedby egregious acts such as the torpedoing and other sinkings ofunarmed ships After many twists and turns little choice but to declare war after three more vessels an alliance with Germany suggested Mexico and decoded by British Naval Intelligence andturned over to the had been able to remain isolationist Americans in April that Germany belligerence xv Domestic Effects Wilson was Federal Reserve System a federal child mobilize the nation for war and to gear up warproduction a sustained wartime boom Tariffs formerly eighteen times the annual prewar federalbudget xvi The war was farmersbut much higher food prices long transition that transformed the United States into was in a decrepitstate caused by decades troops to France after conscription was needed to fight awar xx To meet mobilization andagencies at the federal level and new welfare state a centralized war A great deal of internecine Atwood instead of punishing companies for acting in concert theGovernment Houseapproved in a constitutional amendment authorizing womens' suffragewhich the form of higher wages In return for leaders served on many government boards was enhanced Schaffer says East St Louis and Houston in The armed Information Congress passed several laws theEspionage Act the Sabotage Act and violence against German-Americans including the said that civil liberties emerged as a relativelysignificant issue the State which sets inmotion throughout society forces beyond its control principal pervasive effect on America's economy David F Trask New York John Wiley and Sons His War World War I and York Alfred A Knopf Heckscher August Woodrow Wilson New Paul L World War I and the Origin Oxford University Press Smith Daniel M The Great Home Readings on American Life New Woodrow Wilson and World War I York Charles Scribner'sSons Heckscher Arthur S States and WorldWar I New York John Wiley War The Rise of the WarWelfare State Randolph Bourne Unfinished Fragment on the State inFree AMERICAN ENTRY INTO WORLD WAR I April and the domestic consequences of that decision American sentiment nor the American decision-making processinvolved Economic factors the unrestricted submarine warfare against neutralshipping The failure of tocommit sabotage and subversion in the United closest advisers that a German victorywas not in powers and functions of the suppression of civilliberties and the greatvogue to the argument that explosive shells ii As the fighting intensified that dependence grew sharply declined The flood of more as the world's financialcenter its place taken by New York However Tansill in said that were threatenedby possible Allied defeat but he how the United States entered more precious than peace and we shall fight for the voice in their own Government for the rights and liberties free vii In consonance with these principles Wilson aimed the war that theparamount task of the United a policy of complete neutrality unneutral from the beginning He waited for sentiment Rooseveltwhose influence was offset by pacifists radical progressives and manypoliticians alleged Hun atrocities However it wasthe loss of life and However according toHeckscher Wilson never until February-March lost to mediate a peace but the rejection in Germany but De Weerd said because the Germans were xiii TheGermans as a land power felt they large loss of life including of Americans by its U-boats Wilson had warned the Germans of the in Mexico The telegramsent by German Foreign Minister of recovering its former territories which Lansingsaid transformed the apathy of the Western states and control of the North Atlantic would haverepresented a to a degree in the formulation of new antitrustlaws tariff reduction overhaul of the banking and Out of War The new war had disrupted international trade causing the costs of the war to theUnited fiscal scene and two thirdsby Liberty Bonds Demand of the War Economy Trask says only a small ill-equipped and ill-trained army difficulties including a massiverailway tie-up arm itself promptly the Alliesprovided a havebeen inconceivable in any other context than the most extreme Railroad Administration the NationalDefense Council and the War presaged and contributed to the rise of and in preparing for WorldWar II Mergeritis Many of their gains provedto of self-sacrifice and moral fervor Prohibition was enacted in to stop breaking union organizing numbers from the South to northern factories Lynchings vastfederal mind manipulation effort in war propaganda masterminded also to suppress dissent and opposition tothe war pacifists aliens radicals such as Socialists transforming the war into a messianic mission Some did not Conclusion The entry of the United States into factors mentioned above played asecondary role A Mergeritis In World War the Making ed Alpheus T Mason New York Oxford New York Harper Row Goldman Harper Brothers Mason Alpheus T Ed Free Government Norton Schaffer Ronald America in the Great War Tansill Charles Callan America Goes to War Boston Destiny New York Alfred A Knopf Charles Callan Tansill America the American Intervention New York Macmillan and Tuchman The Zimmermann Telegram New York Macmillan New York John Wiley and Sons Trask Ferrell Murphy World War I and the Origin of Civil World War I on the side overwhelming approval of thedeclaration of war against part but were not decisive was another important factor leadingto the American declaration of war Americanpublic opinion at a critical juncture Important also was were far-reaching including economic prosperity and capitalism socialchanges in the role of labor women and that the Senate Special Committee months of the war according toTansill Great Britain and million to billion iii As a result of the British profits and created a wartime boom Ferrellsaid of America'sentry into the war President gave any heed to demands causedus to favor Britain and France but April asking for a declarationof war right of those who submit free people as shall bring peace and viii However his idealism was tempered bypragmatism and almost unanimous that the United States Ferrell said that Wilsoncynically manipulated American public careful Chief Executive could reasonably make a move xi sympathies and wereappalled by German monarchism militarism Lansing Secretary of State after were more aggressively for this it wasessential that little room to maneuver The American government protested against violations in the war held the Germansaccountable in a way in of the passenger liner Lusitania which the German High Command decidedin January to weresunk in early The Germans had also engaged in might become abase for the furtherance of Japanese designs United States Tuchman said that Wilson showed greatindignation and ordered in thenineteenth century behind the protective was about to win the war According to Smith elected in on a platform of progressive labor law andprogressive income taxes had been enacted by to support the Allies and to send the principal source of revenues financed one third by a more progressive incometax which and increased production led to the prolongedagricultural depression a modern industrialsociety xvii He says the nation of neglect xix The reconversion of the economyto introduced in May but because targets Trask says required a degree ofgovernment rules and regulations affecting allsectors of life factories labor farms capitalism which set priorities coordinated public and private defense strife and inefficiencyaccompanied this frantic effort and valuable lessons were is now in some cases forcing them to unite was ratified in and as an a no-strike pledge from the American however that many of labor's gains were ephemeral services remained segregated Civil Liberties Controversies and Liberal the Trading with the EnemyAct and the Sedition Act banning of Ludwig von Beethoven's music fromPittsburgh Justice in public policy for the first time in Americanhistory xxv irresistible forces for uniformity xxvi Thewar disillusioned the technologicaldevelopments which enabled the U-boat to threaten governmental organization and society and produced severe strains for many Bourne Randolph Unfinished Fragment on the American Intervention New York Macmillan Ferrell Robert H Woodrow York Charles Scribner's Sons Link Arthur S Woodrow Wilson and of Civil Liberties in the Departure The United States and World War I York John Wiley and Sons Tuchman Barbara The Zimmermann newYork Harper Row Ibid Tansill and Harvey A Link Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era New York and Sons Ferrell David F Trask New York Oxford University Press xii Government in the Making ed Alpheus AND ITS DOMESTIC EFFECTS This research paper deals with publicopinion shifted from nearly unanimous support influence of American war loans andsupplies President Wilson's attempt to mediate a States and Mexico were anirritant The the overall strategic interests of the United States The federal government in relation to theeconomy and beginnings of postwar disillusionment among liberalsand others the United States was pushed into World War I According to Ferrell total American trade with than one billiondollars' worth of Allied war iv In the s the Nye Committee and revisionist authors there is not the slightest acknowledged American economicsolidarity with the Allies World War I vi Ideological Considerations In things we have always carried nearest of small nations for the universal in his foreignpolicy according to Heckscher to States was to preserve itsneutrality ix Link said that x German Submarine Warfare and Failure of Peace to change so that forces and factors and others especially in the South parts of the shipping which turned the tide Some hope of himselfplaying a role as late early by the principal belligerents of his sinking ships and killing people had no alternative however theirintermittent relaxations of unrestricted a German U-boat on May consequences of such acts andfelt he had Arthur Zimmermann on January offered Mexico in the AmericanSouthwest It was intercepted into intense hostilityto Germany xiv The United States threat to American vital interests It was however notclear to basic neutrality policies andthe ultimate transition to monetary system throughcreation of the priority of the Wilsonadministration was to a briefrecession in which was quickly followed by States were billion the equivalent of all federalexpenditures since and for food from Europe was met by America's that World War I was a key link in a Ferrell says in April the shipbuilding industry According to DeWeerd the United States eventually sent twomillion great deal of the equipment and supplies nationalemergency xxi The result was a proliferation of government boards Industries Board Schaffer called the result awar federal power inthe s xxii consolidation of industry took place because accordingto be illusory when men returned However the President and the Some of the wartime prosperity trickled down in attempts The status oflabor unions whose increased Race riots erupted in by GeorgeCreel's Committee on Public Wartime hysteria led to discrimination I W W leaders anarchists and supposedBolsheviks Murphy Randolph Bourne said War is the health of World War I was largely broughtabout by The war also had a I at Home Readings on American Life ed University Press DeWeerd Harvey A President Wilson Fights Eric F Rendezvous with Destiny New in the Making New York Oxford University Press Murphy The Rise of the War Welfare State New York Little Brown Trask David F Ed World War I at Goes to War Boston Little Brown Robert H Ferrell DeWeerd August Heckscher Woodrow Wilson New and Daniel M Smith The Great Departure The United DeWeerd and Trask Ronald Schaffer America in the Great Liberties inthe United States New York W W Norton of the Western Allies in Germany in April No one factor fullyexplains this shift in The casus belli was Germany's decision ofJanuary to resume Amateurish efforts by German agents the growingrealization by the President and his overexpansion of agriculture sharp growthin the blacks an outburst ofpatriotism together with controversy over the Investigatingthe Munitions Industry the Nye Committee of the mid-Thirties gave France faced a glaring deficiency in explosiveartillery and in high blockade of Germany Americantrade to Germany that the war hastened London's decline Most subsequent historians have disagreed by bigbusiness' that America intervened to save investments that one aspect of the complex processof against Germany Wilson said right is to authority to have a safety and make the world itself at least his strong belief at the outset of had no vital stake inthe war and that wisdom dictated opinion into war Wilson was Apart from a few fervent nationalists such as Theodore and expansionism and by Germany'sviolation of Belgian neutrality and in favor ofsupporting the Allies than Wilson until early some great nation remain generally apart xii He wouldhave preferred of itsneutrality on the high seas by both Britain and which he did not hold the British had some munitions as cargo with bring Great Britain to its knees by unleashing various acts ofsabotage and subversion in the United States and against American and offeredMexico the prospect its contents released to the press shield of the British navy Germanhegemony over Europe realistic concepts of national interest wereinvolved domesticreforms called the New Freedom much of which including when he was re-electedon the slogan He Kept Us an American ExpeditionaryForce to France Economic Effects The outbreak of for the federalgovernment dwindled According to Ferrell remained a permanent feature of the of the s and s Mobilization was woefully unready forcombat xviii It had war was accompanied by enormous of an American inability to intervention in the private enterprise economy that would fuel transportation etc suchas the Food Administration the efforts procured needed warmaterials and learned whichwere helpful in fighting the Great Depression xxiii Social Changes Women filled jobs formerly filled by men incidental by-product of the war'sspirit Federation of Labor companies agreed xxiv Blacks migrated in large Disillusionment Wilson was intolerant toward opposition He presided over a which were used not only to curbtruly subversive activities but Department agents and overly enthusiastic vigilantespersecuted draft resisters conscientious objectors According to Rochester most liberals plunged in as crusaders andsaviors many leading eventually to a call for a return tonormalcy American sea lanes andthe course of the war itself Other especially those not in the mainstream Endnotes BibliographyAtwood Albert the State In Free Government in Wilson and World War I the Progressive Era New York United States New York W W New York John Wiley and Sons Telegram New York Macmillan Eric F Goldman Rendezvous with DeWeerd President Wilson Fights His War World War Iand Harper Brothers Ferrell Heckscher DeWeerd Barbara Ed World War I at Home Readings on AmericanLife and Albert A Atwood Mergeritis in Trask Schaffer Paul L T Mason New York Oxford University Press the reasons which led the UnitedStates to enter for American neutrality atthe outbreak of war in August to of munitions to the Allies and ideological considerations playedtheir peacesettlement in the winter of German Zimmermann telegram of January inflamed domestic effects of American entry society war mobilization and welfare Oversimplified Explanations Goldman points out bygreedy businessmen i During the early theAllies increased between and from orders filled American arms factories andshipyards swelled American stressed theimportance of these economic factors as the primary cause evidence that indeciding to go to war the v DeWeerd said that war orders his address to Congress on to our our hearts for democracy for the domination of right by such a concert of make it genuinely democratic pacific and antiimperialistic almost all Americans agreed in opinion was Initiatives Some recent historians for example positioned themselves in such a way that a Middle Westand the West most Americans were pro-Allied in their of Wilson'sclosest advisers such as Colonel Edward House and Robert mediator among the warring powers secret peace initiative his'Peace Without Victory' formulation left Wilson while theBritish were merely seizing cargo Wilson early submarine warfare were accompaniedby egregious acts such as the torpedoing and other sinkings ofunarmed ships After many twists and turns little choice but to declare war after three more vessels an alliance with Germany suggested Mexico and decoded by British Naval Intelligence andturned over to the had been able to remain isolationist Americans in April that Germany belligerence xv Domestic Effects Wilson was Federal Reserve System a federal child mobilize the nation for war and to gear up warproduction a sustained wartime boom Tariffs formerly eighteen times the annual prewar federalbudget xvi The war was farmersbut much higher food prices long transition that transformed the United States into was in a decrepitstate caused by decades troops to France after conscription was needed to fight awar xx To meet mobilization andagencies at the federal level and new welfare state a centralized war A great deal of internecine Atwood instead of punishing companies for acting in concert theGovernment Houseapproved in a constitutional amendment authorizing womens' suffragewhich the form of higher wages In return for leaders served on many government boards was enhanced Schaffer says East St Louis and Houston in The armed Information Congress passed several laws theEspionage Act the Sabotage Act and violence against German-Americans including the said that civil liberties emerged as a relativelysignificant issue the State which sets inmotion throughout society forces beyond its control principal pervasive effect on America's economy David F Trask New York John Wiley and Sons His War World War I and York Alfred A Knopf Heckscher August Woodrow Wilson New Paul L World War I and the Origin Oxford University Press Smith Daniel M The Great Home Readings on American Life New Woodrow Wilson and World War I York Charles Scribner'sSons Heckscher Arthur S States and WorldWar I New York John Wiley War The Rise of the WarWelfare State Randolph Bourne Unfinished Fragment on the State inFree
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