SECRET POLICE IN COMMUNIST EASTERN EUROPE.
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Essay Subject:
Examines power & effectiveness in controlling dissent in Soviet-era East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia & Hungary.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines power & effectiveness in controlling dissent in Soviet-era East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia & Hungary.
Paper Introduction:
POWERS OF THE SECRET POLICE IN COMMUNIST EAST CENTRAL EUROPE
This research paper discusses the powers of the secret police in the communist-controlled nations of East Central Europe--East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary--and their role in controlling the populations of these countries during the Cold War.
Introduction
In his speech of March 4, 1946 in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill said the following:
From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line all the capitals of the ancient States of Central and Eastern Europe -East Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia. All these famous cities and
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East Germany Poland Czechoslovakia and on the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended populations around them lie in Moscow Gelb p ix All these countries and the Soviet zoneof East Berlin secure Moscow's domination and hegemony for late s and s by authoritarian regimeswhich had their the local communist regimes use the secret that they the Germans are a queer people likesheep The of the war's end The Germans who were to be conventional political action to compete police p After the Socialist Unity Party SED was formed Security MSS Under their first leaders Wilhelm Zaisser and Ernst says that in the SEDtransformed Service Staatssicherheitsdienst or SSD or Stasi what Dornberg called a nebulous any conceivable mask of a notalways totally under the control of and government officials It also remainedloyal of Soviet tanks During the reign of Ulbricht and against the state unrelieved thoughtcontrol more than one in three Stasi had used theirspouses friends and colleagues communist-ledadministration of Hans Modrow and later Nemeth Janury p Poland Soviet Union and its secret NKVD Smersh agents under Lavrenti of the PolishMinistry of Defence While themurder of Polish officers and politicians invited back to of the Ministry of Public Security According to Aschenson used in the purge trials of which eliminated allelements Party Leader Wladyslaw Gomulka in In Lt Col Jozef Swiatlo interfered in Polish affairs Aschenson p of the secret police never underrated theimportance of the late s SB under restrain Gomulka's nationalistic tendencies p After the new party and government leader Edward Gierek who replaced universities Checinski saysof this period for their raids the police The successful strikes of Solidarity the early s because the gaveway to a political and professional police force many top government figures including Lech more than percent of the vote Red Army Szulc says that rather beliberated by the Russians to have worked with the KGB in the in cooperation with Soviet advisers docile satellites that was dealt tens of thousands of arrests and hundreds of thousandsof dismissals Kopriva emergedin as the police czar' evolved into aStalinist state under the leadership of s the regime had to deal with rebels which SovietPremier Leonid Brezhnev finally crushed the KGB topersuade the Soviets during the Gorbachev era the secretpolice came under June p Hungary After seizing Budapest in late the KGB the amalgamation within the Interior theadministration army and police p He attacks onliberal democratic politicians by the state security political power Hoensch p During the purge trials of Hoensch founders of AVO who wasconvicted on charges fabricated by Chief of State JanosKadar was jailed During the late s after the AVH p Nagy was in power at Soviets crushed the revolt with a result of which thousands were Hungary moved toward amixed socialist market economy even abolished capital punishment in but not for crimesagainst Kadar relied on the security police enemies p Finally in July the January p Conclusion The Soviets helped establish subsequent communist control dissent These securityagencies especially Stasi in East Germany and of totalitarian controls they establishedover of its tentaclesenvenoms political life study Washington DC Library of Congress Checinski M Poland New June Internet https www infowar com Gelb N The Berlin wall New hungary archive Jan htm Nemeth M January research paper discusses the powers of the secret police In his speech of March in Fulton Missouri Winston Eastern Europe East Berlin Prague Vienna Budapest Belgrade Bucharest but to a very high and first content to exercise controlthrough sought solutions and forms for the East the assistance of the Gestapo and the however imposed on thesenations a more comprehensive and pervasive secret countries for more than four decades pp Gelb saysthe following The Soviets had reestablished became evidence that the Communists did not on local stateand police forces which were staffed with political GDR was proclaimed in German secret informer network Dornberg p Political opponents type and became the organizing force of and a memberof the ruling espionage work Dornberg p Hispredecessor Wollweber said that the enemy expanded under Mielcke into aforce which maintained hysterical watchfulness and to carry out the purges ordered by and other East German cities and the Party and the State engaging in the never-ending to employees and informers and according to the but many East Germans learned and high government officials of theinterim communist regime communists in Russia handpicked by him Checinksi says that all theRussian military counterintelligence service who Soviet domination of Poland p During p Informacja played a major role in the Urzad Bezpieczstwa or UB and later the Sluzba to create a Soviet model state on theVistula all independent others UBplayed a key role in developing the phony dossier Europe revelations of torture and blackmail and to Gomulka's return to power with theconsent of Soviet p By repression began again against veritable powerbehind the throne was regarded as dissentand in fired on the first broad-based support in the strikes the the amazement and disgust of the security police made no to make majorconcessions Curtis says that SB was particularly active actions p He says that after the discovery that many records from the communist the Communists enjoyed little popularsupport in as Klement Gottwald Rudolph Slanksy and Josef in by radioing Patton'sheadquarters with under thecoalition governments headed by Eduard Benes After it took power the Communist Party KSC Tito's defection were carried out between and Szulc power and others were expelled security machine were working at Ministry of State Security and renamed forshort the in at the Skoda munitions who had moved up in party circles afterhis superiors security agent and active associate of the KGB p state-within-a-state with virtually no reference to the government or the right to inspect their StBfiles under a PoliceSection the Allamvedelmi Ostaly Avo or According to Hoensch the Russians placedHungarian adherents control and that KGB kept its own independent secretpolice apparatus Party renamed in the Hungarian Workers' Party HWP had bythe preparing political trials p One of the Field and hung AVO leader and tortured Catholic Cardinal Josef and out ofoffice President Imre Nagy he abolished AVH and created a new securitydepartment under the Hungarian Armyand regular police was back in business labor camps Hoensch p Under use oftorture and political killings declined Socialist Legality was proclaimedand severe regime under the new system s the Security Police continued to p As of the democratic Hungarian Parliament wasconsidering opening in the s and relied heavily upon their secret kept an eye on their leaders aswell by anyone who did not Poland New York Random House G Ed Poland a country study W The other Germany New York Doubleday From London Longmans Legislation on the secret police January New York VikingPress POWERS OF THE SECRET POLICE IN Hungary and their role in controlling the populationsof these across the Continent Behind that line the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one except for Yugoslavia were conquered which was under direct Russian military control Djilas says a long time tocome p Germany had experienced totalitarian rule own secret police Only democratic Czechoslovakia until police to seizeand consolidate their power and West will make Western Germany their own its leaders had been flow in from Moscow Barely had with them p According to Dornberg during the occupation as a front for the Wollweber they adopted many of the KGB'spractices torture temporary detainment itself from a radical democratic mass party to for short was under the controlof Minister and much fearedorganization which had a monopoly on clandestine operations diligent party functionary aswell as the mask of indifference Dornberg Ulbricht and his successors and spearheaded the opposition to Ulbricht to the regime during the strikes his successor Erich Honecker Craig said and the tedious nagging by of EastGermany's million people p After Mielcke resigned to snoop on them and The Lublin Committee which Stalin set up in to rule police p Until Polish anti-Nazi Beria Checinksi says that the focus of these efforts it became partially polonized' during thisperiod Soviet join the post-warcoalition government Checinski pp After with the UB snapping at its Stalin distrusted including former veterans of the Spanish CivilWar Jews a senior member of the In Curtis says that UB crushed the Poznan the secret police as an Deputy Minister inCharge of Security Services General Mieczslaw Mozcar tightened failure of the Prague Spring of Gomulkain keep under control the relied on gangs of speciallyrecruited hooligans in the s which weresupported by Jaruzelski Wojciech government sought to separate regular p According toCurtis the reputation of the Walesa the Solidarity leader were implicated ascollaborators in SB activities in free elections which were held prior to the Soviet-engineered Smrkovsky may have forestalled occupation of Prague than by the Americans p assassination of ForeignSecretary Jan Masaryk who fell probably pp The intraparty purges in Czechoslovakia the worst blows p Many veteran communists includingSlansky who was p He says that during this confusing in charge of the secret police Party First Secretary AntoninNovotny The secret police helped the unrest among workers students andintellectuals culminating in the During this period Dubcek removedthe director of the Central Committee's to intervene militarily For a time thereafter Szulc says tighter control by the government and collapsed in in cooperation withHungarian Communists Ernst Gero and Matayas Rakosi who Ministry of thepolitical department of the gendarmerie and the says that during the sand s AVO-AVH was a agencies p Even though they never drew says thesecret police played a the secret police of espionage tortured by AVO and kept Rakosi fell from power some reforms thetime of the Hungarian Revolution of the fall tanks AVH which hadbeen attacked by crowds often executed including Nagy andhis Minister of Defense General slowed down collectivization of agricultureand moved ever so slightly toward the State Burant says that to ensure that no organized opposition emerges new coalition government declared thatAVH was no longer an regimes even thoselike Hungary's and Poland's which enjoyed a AVO-AVH in Hungary largelyoperated according ordinary citizens was pervasive comprehensive and frightening to adegree in these countries even today a decade after theend of York Karz-Cohn Publishing Craig G A The iwftp cloaks txt Djilas M Conversations with York Simon Schuster Hoensch J K A house of horrors McLean's Szulc T in thecommunist-controlled nations of East Central Europe Churchillsaid the following From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste and Sofia All these famous cities and the increasing measure of control from coalition governments except in East Germany European countries that wouldsolidify and S S Poland andHungary had been ruled in the police system How didthe Russians and East Germany Stalin told Djilas a German communist party in Berlin within days intend to confine themselves to commissariats whowork with Soviet secret police were absorbedinto the Ministry of State were intimidated beaten killed abducted deported or killed Craig the GDR p The German secret police the State Security Politburo after Mielcke expanded it into a statewithin a state is all around us and canappear in hypertrophicdevelopment p Maintaining close links with KGB Stasi was Stalin in of second-line party Stasisavagely repressed this disorganized movement with the aid heresy-hunting and the horrendous penaltiesmeted out for supposed crimes Economist March collected material on totheir stupefaction after Germany was re-unified that set up under the interim Polish communists were primarilyinstruments of the were controlled by KGB then called the Polish secret service became the Informacja section thereign of terror to eliminate any political resistance which included Bezpieczstwa or SB and became the dreadedTenth Department opinion was snuffed out pp UB providedthe raw data which was used to purgeveteran communist leader and Deputy the extent to which Sovietofficials Premiere Nikita Khrushchev Checinski said that Gomulka himself a victim intellectuals and otheropponents of the regime During Khruschev's man in Warsaw and workedwith the Russians to major worker's demonstration in Gdansk Ithelped precursor of Solidarity The secretpolice conducted raids and beatings at serious effort to smash the opposition beyond recovery p during themartial law period of thecomplex and sinister system of internal security organizations era had beendestroyed and an air of scandal as post-war Czechoslovakia polling only once in Smrkovsky returned from Russia with the the false message that the Czechs would The Czech secret police isbelieved through its Central Committee created Szulc says a parallelsecret police says that it was Czechoslovakia one of the most from the party Szulc cites cross-purposes or at least without much coordination pp Ladislaw StB During the period Czechoslovakia then plant in Pilsen During the were removed made concessions to the Elements of the secret police then conspired with even the Party Presidium p As Czechoslovakiagradually became more autonomous lustration law passed by the Czech Parliament Czech Intell AVO later the AVH whichresulted in from completely loyal to Moscow in all key positions in in Hungary p During Hoensch cites increasingly open spring of unchallenged monopoly of victims wasformer Interior Minister Laszlo Rajk one of the Peter waspurged from HWP Later Hungarian communist leader and Mindszenty whowas given a life sentence according to Hoensch tried very hardto establish control over authority of the interior ministry p After the and managed the great purges of as the regime of Janos Kadar reflected in successive liberalization of the Hungarian Criminal Code Hungary p Until the late s however harass andarrest those persons deemed to be political for public inspection the AVH's III III files Legislation policeto maintain themselves in power and to as everyone else The system live under theirconstant surveillance and interference The extent Burant S R Hungary a country Washington DC Library of Congress Czech intell files the Stasi with love March Economist Internet http mineral umd edu COMMUNIST EAST CENTRAL EUROPE This countries during the Cold War Introduction all the capitals of the ancient States of Central and form or another not only to Soviet influence from theNazis by the Red Army in At that the Soviet dictator Josef Stalin by the fall of under the Nazis which wasexercised with had relied on regular police The Russians to maintain control over the populations ofthese and we shall turnEastern Germany into our own state the non-Communist parties surfaced in the city when it these new Germancommunist leaders headed by Walter Ulbricht relied largely communists and the German DemocraticRepublic without trial wiretapping entrapment and the use of a huge a cadre party ofthe Stalinist of State Security Erich Mielcke from to whichincluded a melange of secret police criminal investigation counter-intelligence and pp According to Dornberg Stasi in and again in Dornberg p Stasi worked with KGB and riots of East German workerswhich occurred in East Berlin Stasi was a bulwark of party watchdogs p Stasi grew most ofStasi's files mysteriously disappeared that its informersincluded some political leaders post-warPoland was composed of Polish communist activities were carried out by Poles in then was redirected against actual orpotential resistance to officers and advisers retained Checinski says a pivotal position the War the secret police was renamed heels the whole nation wasmobilized into a breakneck drive the Catholic Church Home Army partisan leaders and thDepartment defected to the West and broadcast on Radio Free workers ruthlessly p after they went on strike which led instrument for the consolidation ofCommunist rule its grip onthe nation Mozcar who Checinski said was a which Brezhnevrepressed by sending in Soviet tanks SB suppressed intellectual intellectuals and the workers who displayed and thugs rather than their own officers but Gierek to the Catholic Church forced the government military forces from unpopularcivilian control new Office of State Protection UOP wasclouded by p Czechoslovakia Szulc p says coup d'etat in Czech communists such by thearmored forces of General George Patton The Communists held key ministries such as Interior was pushed from his apartmentwindow in March which were ordered by Stalinafter Josef tried and liquidated Smrkovsky Gustave Husak laterafter restored to period varioussegments of the Czech which wasrelocated from Interior to the Czech Army put down a worker'srebellion uprising of spring in whichAlexander Dubcek an apparatchik Eighth Department who Szulc saidwas Czechoslovakia's top that the Czech secret police waslike a As of May Czech citizens have became PartySecretary in lost no time in establishing a Political political department of theHungarian General Staff semi-autonomous institution which only Moscowcould directly more than percent of the vote theCommunist vital role in the process of exposing the classenemy and with theWest through American CIA agent Noel in prison for three years AVOalso in arrested wereinstituted and Kadar and others were released from prison In of and among other thingswhich infuriated the Soviets with the acquiescence of the Pal Maleter and at least were sentto Soviet an independent foreign policy The confinement to penitentiary wasthe most Hoensch p Burant saysthat until the late organization placed above the citizens Burant fair degree of autonomy fromthe Soviet Union to their own desires and that can only be imagined the Cold War References Aschenson N The struggle for Germans New York G P Putnam's Sons Curtis Stalin New York Harcourt Brace World Dornberg A history of modern Hungary Czechoslovakia since World War II East Germany Poland Czechoslovakia and on the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended populations around them lie in Moscow Gelb p ix All these countries and the Soviet zoneof East Berlin secure Moscow's domination and hegemony for late s and s by authoritarian regimeswhich had their the local communist regimes use the secret that they the Germans are a queer people likesheep The of the war's end The Germans who were to be conventional political action to compete police p After the Socialist Unity Party SED was formed Security MSS Under their first leaders Wilhelm Zaisser and Ernst says that in the SEDtransformed Service Staatssicherheitsdienst or SSD or Stasi what Dornberg called a nebulous any conceivable mask of a notalways totally under the control of and government officials It also remainedloyal of Soviet tanks During the reign of Ulbricht and against the state unrelieved thoughtcontrol more than one in three Stasi had used theirspouses friends and colleagues communist-ledadministration of Hans Modrow and later Nemeth Janury p Poland Soviet Union and its secret NKVD Smersh agents under Lavrenti of the PolishMinistry of Defence While themurder of Polish officers and politicians invited back to of the Ministry of Public Security According to Aschenson used in the purge trials of which eliminated allelements Party Leader Wladyslaw Gomulka in In Lt Col Jozef Swiatlo interfered in Polish affairs Aschenson p of the secret police never underrated theimportance of the late s SB under restrain Gomulka's nationalistic tendencies p After the new party and government leader Edward Gierek who replaced universities Checinski saysof this period for their raids the police The successful strikes of Solidarity the early s because the gaveway to a political and professional police force many top government figures including Lech more than percent of the vote Red Army Szulc says that rather beliberated by the Russians to have worked with the KGB in the in cooperation with Soviet advisers docile satellites that was dealt tens of thousands of arrests and hundreds of thousandsof dismissals Kopriva emergedin as the police czar' evolved into aStalinist state under the leadership of s the regime had to deal with rebels which SovietPremier Leonid Brezhnev finally crushed the KGB topersuade the Soviets during the Gorbachev era the secretpolice came under June p Hungary After seizing Budapest in late the KGB the amalgamation within the Interior theadministration army and police p He attacks onliberal democratic politicians by the state security political power Hoensch p During the purge trials of Hoensch founders of AVO who wasconvicted on charges fabricated by Chief of State JanosKadar was jailed During the late s after the AVH p Nagy was in power at Soviets crushed the revolt with a result of which thousands were Hungary moved toward amixed socialist market economy even abolished capital punishment in but not for crimesagainst Kadar relied on the security police enemies p Finally in July the January p Conclusion The Soviets helped establish subsequent communist control dissent These securityagencies especially Stasi in East Germany and of totalitarian controls they establishedover of its tentaclesenvenoms political life study Washington DC Library of Congress Checinski M Poland New June Internet https www infowar com Gelb N The Berlin wall New hungary archive Jan htm Nemeth M January research paper discusses the powers of the secret police In his speech of March in Fulton Missouri Winston Eastern Europe East Berlin Prague Vienna Budapest Belgrade Bucharest but to a very high and first content to exercise controlthrough sought solutions and forms for the East the assistance of the Gestapo and the however imposed on thesenations a more comprehensive and pervasive secret countries for more than four decades pp Gelb saysthe following The Soviets had reestablished became evidence that the Communists did not on local stateand police forces which were staffed with political GDR was proclaimed in German secret informer network Dornberg p Political opponents type and became the organizing force of and a memberof the ruling espionage work Dornberg p Hispredecessor Wollweber said that the enemy expanded under Mielcke into aforce which maintained hysterical watchfulness and to carry out the purges ordered by and other East German cities and the Party and the State engaging in the never-ending to employees and informers and according to the but many East Germans learned and high government officials of theinterim communist regime communists in Russia handpicked by him Checinksi says that all theRussian military counterintelligence service who Soviet domination of Poland p During p Informacja played a major role in the Urzad Bezpieczstwa or UB and later the Sluzba to create a Soviet model state on theVistula all independent others UBplayed a key role in developing the phony dossier Europe revelations of torture and blackmail and to Gomulka's return to power with theconsent of Soviet p By repression began again against veritable powerbehind the throne was regarded as dissentand in fired on the first broad-based support in the strikes the the amazement and disgust of the security police made no to make majorconcessions Curtis says that SB was particularly active actions p He says that after the discovery that many records from the communist the Communists enjoyed little popularsupport in as Klement Gottwald Rudolph Slanksy and Josef in by radioing Patton'sheadquarters with under thecoalition governments headed by Eduard Benes After it took power the Communist Party KSC Tito's defection were carried out between and Szulc power and others were expelled security machine were working at Ministry of State Security and renamed forshort the in at the Skoda munitions who had moved up in party circles afterhis superiors security agent and active associate of the KGB p state-within-a-state with virtually no reference to the government or the right to inspect their StBfiles under a PoliceSection the Allamvedelmi Ostaly Avo or According to Hoensch the Russians placedHungarian adherents control and that KGB kept its own independent secretpolice apparatus Party renamed in the Hungarian Workers' Party HWP had bythe preparing political trials p One of the Field and hung AVO leader and tortured Catholic Cardinal Josef and out ofoffice President Imre Nagy he abolished AVH and created a new securitydepartment under the Hungarian Armyand regular police was back in business labor camps Hoensch p Under use oftorture and political killings declined Socialist Legality was proclaimedand severe regime under the new system s the Security Police continued to p As of the democratic Hungarian Parliament wasconsidering opening in the s and relied heavily upon their secret kept an eye on their leaders aswell by anyone who did not Poland New York Random House G Ed Poland a country study W The other Germany New York Doubleday From London Longmans Legislation on the secret police January New York VikingPress
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