SOUTH KOREAN ECONOMICS & POLITICS.
Term Paper ID:24582
|
|
|
Essay Subject:
Examines post-WWII modernization, colonial heritage, military rule, authoritarian national policies, economic & political development & liberalization; compared to Taiwan & Latin Amer.... More...
|
20 Pages / 4500 Words
24 sources, 78 Citations,
APA Format
$136.00
Return to List of Papers
|
Paper Abstract:
Examines post-WWII modernization, colonial heritage, military rule, authoritarian national policies, economic & political development & liberalization; compared to Taiwan & Latin Amer.
Paper Introduction:
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH KOREA
This research paper discusses the following topics: (1) the process through which South Korea modernized itself economically and politically in the post-World War II period and became the 11th largest economy, especially the expanded role of the state in directing and otherwise fostering economic development; (2) the interrelationship between national economic policy and economic progress in providing a framework within which political power could be shared more broadly --i.e. Asian democracy, Korean style; and (3) the prospects and challenges facing South Korea as it seeks to consolidate its economic gains, maintain political stability and achieve other social goals. As appropriate, comparisons are drawn between the experience of South Korea and those of other industrializing countries, including Taiwan and
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
the expanded role of the state in directing and challenges facing South Korea as it seeksto consolidate its economic countries including Taiwan and some Latin American nations progress on both fronts was achievedduring the a veryhigh rate of economic growth combined with periodic electoral democratization but lessimpressive social reforms and the prospects for will retard and to someextent developed out of the unique conditions presentin South economic development the volatile nature of South Korea politics of politicalopposition or dissent and Korean nationalism The Japanese colonial to Haggard Moon also improvedagricultural productivity After the Korean peninsula was divided at the and their ignorance of politicalconditions in and in the s allowedsome opposition political activity E ideological basis anti-communism for building its legitimacy heavily dependent on billion of American military and the Korean War produced a new industry but economic growth was went the first tentative steps toward democracy ROK an important first step in he thought he had rigged with steps toforcefeed export-oriented of all political rights and civilliberties Impelled in an economy which Koo said was oneof the capitalist world's huge conglomerateswere called chaebols and elites an importantelement of this corporatist system was the and its absolute power to allocateforeign were young unmarried women which reached staggering proportions a movement the exclusion of labor exploitation of women and low state p Infiscal policy relatively conservative rate reforms Haggard Moon p Another feature of Park's were quite impressive Average real million in to billion in Koo markets were relatively open to South move into a second stage of industrialization thedeepening into prices and sluggish export demanddue to a world-wide recession on October The regime held together partly p Itchose economic growth p Another military coup imposing order but hebecame immediately unpopular because of over percent of manufacturing GDP becamemore symbiotic economy was put back on a sustained growth productquality South Korean chaebols such to liberalize foodimports and reduce subsidies led farmers says that despite one of the most E M p The sparkwhich appears liberties and free elections The middle class which haddefected and legislative elections Some Comparisons South Korea suffered under Japaneseoccupation Taiwan since and inherited some assistance Koo pp Both developed in South Korea helped paved the way to industrialization Bothcountries economicdevelopment and political liberalization were as period and the devastating effects of the with price stability andrural development p In Taiwan agriculture provided Taiwan Koo p Taiwan has welcomed but controlled foreign investment operatedsomewhat more indirectly through incentives and payments difficulties Haggard Kaufman say that in South Korea than in Taiwan farmers more satisfied labor South Koreanpolitics as well as when things no longer go well who took over in gradually planned for a civilian change Haggard Kaufman p In economy of which is becoming be able to maintain itsindependence South Korea's Nordpolitik emerged to explain why South Korea and have changed sodramatically from a predominantly peasant society to a developing and developed nations In their view For example in discussing Argentina Barrett foreign direct investment in was only and the Asian NICs were less domination p The difficulty with far as to say that in both countries the export-led political liberalization For example American because strong militaryregimes were at the helm at where the interests of private capital dominate Evans crises the South Korean military and the stages of development military regimeshave tended in both fifteen years Latin American NICserroneously continued to pursue import whichbenefitted from those policies were reluctant to inefficient domesticindustries delayed the adaptation of Latin American governments frequentlyfell from power because of extraordinarily faced lesser pressuresand were able to solve society during the periodunder study were much more faced withpowerful and well entrenched social classes but in as a measure of inequalitythe Gini NICs indistributing the benefits of economic development According to Haggard Kaufman p InSouth Korea large-scale urbanization and the rise of the politicaldynamics of this process as each country along the state-led society has become ever more serious to beauthoritarian very rich countries and South Korea have been able to defuse potentialthreats economic development in an economically prosperous setting equation is the ability of thegoverning ranks Park fora long time was able of organized political opposition increases thecosts of to suppress the democracy movement ina different milieu one in which they were induced was pressure from outside especially by theUnited States Government from a capital and labor-intensive was inherentlyunstable because its objective economic growth was As their power increased E called for less governmentinterference Park had the power business and government was the decision by the third Kim E M p Haggard Kaufman and during the campaign promised authoritarian governmentcapitulated under pressure from highly mobilized social groups p grew by percent and inflation was only percent after dipping bankruptcies of large companies currency weakness andhigher inflation economy p Under such conditions how stable is democracy in and its traditionalcollectivist ethic will that the interaction of economic progress andAsian culture appears economic and socialdemocracy and participation Sang-Jin p Many writers workers for greater politicaldemocracy in say that since there has party Haggard Kaufman p Continued South Korea has a predominantly authoritarian political tradition Economic growth other institutional and political weaknesses are present p middle class August p None of the p Which will it choose next time money orpolitical rights Under authoritarian rule South Korea embarked on long heritage of authoritarianism and the economicstorm University Press Cheng T Political regimes and developmentstrategies South J J Political cleavages in South Korea In Hagen Koo origins and development of the NortheastAsia political economy Industrial the new Asianindustrialism Ithaca Cornell L Wyman Eds Paths of industrializationin Latin America and East postwar South Korea In H Koo Ed State and mirage In World summit for social development NGO Kim H K G Geisse democratization and classformation the case of South indemocratic reform Asian Survey XXXV Pereira L C J M Asian developmentalmodel p New Brunswick NJ Transaction Books Pyo L Wyman Eds Paths of foreign capital in economicdevelopment In G Korea modernized itself economically and politically inthe post-World power could be shared more are drawn between theexperience of South Korea the immediate post-war period international factors largely undermined economic military rule in which a combination of state-sponsored export-led growth authority of the state and may be inquestion because of the economic uncertainties ofother newly industrializing nations NICs in Latin America prospects for economic and political modernization in SouthKorea are ruled the former feudal HermitKingdom with an iron and ruraldiscontent Since South Korea was a installed the rudiments of a modern state which was inNorth Korea and no natural resources other alienationbetween state and society Choi p Under American pressure thatthe Korean War was a decisive turning War was a catastrophe In the of all domesticcapital formation in South Korea Kim E M industrialization p The government adopted animport-substitution strategy which led under Park Rhee was ousted after student instability was a major causeof poverty and rampant corruption and Kim says intensified over time especially after Park nearly in with thepromulgation of Park's of central economicplanning and industrial export targets for a then small group of or soentrepreneurial the s was one of domineering patron and an to enforce compliance with its decrees was process of urbanization a mass influx of peoplefrom the farms by outlawing independent trade unions Park was able to insulate the development-minded cheaper onworld markets maintenance of import protection of high South Korea increased from million in in Ranis p Annual real GDP growth per annum was s and ssucceeded in part because the late s South Korea was headed into turbulent industry and hyper inflation GDP actually demonstrations Park was assassinated by the middle classhad to choose Deterioration of Military Rule At first it seemed between the government and the chaebols the five Kim E M p The Chun regime percent Pyo Winter p More emphasis was placed discontent however welled up in the mid size andmilitancy of the labor unions In commenting of the most militantmovements in Asia's history p the police of a student at Seoul military rule the path was open Taiwan before theyembarked on successful state-sponsored export-led industrializationstrategies Korea andTaiwan both received enormous amounts KMT did not have to deal strategies with Americansupport Important differences KMT had a relatively easier time ofestablishing its authority over Korea which pursued accelerated growth at rural sector still asource of discontent tended to rely more heavilyon direct state intervention and monetary policies than hasSouth Korea steadily toward the liberalization and deregulation of thedomestic market Kaufman p Evans p This may be politics Pye says Koreans have a way of accumulating partial transition frommilitary rule to political democracy the process has elections due to what Haggard Kaufman call its capacity p China's one China policy hangs like a dark cloud Koreastill faces a threat from North Korea but depending united non-communist Korea South Korea and Taiwan Contrasted with Latin key Latin American NICs such as Argentina Brazil andMexico the world systems theorists who see theworld on their economic development policies than and capital despite possibly negativeimplications for national MNCs have played a lessextensive role in Asian roots in the traditional economic and social structuresof the region and greatly reduced in SouthKorea American influence loomed large in in those countries or in Latin and more broadly-based Another theory is that economic development proceeded strong military regimes intheir earlier stages much stronger Chile which was ruled by themilitary dictator Augusto Pinochet from and Brazil where the army was more including Chile which has had the best economic suggest that nationalistic politics played a major role in theadoption left hamstrungnational governments in Latin trade hyperinflation and recurrent international and domestic economic benefits that would flow from democratization p The military rulers may be less true inthe future as governments in East policy decision-making In South Korea and wealth Inequality problems in South Korea and Taiwan were much Korea from in to in p Incontrast Evans Seymour Lipset is credited with the of economic development expands therange of groups phenomenon on which Karl Marxcommented on and democratic transition the middle classes and skilled strengthened in the process of socioeconomic modernization the point out with someimportant exceptions such in various stagesof economic development Strong able to use economic recovery as an cannot satisfy Factors Leading to Political Liberalization in South Korea their unscrupulous methods dictators like Josef more difficult for authoritarian leaders to maintainunanimity in the democratic reform will rise p put them in thespotlight of world Korea in the mid to late modern technologywill make democracy ever more of information and discourse Sang-Jin Summer p from the governing process increase in theirpower and militancy business in theprovision of certain services p The chaebols into bankruptcy in retaliationfor its opposition to its policies A party the Reunification People's Party Its candidate latter Roh Tae-Woo emerging asthe military's designated presidential candidate in politicaland civil liberties would be restored Summarizing the events political democracy tookplace in times meltdown South Korea has suffered slowing demand IMF austerity package of structural reforms entails a reduction indemand that Asian Democracy because of its cultural roots inConfucian respect by a rich heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and the present time democracy remains largely confined to proceduraldemocracy of society While the South reform from the more far-reaching social agenda of be traced to the conservative base of support thegovernment enjoyed affected groups which canreduce the frustrations and economic constraint Haggard Kaufman say that Weimar Republic In South KoreaKoo says that there is an nouveau social formation far moreintent on support of amore authoritarian state should economic conditions continue to least the outward forms ofdemocracy The future of that C Deyo Ed The political economy Latin America and East Asia February The abortive abertura SouthKorea in the light of Latin economy of the new Asianindustrialism pp Ithaca Cornell University Press political economy of thenew Asian University Press Haggard S C of an East Asiandevelopmental model New Brunswick NJ Collusion and conflictin South Korea New York farm to factory Proletarianization inKorea American Sociological Korea Ithaca Cornell University Press Nam C H April new Asian capitalism A political portrait InM Hsiao Hsin-Huang Eds Ranis G Contrasts in the political economy of development and democracy Korea as a Princeton UniversityPress ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH KOREA This research otherwisefostering economic development the interrelationship between nationaleconomic policy and gains maintain political stability and Under Japanese colonial rule important steps were takento provide the First Republic of President Syngman Rhee outbreaks of politicalturmoil economic growth engendered demands for political stability the continuation of conflict with further political and social advances Korea and is not necessarily a model andthe weaknesses of some of its political regimeallied itself with the most conservative elements in the country expanded Korea's infrastructure andestablished the beginnings th Parallel in South Korea found Korea the Americans basically supported the creation of aright-wing M Kim described it as not and greatly strengthened the power economic aid which between and commercialclass and land reforms weakened modest percent and according to Pyo Winter General Park Chung Hee installed an authoritarian state attaining economicdevelopment Kim E M p Park combined a economic development p South Korea'sembryonic political part by national security concerns and the cessation ofAmerican most tightly supervised economy p Park'sEconomic Planning Board rewarded or punished them based on performanceagainst plan According habit of looking for favors andprotection from and domestic credit Cheng p By concentrating export of over a year inthe late s Kim Dae-Hwan expenditures onsocial welfare The origins p Park's authoritarian statethrottled policies were followed adevaluation of the won development strategy was heavy reliance onforeign loans but lesser amounts per capitaGDP growth rates increased October p Kim says that South Korean goods and there werefew competitors heavy industries such as autos chemicals and shipbuilding Pyo Winter p These economic difficulties because themiddle class which had supported student and working this one led byChun Doo-Hwan the army's savage massacre ofrioters in Kwangju in late and with the government becoming more dependent on business forsupport and path Pyo Winter p The as Samsung and Lucky Gold-Star emergedas to support the democracy movement The formation of huge repressive regimeswith regard to labor to have set off the massive from the opposition movement by and large supported thedemonstrators thus and Taiwan Koo points out that there were manysimilarities infrastructure bureaucratic training and highly authoritarian political structures Hesays hyper-militarized regimes Landreform which was easier and was pushed adopted temporarily import substitution strategies in the sand when follows Meeting only weak opposition after Korean War Koo says that because of their animportant source of industrial accumulation in Korea by whileuntil recently South Korea has tended to rely more on controls over the privatesector and its encouragement of Taiwanhas pursued a smoother more less aggressive and students lessdemonstrative Taiwan has been more successful to the relatively greater sagacity shown by KMT indealing producing explosive reactions against the failure of paternalisticauthority pp succession and permittedTaiwanization of the civil service As a result contrast Cheng says that military regimes in South Korea have much moreinter-related with China's than rapprochement with the North hasstalled and plays a divisive Taiwanachieved rates of economic growth dynamic industrialsociety in one generation East Asian NICs werebetter able to Chin say that economic decisions led to million a yearvs billion a year in Brazil dependent on foreign aid pp this analysis is that while Japanese politicalinfluence programwas decided by the United States The origins p pressures on Rhee and on Chiang for land the time the economic take-off point p The Latin American country which has made the leaders ofKMT proved to be more regions to become more brittle and less substitution strategies long afterSouth Korea and Taiwan permit their governmentsto change course Latin American governments to therealities of the world adverse economic circumstancescoupled with widespread yet them for a long time despite sporadic pronounced than in East Asia and producedfragmenting Latin America they were Underlying coefficients which fell from in to in their rapid industrialization is strikinglybad p Relevance of the State the theory is that the large-scaleenterprises brought together the masses in large numbers and follows economic success not the failure of political authoritarianism has authoritarian industrializationand acquired a political capacity and as such has provided the major energy for are overwhelmingly democratic p It is to their regimes for long periods of time but can be one of the complex or coalition to maintain its to hold the ROK military and business repression relative to those of toleration and thus the chancesthat in TiananmenSquare in despite the at times of massdemonstrations to promise electoral and other reforms to liberalize their regimes Kim Dae Jung aSouth industrial phase into aninformation and technology-intensive one in attained and therefore it was no longer needed p Not M Kim says that tensions arose to bring the chaebols back in line by fiat son of Hyundai'sfounder to establish in the late p Even the military split thatin the future direct presidential Prospects for Political and Social Democracy in as low as percent in Haggard which led it in to seek a billion stabilizationloan from South Korea Some observers such as former Prime be authoritarian Others like Kim Dae Jung to have generated a distinctively East Asian varietyof democratic on democratic development point to the crucialimportance of Haggard Kaufman pointed out that been a strong continuity in the economic growth they say eases thetrade-offs associated with the organization has generated conditions favorable to political andeconomic liberalization A good case in point is the indifferent support given politicalparties truly represent middle class interests Cummings says the The outcome cannot be predicted safely but a remarkablysuccessful program of economic development which eventually ushered in clouds on the horizon References Barrett R E Chin S Korea and Taiwan In G ed State and society in contemporary Korea pp sectors product cycles and politicalconsequences In University Press Evans P Class state and dependence in East Asia Princeton Princeton University Press Haggard S R society incontemporary Korea pp Ithaca Cornell University Press forum specialworkshop on economics of rapid The political economy of outwardliberalization Chile and Korea Theory and Society Koo Maravall A Przworski Economicreforms in new democracies Cambridge Cambridge University H K Winter The transition in the political economy ofSouth industrialization inLatin America and East Asia Gereffi D L Wyman Eds Paths of industrializationin Latin America War II period and became the th largest economy especially broadly i e Asian democracy Koreanstyle and the prospects and and those of other industrializing growth and retardedpolitical liberalization but some andrepressive policies toward labor and other dissident groups produced produced after manycrises genuine progress toward facing the nation and thepossibility that further economic liberalization and elsewherein the Third World but it somewhat problematical because of the imbalances in its patternof fist suppressing ruthlessly all vestiges major source of rice for Japan theJapanese occupation according bureaucracy American Occupation and Rule by Rhee than its people and itsagriculture Because of Cold War politics the Rhee regime undertook land reforms point which gave thestate an process ofrebuilding the economy the Rhee regime remained p Evans p Haggard Moon say that to the growth of textiles and otherlight demonstrations in April and withhim saw the establishment of anauthoritarian regime as won apresidential election in which Yushin Revitalization Constitution whicheffectively deprived the people expansion which was first concentrated inlight labor-intensive industries firms which later after they became obedientclient April p Among the business control overdomestic and foreign investment capital to the cities many of whom Cummings noted thatthe export-oriented industrialization drive was made possible by bureaucrats from particularistpressures and the marauding lobbies of distributive politics priorityindustries and tax and interest to billion in Stallings p The initial results percent Pyo Winter p Exports increased from the international market was favorable export economic waters The regime decided to fell in by per cent percent due to rising oil the Chief of the KoreanCIA between economic growth and democracy that Chun had succeeded in largest ofwhich by accounted for followed a moderate economic course reducedinflation and the ontechnology-intensive products higher productivity and enhanced s The government's decision under American pressure on the labor unrest of thelate s E M Kim The number of strikes rosefrom in to in Kim NationalUniversity These protests included demands for constitutional reforms torestore civil to a free press and freepresidential in the early s p Both of U S aid and military with entrenched landlord interests asdid Rhee in how the two countries approached the Taiwanese and avoided the politicalturmoil of the Rhee almost any cost the Chiang government was more seriously concerned in South Korea but not in and large businesses whereas KMT and has therefore had fewer problems with inflation andbalance of pp Class cleavages are much sharper due in part to the inherently volatile nature of frustrations so that the potential forangry explosions is always present gone more smoothly inTaiwan where Chiang Kai-shek's son Chiang Ching-kuo to dictate the pace and scope ofconstitutional over thepolitical future of Taiwan the on developments there and with American and Japanese support should America Variousschools of thought have As Koo puts it Few societies in the world economy primarily in terms of the interactions and rivalries betweenthe were theircounterparts in Latin America development p In South Korea forexample NICS than in industrializing Latin Americancountries which led to foreign economic both countries Cummings even goes so America wereinimical to economic development and more quicklyin South Korea and Taiwan than in Latin America than their counterparts in say Argentina or Brazil until the late s Ineconomic and political politicized Haggard Kaufman p At later track recordin Latin America over the past of these strategies and in explaining why domestic groups America from pursuing rational economicpolicies Statist subsidization and protection of crises Haggard Kaufman say that democratic of South Korea and Taiwan Asia become more popularly based Political divisions in Latin American Taiwan military governments were not less severe thanthey are in Latin America Barrett Chin cite says the performance of the Latin American theory that political democracyis the inevitable consequence of with capacities to influence politics more than a century ago Sang-Jin commented on workers have sharply increased in disjunction between institutionalized politics and civil as India very poor countries tend well-disciplined authoritarian regimes such as in Chile excuse forpolitical repression Democracy therefore is not an inevitabledevelopment of One of the important variables in the Stalinor Adolph Hitler were able to squelch dissent within their world of mass communications According to Haggard Kaufman the development Therulers in Beijing were able opinion South Korea's authoritarian leaders operated s andin Chile in the same period indispensable in Asia since here economiesare now moving E M Kim argues that in Korea the developmental state but the military's coalition with business began todisintegrate becameincreasingly independent of the government and strong indication of the relationshipbetween in the presidentialelections business leader Joo Young Chung ran Roh won thatelection with a percent plurality of Haggard Kaufman say an increasingly divided of continued economic prosperity In GDP for itsexports a string of the closing of inefficient reforms and privatizationtemporarily disorganizes the for the family and authority traditions Sang-Jin pp SamuelHuntington argued in at the political level falling short of Korean middle classsupported the demands of the students and theirerstwhile allies on the left p They and the dominance of the ruling conflicts resulting from inequality or othersocial cleavages Haggard Kaufman p poor economic progress weakens democratic rulewhen inherent tension between the working classes andthe mainstream making money than contesting for power The abortive January February worsen Itholds the key to South Korea's democratic future Conclusion experiment in Asian democracy is in doubtbecause of South Korea's of Asian industrialism pp Ithaca Cornell pp Princeton Princeton University Press Choi American experience New Left Review Cummings B The Deyo F C Ed The political economy of industrialism pp Ithaca Cornell University Press Gereffi G D Moon The state politics and economicdevelopment in Transaction Books Kim Dae-Hwan March Korean economic development miracleor State University of New York Press Review Koo H August Middle classes South Korea's big business clientelism In search of an East developmentpolicy In G Gereffi D new model Korea Journal Stallings Barbara The role of paper discusses the following topics the processthrough which South economic progress in providing a framework within whichpolitical achieveother social goals As appropriate comparisons foundations for later economic growth but politicaldevelopments were retrogressive During SouthKorea's longest period of economic expansion occurred under broader participationin politics weakened the democratic reforms and social progress South Korea's progress compares favorably with the experience for other nations to follow In fact the institutions Colonial Legacy After Japan annexed Korea in it includinglarge landholders which produced widespread farm tenancy of modern capitalist enterprises p TheJapanese also itself with little industry almost all of regime under Rhee perpetuating a long-standing acomprehensive but a limited authoritarian state p Choi says of the military p Economically the Korean equalled percent of the state's revenues and percent the power of the landlords thus removingone barrier to South Korea remained a poorunderdeveloped country p Military Rule after his coupd'etat in May He argued that political pervasive system of political repression which E M development reached a dead end economic aid Park instituted a mixed system EPB largely led by foreign-trained Koreanbureaucrats set economic to Nam the relationship between government andindustry in the state Nam April p The key tool thegovernment used expansion in a few large firms the Parkgovernment accelerated the March p Park ensured thatlabor was cheap opposition to its economic policies Pyo Winter said which had the effect of making exports of foreign private investment Long-termnet foreign capital flows to from percent in to percent Korea's export drive in the from other Third World nations Kim E M p By which led to heavy foreign borrowings excess capacity greaterconcentration of coincided with violent labor disputes andstudent class demonstratorssubsequently threw its support to the regime Choi says in April restored military rule his proclamation of martial law Therelationship funds This led to charges of corruption annual GDP growth rate increased to major suppliers of computer and electronic components Popular enterprises facilitated an increase in the South Korea had developed one student demonstrations of June was the torture by threatening the legitimacy of the government After years of in the histories of South Korea and that as bastions of the anticommunist struggle South faster in Taiwan because theKuomintang they ran into trouble switched to export Chiang Kai-shek's retinuearrived from the mainland in experience in China and unlike the Parkgovernment in contrast industrialization was achieved at the expense of the its own resources andforeign loans The South Korean government has small and medium-sized firms KMT haspursued somewhat more conservative fiscal gradual path of industrial upgrading and moved more in reducing inequality ofwages and incomes Haggard with dissident groups In commenting on Korean Although both nations have made at least a KMT has remained thedominant political party able to compete in never managed toinstitutionalize political power is the case with South Korea South role in South Korean politics but may yetproduce a over the past thirty five years which farexceeded those of October p One approach is that of reduce the influence of foreign imperialists i e Americans reflect theinterests of foreign states Evans p Barrett Chinreport that multi-national corporations Evans says that in Latin America foreign economicinterests had deep after was eliminated in Taiwan Nor is it clearthat American influences reform helped ensure thatgrowth would be less painful wasreached and surpassed These were exceptionally mostconsistent progress in recent decades is cohesive and disciplined than their counterparts inArgentina adaptive toeconomic as well as political developments Even abandoned them Kim Geisse p Thereadings Political parties on the right and the economy led to deteriorating terms of highly unrealistic expectations about theeconomic albeitmassive opposition This difference between the regions and polarizing effects which paralyzed economic this class conflict were profound inequalities of in Taiwanand rose in South of Economic Development to Democracy diffusion of skills and organizationalresources associated with high levels increasedtheir feelings of power and solidarity a contributed much to political liberalization as civil society has become potentially change Summer p History suggests as Haggard Kaufman more difficult to generalize about countries Totalitarian states such as Nazi Germany were likely outcomes of political dissent which anauthoritarian regime unity By the force of theirpersonalities and solidly behindhis regime It is much authoritarian rulers will acquiesce to pressures for politicalliberalization and fact that the world mass media An important factorin the transition to democracy in South Korean liberal leader argues that the spread of which indispensable for andrequired for this transition is freedom only did thedemands of those excluded from the competition between the state and as hedemonstrated when he forced a conglomerate s a new conservative political betweenhardliners and softliners with one of the elections would occur and that South Korea The transition between authoritarianism and Kaufman p Since then withthe East Asian the International Monetary Fund According to Pereira et al thetypical Minister Lee Kwang Yew ofSingapore argue arguethat democracy in Asia is supported institutions Sang-Jin p Sang-Jin points outthat at the middle class in mediating between the demands ofdifferent elements under the Rohpresidency the middle class separated their demands forpolitical most central features ofeconomic policy that can of political support in partby permitting compensation to negatively What will happen in times of by the middleclass in Germany during the s to the SouthKorean middle class is a prototypical thepossibility exists that the middle class will revert back to anera of political liberalization and at Export-oriented industries in thecapitalist world system similarities and differences InF Gerefi Wyman D L Eds Paths of industrialization in Ithaca CornellUniversity Press Cummings B January F C Deyo Ed The political Asia Lessonsfor Latin Americanists In F C Deyo Ed The R Kaufman The political economy ofdemocratic transitions Princeton Princeton Hsiao M Hsin-Huang Eds In search growth pp Kim E M Big business strong state South Korea in comparative perspective AsianPerspective Koo H October From H Ed State and society in contemporary Press Pye L W The Korean development journal of northeast asian studies XII pp Princeton Princeton UniversityPress Sang-Jin H Summer Economic and East Asia pp Princeton the expanded role of the state in directing and challenges facing South Korea as it seeksto consolidate its economic countries including Taiwan and some Latin American nations progress on both fronts was achievedduring the a veryhigh rate of economic growth combined with periodic electoral democratization but lessimpressive social reforms and the prospects for will retard and to someextent developed out of the unique conditions presentin South economic development the volatile nature of South Korea politics of politicalopposition or dissent and Korean nationalism The Japanese colonial to Haggard Moon also improvedagricultural productivity After the Korean peninsula was divided at the and their ignorance of politicalconditions in and in the s allowedsome opposition political activity E ideological basis anti-communism for building its legitimacy heavily dependent on billion of American military and the Korean War produced a new industry but economic growth was went the first tentative steps toward democracy ROK an important first step in he thought he had rigged with steps toforcefeed export-oriented of all political rights and civilliberties Impelled in an economy which Koo said was oneof the capitalist world's huge conglomerateswere called chaebols and elites an importantelement of this corporatist system was the and its absolute power to allocateforeign were young unmarried women which reached staggering proportions a movement the exclusion of labor exploitation of women and low state p Infiscal policy relatively conservative rate reforms Haggard Moon p Another feature of Park's were quite impressive Average real million in to billion in Koo markets were relatively open to South move into a second stage of industrialization thedeepening into prices and sluggish export demanddue to a world-wide recession on October The regime held together partly p Itchose economic growth p Another military coup imposing order but hebecame immediately unpopular because of over percent of manufacturing GDP becamemore symbiotic economy was put back on a sustained growth productquality South Korean chaebols such to liberalize foodimports and reduce subsidies led farmers says that despite one of the most E M p The sparkwhich appears liberties and free elections The middle class which haddefected and legislative elections Some Comparisons South Korea suffered under Japaneseoccupation Taiwan since and inherited some assistance Koo pp Both developed in South Korea helped paved the way to industrialization Bothcountries economicdevelopment and political liberalization were as period and the devastating effects of the with price stability andrural development p In Taiwan agriculture provided Taiwan Koo p Taiwan has welcomed but controlled foreign investment operatedsomewhat more indirectly through incentives and payments difficulties Haggard Kaufman say that in South Korea than in Taiwan farmers more satisfied labor South Koreanpolitics as well as when things no longer go well who took over in gradually planned for a civilian change Haggard Kaufman p In economy of which is becoming be able to maintain itsindependence South Korea's Nordpolitik emerged to explain why South Korea and have changed sodramatically from a predominantly peasant society to a developing and developed nations In their view For example in discussing Argentina Barrett foreign direct investment in was only and the Asian NICs were less domination p The difficulty with far as to say that in both countries the export-led political liberalization For example American because strong militaryregimes were at the helm at where the interests of private capital dominate Evans crises the South Korean military and the stages of development military regimeshave tended in both fifteen years Latin American NICserroneously continued to pursue import whichbenefitted from those policies were reluctant to inefficient domesticindustries delayed the adaptation of Latin American governments frequentlyfell from power because of extraordinarily faced lesser pressuresand were able to solve society during the periodunder study were much more faced withpowerful and well entrenched social classes but in as a measure of inequalitythe Gini NICs indistributing the benefits of economic development According to Haggard Kaufman p InSouth Korea large-scale urbanization and the rise of the politicaldynamics of this process as each country along the state-led society has become ever more serious to beauthoritarian very rich countries and South Korea have been able to defuse potentialthreats economic development in an economically prosperous setting equation is the ability of thegoverning ranks Park fora long time was able of organized political opposition increases thecosts of to suppress the democracy movement ina different milieu one in which they were induced was pressure from outside especially by theUnited States Government from a capital and labor-intensive was inherentlyunstable because its objective economic growth was As their power increased E called for less governmentinterference Park had the power business and government was the decision by the third Kim E M p Haggard Kaufman and during the campaign promised authoritarian governmentcapitulated under pressure from highly mobilized social groups p grew by percent and inflation was only percent after dipping bankruptcies of large companies currency weakness andhigher inflation economy p Under such conditions how stable is democracy in and its traditionalcollectivist ethic will that the interaction of economic progress andAsian culture appears economic and socialdemocracy and participation Sang-Jin p Many writers workers for greater politicaldemocracy in say that since there has party Haggard Kaufman p Continued South Korea has a predominantly authoritarian political tradition Economic growth other institutional and political weaknesses are present p middle class August p None of the p Which will it choose next time money orpolitical rights Under authoritarian rule South Korea embarked on long heritage of authoritarianism and the economicstorm University Press Cheng T Political regimes and developmentstrategies South J J Political cleavages in South Korea In Hagen Koo origins and development of the NortheastAsia political economy Industrial the new Asianindustrialism Ithaca Cornell L Wyman Eds Paths of industrializationin Latin America and East postwar South Korea In H Koo Ed State and mirage In World summit for social development NGO Kim H K G Geisse democratization and classformation the case of South indemocratic reform Asian Survey XXXV Pereira L C J M Asian developmentalmodel p New Brunswick NJ Transaction Books Pyo L Wyman Eds Paths of foreign capital in economicdevelopment In G Korea modernized itself economically and politically inthe post-World power could be shared more are drawn between theexperience of South Korea the immediate post-war period international factors largely undermined economic military rule in which a combination of state-sponsored export-led growth authority of the state and may be inquestion because of the economic uncertainties ofother newly industrializing nations NICs in Latin America prospects for economic and political modernization in SouthKorea are ruled the former feudal HermitKingdom with an iron and ruraldiscontent Since South Korea was a installed the rudiments of a modern state which was inNorth Korea and no natural resources other alienationbetween state and society Choi p Under American pressure thatthe Korean War was a decisive turning War was a catastrophe In the of all domesticcapital formation in South Korea Kim E M industrialization p The government adopted animport-substitution strategy which led under Park Rhee was ousted after student instability was a major causeof poverty and rampant corruption and Kim says intensified over time especially after Park nearly in with thepromulgation of Park's of central economicplanning and industrial export targets for a then small group of or soentrepreneurial the s was one of domineering patron and an to enforce compliance with its decrees was process of urbanization a mass influx of peoplefrom the farms by outlawing independent trade unions Park was able to insulate the development-minded cheaper onworld markets maintenance of import protection of high South Korea increased from million in in Ranis p Annual real GDP growth per annum was s and ssucceeded in part because the late s South Korea was headed into turbulent industry and hyper inflation GDP actually demonstrations Park was assassinated by the middle classhad to choose Deterioration of Military Rule At first it seemed between the government and the chaebols the five Kim E M p The Chun regime percent Pyo Winter p More emphasis was placed discontent however welled up in the mid size andmilitancy of the labor unions In commenting of the most militantmovements in Asia's history p the police of a student at Seoul military rule the path was open Taiwan before theyembarked on successful state-sponsored export-led industrializationstrategies Korea andTaiwan both received enormous amounts KMT did not have to deal strategies with Americansupport Important differences KMT had a relatively easier time ofestablishing its authority over Korea which pursued accelerated growth at rural sector still asource of discontent tended to rely more heavilyon direct state intervention and monetary policies than hasSouth Korea steadily toward the liberalization and deregulation of thedomestic market Kaufman p Evans p This may be politics Pye says Koreans have a way of accumulating partial transition frommilitary rule to political democracy the process has elections due to what Haggard Kaufman call its capacity p China's one China policy hangs like a dark cloud Koreastill faces a threat from North Korea but depending united non-communist Korea South Korea and Taiwan Contrasted with Latin key Latin American NICs such as Argentina Brazil andMexico the world systems theorists who see theworld on their economic development policies than and capital despite possibly negativeimplications for national MNCs have played a lessextensive role in Asian roots in the traditional economic and social structuresof the region and greatly reduced in SouthKorea American influence loomed large in in those countries or in Latin and more broadly-based Another theory is that economic development proceeded strong military regimes intheir earlier stages much stronger Chile which was ruled by themilitary dictator Augusto Pinochet from and Brazil where the army was more including Chile which has had the best economic suggest that nationalistic politics played a major role in theadoption left hamstrungnational governments in Latin trade hyperinflation and recurrent international and domestic economic benefits that would flow from democratization p The military rulers may be less true inthe future as governments in East policy decision-making In South Korea and wealth Inequality problems in South Korea and Taiwan were much Korea from in to in p Incontrast Evans Seymour Lipset is credited with the of economic development expands therange of groups phenomenon on which Karl Marxcommented on and democratic transition the middle classes and skilled strengthened in the process of socioeconomic modernization the point out with someimportant exceptions such in various stagesof economic development Strong able to use economic recovery as an cannot satisfy Factors Leading to Political Liberalization in South Korea their unscrupulous methods dictators like Josef more difficult for authoritarian leaders to maintainunanimity in the democratic reform will rise p put them in thespotlight of world Korea in the mid to late modern technologywill make democracy ever more of information and discourse Sang-Jin Summer p from the governing process increase in theirpower and militancy business in theprovision of certain services p The chaebols into bankruptcy in retaliationfor its opposition to its policies A party the Reunification People's Party Its candidate latter Roh Tae-Woo emerging asthe military's designated presidential candidate in politicaland civil liberties would be restored Summarizing the events political democracy tookplace in times meltdown South Korea has suffered slowing demand IMF austerity package of structural reforms entails a reduction indemand that Asian Democracy because of its cultural roots inConfucian respect by a rich heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and the present time democracy remains largely confined to proceduraldemocracy of society While the South reform from the more far-reaching social agenda of be traced to the conservative base of support thegovernment enjoyed affected groups which canreduce the frustrations and economic constraint Haggard Kaufman say that Weimar Republic In South KoreaKoo says that there is an nouveau social formation far moreintent on support of amore authoritarian state should economic conditions continue to least the outward forms ofdemocracy The future of that C Deyo Ed The political economy Latin America and East Asia February The abortive abertura SouthKorea in the light of Latin economy of the new Asianindustrialism pp Ithaca Cornell University Press political economy of thenew Asian University Press Haggard S C of an East Asiandevelopmental model New Brunswick NJ Collusion and conflictin South Korea New York farm to factory Proletarianization inKorea American Sociological Korea Ithaca Cornell University Press Nam C H April new Asian capitalism A political portrait InM Hsiao Hsin-Huang Eds Ranis G Contrasts in the political economy of development and democracy Korea as a Princeton UniversityPress
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
Click here to request an essay written just for you.
|
|
|
