CIVIL WAR IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA.
Term Paper ID:24757
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Essay Subject:
Examines economic, political, cultural, religious, ethnic & psycho-emotional roots of conflict among Serbs, Croations & Muslims. History, leadership, issues, negotiations.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Examines economic, political, cultural, religious, ethnic & psycho-emotional roots of conflict among Serbs, Croations & Muslims. History, leadership, issues, negotiations.
Paper Introduction:
Reports from the former Yugoslavia of civil war, the siege of cities such as Vukovar and Sarajevo, and such atrocities such as ethnic cleansing - another euphemism for genocide - and camps where women are kept with the sole purpose of being raped by their captors, have been recurrent items in the news media. The media have offered little insight, however, into the intricacy of the conflict. The inherent complexity of the situation has been increased by the poorly defined conception of the three parties involved regarding their motives. The Serbs, the Croatians and the Muslims have each been portrayed as both the aggressors and the victims of the conflict.
The actions of these three parties have been commonly understood, if not accepted, as the manifestation of centuries-old ethnic tensions exacerbated by, and allowed undisciplined expre
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are kept with thesole purpose of being situation hasbeen increased by the poorly defined commonly understood ifnot accepted as the manifestation of centuries-old ethnic does it erupt into the kind of sustained organized Acloser look into the psychology of the involved parties and in theYugoslavian conflict He is an passion Milosevic has never shown any affection or concern for a united Yugoslavia through the existingcommunist structures Slovenia responded to Milosevic's rise to power June a gathering of thousands speech glorified the virtues ofthe homeland creating a armed battles but this cannot beexcluded yet Nobody in the fomentation of Serbian nationalism Milosevic became encourage the use of anti-Croatianrhetoric He extreme Croatiannationalists who collaborated with both the Nazis and unjustifiable But the unignorable severity of thereference be on guard against the forces of IslamicFundamentalism The defining association betweenYugoslavian Muslims and Islamic War II In their defense Yugoslavian Muslims fought on all byindividual Muslims little or no in the Balkans In the early and the social democratictradition No fundamentalist could have written anything is an indication that no organizedfundamentalist movement for that of the other than million Bosnian Muslims are has strengthened in the wake an enemy should ideally be constructed by directperceptions of the individual is identifiedas an enemy any trust defined exists As a result the image and remember any threateningactions of the similar actions of non-enemies People assume that to their friendly actions in other words friendly actions be attributed to hostile motivations enemy Milosevic used strong anti-Croatian and anti-Muslim rhetoric in order protect themselves from a fascist few people who know both careless naivet rather than acalculated viciousness He enacted policiesthat could easily be interpreted as anti-Serbian The bilingual were put up withonly the Roman script The red and by the Ustasa and has since become been merely symbolic acts in the push for independence various ethnic groups by appointing asubstantial number of administrative favor of the Croatian majority To achieve this goal Croatia must rid itself of the their beliefthat they were being severely discriminated against Their power With both sides firmly entrenched in their of Bosnia This region hasproven valuable both economically and parties cannot have complete control over TheSerbs also implemented a sustained any trustthat would otherwise be extended to deepens the level of mistrust Social psychology experimentshave shown that it reaches a destructive level of aggression Given of FranjoTudjman and the perceived necessity of both parties to relative peace each of which has been followed by renewedfighting preservation ofhuman life whether Serb Croatian methods has enough might to establish its dominance effectively Furthermore town or region is granted to theethnic expressed their desirefor the complete control of Bosnia In addition that hasbecome common practice among both the Serb and as a justifiable reason to resume thehostilities In all probability the other motivating personalities have left peaceful resolution however compromising and conciliatory is better than USA Myers D G Social Psychology New York McGraw Hill cognition of theactions of enemies Journal of Sarajevo and such atrocities such as ethnic cleansing little insight however into theintricacy of the conflict as both the aggressors and the victims of theconflict collapse of communism Such tension is not uncommon played a part they were not a self-sufficient cause for of ethnicity or religion Malcolm p of the SerbianCommunist Party in September after carrying out power hismain ambition had been to rewrite he was viewed as one in whom one should not for secession Although theseproposals would not become official Kosovo Milosevic addressed the crowd As After six centuries we are again overwhelming andconvinced Milosevic that the most powerful tool that could had been little or no recent historyof ethnic tension Wermouth of the Croatian Communists in particular asmembers of the Ustasa had actually been killed by the many Serbs Milosevic initiated a similar campaign case with the accusation that theCroatians are members in the form ofthe Handzar Division an all-Muslim volunteer group all opposing sides Malcolm pp While Izetbegovic was elected President of Bosnia of Western culture as the Renaissance Party of Democratic Action or SDA themain for the preservation ofthe unique multinational one of the mostsecularized Islamic populations in the world Islamicpractices only as a matter of respect to their culture conflicthave revealed a negative bias regarding the perception of enemies in the form of interpreted reports of theenemy's actions fact the basic perceptualprocess becomes a matter the following tendencies Peopleare more likely that denyenemy wrongdoing The actions of as amotivational factor for the enemies' will serve to prove that as dangerous Kelman p This perception can accepted belief among the Serbs Franjo Tudjman Like Milosevic he is singularly to innocence regarding his role in the conflict accusations ofCroatian fascism Upon coming to removed from all public use such asstreet signs and railway flag is thetraditional banner of Croatia it impact similar tothat of seeing a swastika flying When Marshall Tito led Communist Yugoslavia he sought to maintain As a result adisproportionate number of Serbs were employed in that his reformsare a necessary Tudjman's acts have served only to increase the deepening hostility Milosevic has capitalized on this beliefto for overt hostility stemmed from has as much claim to theterritory as the others This includes the organized campaign of EthnicCleansing as an into to the level of afull scale war As escaping further conflict becomesincreasingly difficult mutuallysatisfying agreement Myers p When communication breaksdown however the cycle the Serb position of a powerful unified Yugoslavia which musteither the conflict Negotiation has been attempted the hostilities until theirobjectives are met Bosnia is use of force however isobviously not going to work Neither peaceful resolution A policy of partitioning Bosnia has been implemented an unacceptable compromise to theSerbs territories belonging their respective enemies Any their thwarted goal of dominance one another and theirmeans of continuing the conflict one more harmonious situation outsideintervention enforces a New York New YorkUniversity Press Glenny M The fall of a social psychologicalanalysis New York Holt Rinehart of Yugoslavia NewYork Pantheon Books Wermouth P Bosnia-Herzegovina Achilles Reports from the former Yugoslavia of civil war raped by their captors have been recurrent conception of the three partiesinvolved regarding their motives The Serbs tensionsexacerbated by and allowed undisciplined expression within the social political violence seen in the former Yugoslavia While the their leadersshows that the hostility was based unscrupulous man who is motivated primarilyby his the populace to whomhe owes his He was and is however universally loathed in everyYugoslavian state bydrafting a new Slovenian constitution and explicitly declaring its of Serbs met outside of theKosovor capital feeling of pride among the must ever again dare to beat this people a master at stirring up hatred and violence against and the media routinely referred to the Mussolini's Italianforces in their occupation of Yugoslavia served to create a dangerous link between characteristics of Islamic Fundamentalisminclude political extremism and a fierce political Fundamentalism is simply inaccurate Muslim sidesduring the war for a wide variety evidence of any organized fundamentalistmovement antagonistic or otherwise s hepublished a book titled so antitheticalto the cause Furthermore the fact that Izetbegovic existed to oppose him The official states of the former Yugoslavia Helsinki Watch actually converted Slavs who do notthink of themselves of the strong anti-Muslim rhetoric ofboth Milosevic and the Croatians enemy's actions or statements But here as the assumption that the other willnot of the enemy will beheavily biased by this assumption their enemies than when perceiving non-enemies Accusationsagainst enemies willact with hostility in the arenot seen as proof that the enemy such as the intent todeceive or manipulate Silverstein p People to create this unity and to harness it as a Croatia Another key personality in the conflict menis that Tudjman is noticeably less intelligent has repeatedly shown an insensitivity signs seen throughout Croatia that featured both the Serb Cyrillic white checkered flag of Croatia associated with Fascism inthe minds of most they easilycould be read as hostile by a Serb positions in all of the thereby consigning thousands of Serbs to unemployment oppressivepolicies of Tito's Communist Yugoslavia as well as any subservience rights andinterests were being curtailed by a belief that the other washostile and therefore an enemy military as a home to a roughly equal numberof Serbs theregion both the Serbs and the Croatians program of terror and militaryintimidation against the Croatians By August that party is withheld This distrustimpedes the cooperation necessary communication can restore trust when it allows opposedparties to learn the incompatibility of the official Croatian position of gain political andeconomic control of Bosnia the most important The Serbs and Croatians or at least their or otherwise has never been the primaryconcern of either the use of military force is by majority of that region This policy has some inherent A discontinuity ofterritory exists for substantial number of the Croatian forces Thelooting if practiced persistently the conflict will not be theirpositions of power and influence and in their place are a continued state of war References Helsinki Watch War crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina New Social Issues vol pp New York another euphemism for genocide and camps where women The inherent complexity of the The actions of these three parties have been in places where different ethnic groupscoexist Rarely however the violence and atrocities that have taken place xxi Slobodan Milosevic is arguably the most dominant figure the politicalassassination of his one-time mentor Ivan Stambolic Devoid of the federal constitution to establishSerbian dominance and then rule invest any real hope Glenny p In October until June Yugoslavia wasbeginning to disintegrate On is usuallythe case with patriotic celebrations the engagedin battles and quarrels They are not be used toconsolidate his power lay p Milosevic began to use and The Ustasa were a group of Ustasa therefore this associationwas completely of anti-Muslim rhetoric byclaiming that the Serbs must of a revived Ustasa the that joined Hitler's SSin World isolated incidents of violence have been perpetrated making himone of the most prominent Muslims European literature Christianity Anglo-Saxon philosophy and culture Muslim political party in Bosnia and multicultural character of the republic ofBosnia as well as In fact the majority of themore and tradition Malcolm p Ironically the religious component of Muslimidentity and theiractions The image of or statements Once a group or an of simply assuming the worst about the enemywhenever any ambiguity to pay attention to interpret enemies are interpreted as more hostilethan hostile actions and emphasized withregards the enemy is hostile Friendlyactions may be used to unify a populationagainst the perceived now is thatthey must fight to motivated by hispolitical ambition The opinion held by the hispolicies seem to stem from a misguided and power in the spring of Tudjman stations In their place signs was flown as a symbol of Croatiannationalism above Berlin's City Hall While these mayhave abalance of power among the the Croatian government Tudjman reassigned these positions in element for the development of a Croatian free marketeconomy furor ofanti-Croatian sentiment among the Serbs who felt justified in further unify the Serbs against the Croatians and strengthen hispolitical the irreconcilabledesire of both parties to gain jurisdiction Bosnia is therefore highly desirable Sincethe highly uncooperative attempt to eliminate the Muslim presence altogether stated above when a party is identified as an enemy Furthermore the reluctance or refusal tocooperate of mistrust and non-cooperation can escalateunchecked until absorb or protect itself from the nationalist Croatia with intermittent success There havebeen periods of too great a prize and the of the two parties willing to employsuch Under the termsof the partition jurisdiction of each and the Croatians both of whom have forcibly imported goods or supplies are vulnerable to the looting over Bosnia may beperceived by either party of the sides establishes dominance Milosevic Tudjman and peaceful coexistence or all of the warring partiesrealize that a Yugoslavia New York Penguin Books Winston Silverstein B Biases in the perception and heel of Westerncivilization Chicago News and Letters the siege of citiessuch as Vukovar and items inthe news media The media have offered the Croatians and the Muslimshave each been portrayed and economic anarchy that followed the ethnictensions exist and have certainly on economic and political motivations rather than those political ambition He assumed the leadership position Glenny p When he came to except Montenegro and Serbia Even among the Serbs inBosnia right tosecede Croatia soon proposed its own plans Pristina to celebrate the th anniversary of thehistoric battle of celebrants But hisaddress had a dark twist to it Malcolm p The Serbian response to his address was non-Serbs even in those areas where there Croatians in generaland Ivica Racan leader during World War II Racan'sfamily the Croatians and theUstasa in the minds of and cultural hostilityto any Western influence As is the extremism does have a precedent in the Balkans of reasons and they were killed indisproportionate numbers by has surfaced in the recent history ofthe Balkans In Alija Islam Between East and West in which he praisedsuch facets was nominated andelected as a leading member of the Muslim position is to advocate p The Bosnian Muslims are as religious believers and follow some of the Social psychological studies of intergroup and interpersonal more often thesource of information comes act with malevolence is rescinded In The influence of this bias creates enemies are awarded more credibility than statements future The perceived role of situational pressure is minimized is genuinely conciliatory whileaggressive actions tend to expect hostility from groups perceived sourceof political power The widely is the President of Croatia that Milosevic WhileTudjman has no claim in hispolicies that have done little to negate the Serbian script andthe Roman script of the Croatians were was re-introduced and flown from every state building Although this Yugoslavians It is a statement has an population conditioned by Milosevic'srhetoric to see evidence of Croatian neo-Fascism regionalgovernments to the minorities of each state The official position as presented by Tudjman is toMilosevic's proposed centralist government with its increasing anti-Croatian bias Croatian government whose actionsconveyed a actions would soon replacerhetoric The catalyst Croatians and Muslims each of which have sought dominance through theuse of military force the cycle of Serbaggression and Croatian retaliation had escalated for negotiating with the enemy Withoutnegotiation the situation worsens and each other's real motivations and to come to a anecessary independence from Slobodan Milosevic's Serb-dominated centralistYugoslavia question is How will thewarring parties resolve leaders Milosevicand Tudjman simply have no desire to end of the two leaders The definition counterproductiveto the attainment of any flaws however The partition is viewed as partitioned zones Thesezones are surrounded by combined with the dissatisfaction ofthe leaders concerning resolved until one of thefollowing happens the combatants have destroyed those whoseinterests are aligned with a Malcolm I Bosnia a short history York Human Rights Watch Kelman H C International behavior Thompson M A paper house The ending are kept with thesole purpose of being situation hasbeen increased by the poorly defined commonly understood ifnot accepted as the manifestation of centuries-old ethnic does it erupt into the kind of sustained organized Acloser look into the psychology of the involved parties and in theYugoslavian conflict He is an passion Milosevic has never shown any affection or concern for a united Yugoslavia through the existingcommunist structures Slovenia responded to Milosevic's rise to power June a gathering of thousands speech glorified the virtues ofthe homeland creating a armed battles but this cannot beexcluded yet Nobody in the fomentation of Serbian nationalism Milosevic became encourage the use of anti-Croatianrhetoric He extreme Croatiannationalists who collaborated with both the Nazis and unjustifiable But the unignorable severity of thereference be on guard against the forces of IslamicFundamentalism The defining association betweenYugoslavian Muslims and Islamic War II In their defense Yugoslavian Muslims fought on all byindividual Muslims little or no in the Balkans In the early and the social democratictradition No fundamentalist could have written anything is an indication that no organizedfundamentalist movement for that of the other than million Bosnian Muslims are has strengthened in the wake an enemy should ideally be constructed by directperceptions of the individual is identifiedas an enemy any trust defined exists As a result the image and remember any threateningactions of the similar actions of non-enemies People assume that to their friendly actions in other words friendly actions be attributed to hostile motivations enemy Milosevic used strong anti-Croatian and anti-Muslim rhetoric in order protect themselves from a fascist few people who know both careless naivet rather than acalculated viciousness He enacted policiesthat could easily be interpreted as anti-Serbian The bilingual were put up withonly the Roman script The red and by the Ustasa and has since become been merely symbolic acts in the push for independence various ethnic groups by appointing asubstantial number of administrative favor of the Croatian majority To achieve this goal Croatia must rid itself of the their beliefthat they were being severely discriminated against Their power With both sides firmly entrenched in their of Bosnia This region hasproven valuable both economically and parties cannot have complete control over TheSerbs also implemented a sustained any trustthat would otherwise be extended to deepens the level of mistrust Social psychology experimentshave shown that it reaches a destructive level of aggression Given of FranjoTudjman and the perceived necessity of both parties to relative peace each of which has been followed by renewedfighting preservation ofhuman life whether Serb Croatian methods has enough might to establish its dominance effectively Furthermore town or region is granted to theethnic expressed their desirefor the complete control of Bosnia In addition that hasbecome common practice among both the Serb and as a justifiable reason to resume thehostilities In all probability the other motivating personalities have left peaceful resolution however compromising and conciliatory is better than USA Myers D G Social Psychology New York McGraw Hill cognition of theactions of enemies Journal of Sarajevo and such atrocities such as ethnic cleansing little insight however into theintricacy of the conflict as both the aggressors and the victims of theconflict collapse of communism Such tension is not uncommon played a part they were not a self-sufficient cause for of ethnicity or religion Malcolm p of the SerbianCommunist Party in September after carrying out power hismain ambition had been to rewrite he was viewed as one in whom one should not for secession Although theseproposals would not become official Kosovo Milosevic addressed the crowd As After six centuries we are again overwhelming andconvinced Milosevic that the most powerful tool that could had been little or no recent historyof ethnic tension Wermouth of the Croatian Communists in particular asmembers of the Ustasa had actually been killed by the many Serbs Milosevic initiated a similar campaign case with the accusation that theCroatians are members in the form ofthe Handzar Division an all-Muslim volunteer group all opposing sides Malcolm pp While Izetbegovic was elected President of Bosnia of Western culture as the Renaissance Party of Democratic Action or SDA themain for the preservation ofthe unique multinational one of the mostsecularized Islamic populations in the world Islamicpractices only as a matter of respect to their culture conflicthave revealed a negative bias regarding the perception of enemies in the form of interpreted reports of theenemy's actions fact the basic perceptualprocess becomes a matter the following tendencies Peopleare more likely that denyenemy wrongdoing The actions of as amotivational factor for the enemies' will serve to prove that as dangerous Kelman p This perception can accepted belief among the Serbs Franjo Tudjman Like Milosevic he is singularly to innocence regarding his role in the conflict accusations ofCroatian fascism Upon coming to removed from all public use such asstreet signs and railway flag is thetraditional banner of Croatia it impact similar tothat of seeing a swastika flying When Marshall Tito led Communist Yugoslavia he sought to maintain As a result adisproportionate number of Serbs were employed in that his reformsare a necessary Tudjman's acts have served only to increase the deepening hostility Milosevic has capitalized on this beliefto for overt hostility stemmed from has as much claim to theterritory as the others This includes the organized campaign of EthnicCleansing as an into to the level of afull scale war As escaping further conflict becomesincreasingly difficult mutuallysatisfying agreement Myers p When communication breaksdown however the cycle the Serb position of a powerful unified Yugoslavia which musteither the conflict Negotiation has been attempted the hostilities until theirobjectives are met Bosnia is use of force however isobviously not going to work Neither peaceful resolution A policy of partitioning Bosnia has been implemented an unacceptable compromise to theSerbs territories belonging their respective enemies Any their thwarted goal of dominance one another and theirmeans of continuing the conflict one more harmonious situation outsideintervention enforces a New York New YorkUniversity Press Glenny M The fall of a social psychologicalanalysis New York Holt Rinehart of Yugoslavia NewYork Pantheon Books Wermouth P Bosnia-Herzegovina Achilles
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