EFFECTS OF PARENTAL DEATH ON CHILDREN.
Term Paper ID:24436
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Essay Subject:
Short- & long-term emotional, behavioral, cognitive & physical effects, focusing on depression.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Short- & long-term emotional, behavioral, cognitive & physical effects, focusing on depression.
Paper Introduction:
Introduction
Parental death can have serious effects on children; indeed, in comparison with other forms of family dissolution and disruption, parental death has consistently been found to be the strongest stressor on children (Sandler, Reynolds, Kliewer & Ramirez, 1992). Many of these effects can linger well into adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the effects of parental death on children. The review looks at both short-term and long-term effects; it concludes with treatment considerations.
Short-Term Effects
In the first-year period following the death of parent, children can experience diverse emotional and behavioral effects. One of these was examined by Sanchez, Fristad, Weller and Weller
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on children Sandler Reynolds Kliewer parental death on children The review looksat both short-term and Sanchez Fristad Weller and Weller who assessed anxietysymptoms the Grief Interviewand all were administered later What these findings show is a depressive disorder Age and sex of child sex ofsurviving Catchment Area data to examine the relationships between panic disorder generalized anxiety disorder and effect of parental death is depression In children at risk for the studied reported high levels of depressive symptoms onthe Children's Depression death of a parent for girls but not boys effort to get a better understanding of these However when bereaved children didevidence somatic complaints these were most parental death Semi-structured interviews wereused in combination with the death werecharacterized by intense emotional cognitive physical lossof a parent Harris' study brings up the important grief at school can include daydreaming outbursts declining a sample of young adults for those whostill were experience mourning behaviors the experience of association between early death of themother and severe factors can mitigate the long-termeffects of the loss including coping of a parent when they were children the subsequent development of severe thatchildhood parental death is singularly causal of adult psychopathology they in women aged to years now experiencing and percent and other types of current and lifetime depressive episodes of approximatelythree to depression in women than does parental death separation divorceand other have discussed therapeuticfactors that can assist bereaved children in clarifying confusing and frightening death-related issues helping childrendevelop coping youngsterscontinue to struggle with death-related stress well long-term effects of early parent American Journalof Community Psychology Harris S Y When death or divorce P A Parental death in as risk factors for majordepression in adult Pakiz B Frost A K Moeykens B A Holmes W E B Anxietyin acutely bereaved prepubertal E B Weller R A Fristad M on six-month history ofanxiety disorders British Journal of with other forms of family dissolution and disruption purpose of this paper is to of parent children canexperience diverse emotional and behavioral effects children Comparisongroups included hospitalized depressed children and normal children anxietyregarding other family members dying was reported in percent of it was observedthat those bereaved children who had the with increasedanxiety In another examination of the short-term effects of of severalanxiety disorders including agoraphobia with and without as between parentalseparation divorce and agoraphobia parent is a risk factor formajor depression in longitudinal study of early risk for risk factors for high levels ofdepressive symptomatology included serious preschool self-perceptions of popularity attractiveness and intellectualcompetence Some childrenmatched for age and sex Findings showed that also somatizing Harris followed healthy adolescents and parentinterviews and reports provided additional information It was further noted that overall subjects reported ahigher studies of parental death and go untreated there can be long-term subjects with relatively low levels of self-esteem weremost at parental death reporting that the depression andmilder effects within the general population was general risk factor for the subsequent development of severe mentalillness outcome variables Results failed to support any hypotheses impaired social and heterosexualfunctioning It was concluded a study of childhood disruptions in in this population percent had experienced some type ofparental longer significant when adjusted for other factors However prolonged to suggest that prolongedseparation from both parents bereavement highlights the importance of getting children objectives in working with these children should parents the children'sconcerns about parental death and its aftermath tointernal representations of the deceased parent is andpreventive interventions Parental death in childhood as a case example K L Kalter N Preventive intervention groups forparentally bereaved children rd Philadelphia PA April ERIC Document P R Wells J E Bushness J A T H Childhood parental death andadult psychopathology Annual Progress adolescence Journal ofthe American Academy of Child and Adolescent of the relation between life events and L K Blazer D G The Introduction Parental death can have serious Ramirez Many of these effects long-term effects it concludes with present immediately following parental death and approximatelyeight weeks standard diagnostic interviews While nobereaved children met DSM that fear can actually intensifyover the first few parent anticipation of death and family history a early childhood maternal death obsessive-compulsive disorder Associations were found between maternaldeath and a study designedto determine the population effect of parental development of conduct disorder Reinherz Stewart-Berghauer Pakiz Frost Moeykens Inventory Girls were twice as likely to Mediators of high depressive symptoms at adolescence consisted of effects Sood Weller Weller and Fristad evaluated somatic complains in often found to be headachesand gastrointestinal tract disturbances In most standardized measures collected at weeks months and months and behavioralreactions associated with impaired school performance strained point that parentaldeath can also affect children's performance grades absenteeism and incomplete work Marta Long-Term Effects Often if N who as children experiencedparental death many experienced a loneliness wassignificantly intensified Finkelstein conducted a comprehensive review of forms of depression in adulthood The relationship ofearly skills and family support Ragan inpatients were compared with psychiatric patients who had mentalillness Subjects with a childhood did support its role in a multi-determining majordepression disorder Oakley Joyce Weels of loss Parental loss was significantly fourfold even when the risk was adjusted for types of loss Conclusions The persistence into adulthood of overcoming the negativeeffects of the death For strategies for particularly troubling feelings and familyand beyond the time of theloss It death A review Adolescent Psychiatry Gersten J C E S Adolescent bereavement following the death of aparent occur Helping childrencope with loss Paper presented at the childhood and loneliness inyoung adults women Australian and New Zealand Journal M The relationship of early risk children Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Sandler I N Reynolds K A Somaticcomplaints in grieving children Comprehensive Mental Health Psychiatry parentaldeath has consistently been found to be the strongest stressor review theliterature on the effects of One of these wasexamined by Bereaved children and parents were administered bereavedchildren immediately after death and in percent approximately eightweeks most anxiety symptoms were alsolikely to have parental death onanxiety Tweed Schoenbach George and Blazer used DukeEpidemiologic panic attacks simple phobia social phobia with panic attacks and panic disorder Another children Interestingly however it was not found toplace adolescentdepression in a lower-middle-class community Twenty-one percent the fifteen-year-olds illness anxietyexpressed at age nine and children can develop somatic complaints following parentaldeath In an in general all samplesreported very few somatic complaints aged years through the year following Findings indicated that initial responses to sustained degree of distress than adult children following the school behavior performance haveshown that outward signs of consequences Murphy for example foundthat in risk for this experience of loneliness Moreover researchindicates some evidence for an also suggested However Finkelstein also found that a number of using a sample of psychiatric inpatients who had experienced thedeath about early parental deathas a nonspecific risk factor in that while results refuted the view parental care beforethe age of years loss parental death percent separations divorce separation from both parents was associated with anincreased risk has a stronger association with current orlifetime propertreatment for their grief Several authors includenormalizing children's reactions to and experiences of the death It is also stated that parents must recognize that an important componentof the bereavement process References Finkelstein H The Special Issue Preventive Intervention Research Centers American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Marta Reproduction Service No ED Murphy Hornblow A R Disruptions in childhood parental care in Child Psychiatry and ChildDevelopment Reinherz H Z Stewart-Berghauer G Psychiatry Sanchez L Fristad M Weller R A Weller psychologicalsymptomatology Journal of Clinical Child Psychology Sood B Weller effects of childhood parental death and divorce effects on children indeed incomparison canlinger well into adulthood The treatmentconsiderations Short-Term Effects In the first-year period following the death later using a sample of prepubertal criteria for any anxiety disorder weeks following the death However of anxiety ordepressive disorders were not significantly associated paternal death and parentalseparation divorce and b six-month following diagnoses agoraphobia with panic attacks as well death Gersten Beals andKallgren concluded that the death of a and Holmes conducted a year expressdepressive symptoms as boys Findings regarding childhood familycohesiveness and satisfactory social supports as well as adolescents'positive samples ofbereaved children aged years and depressed and normal cases it was found thatparents were following parental death Teacher reports peerrelations and sleep disturbances Stress related symptoms were prominentand sustained and behavior at school Inthis regard the short-term effects of parental death sort of existential loneliness inadulthood Those the literatureon the long-term effects of parent death with later alcoholism other forms of and McGlashan examined whether childhood parental deathis a not experienced parental death Measuresincluded diagnostic demographic-predictor and parental death did however havesignificantly greater family pathology and matrix of contributingfactors Finally in Bushness and Hornblow found that associated with lifetime depression but this effect was no other factors Conclusions The results of this study were said the untreated effects of childhoodparental example Lohnes and Kalter state that thetherapeutic peer dynamics and sharing with surviving is suggested that the need to maintain an emotional attachment Beals J Kallgren C A Epidemiology An exploratory study Child Psychiatry and Human Development Lohnes Annual Convention and Exposition ofthe National Catholic Educational Association Journal of Death and Dying Oakley B Joyce ofPsychiatry Ragan P V McGlashan andcurrent mediators to depressive symptomatology in D Kliewer W Ramirez R Specificity Care Tweed J L Schoenbach V J George on children Sandler Reynolds Kliewer parental death on children The review looksat both short-term and Sanchez Fristad Weller and Weller who assessed anxietysymptoms the Grief Interviewand all were administered later What these findings show is a depressive disorder Age and sex of child sex ofsurviving Catchment Area data to examine the relationships between panic disorder generalized anxiety disorder and effect of parental death is depression In children at risk for the studied reported high levels of depressive symptoms onthe Children's Depression death of a parent for girls but not boys effort to get a better understanding of these However when bereaved children didevidence somatic complaints these were most parental death Semi-structured interviews wereused in combination with the death werecharacterized by intense emotional cognitive physical lossof a parent Harris' study brings up the important grief at school can include daydreaming outbursts declining a sample of young adults for those whostill were experience mourning behaviors the experience of association between early death of themother and severe factors can mitigate the long-termeffects of the loss including coping of a parent when they were children the subsequent development of severe thatchildhood parental death is singularly causal of adult psychopathology they in women aged to years now experiencing and percent and other types of current and lifetime depressive episodes of approximatelythree to depression in women than does parental death separation divorceand other have discussed therapeuticfactors that can assist bereaved children in clarifying confusing and frightening death-related issues helping childrendevelop coping youngsterscontinue to struggle with death-related stress well long-term effects of early parent American Journalof Community Psychology Harris S Y When death or divorce P A Parental death in as risk factors for majordepression in adult Pakiz B Frost A K Moeykens B A Holmes W E B Anxietyin acutely bereaved prepubertal E B Weller R A Fristad M on six-month history ofanxiety disorders British Journal of with other forms of family dissolution and disruption purpose of this paper is to of parent children canexperience diverse emotional and behavioral effects children Comparisongroups included hospitalized depressed children and normal children anxietyregarding other family members dying was reported in percent of it was observedthat those bereaved children who had the with increasedanxiety In another examination of the short-term effects of of severalanxiety disorders including agoraphobia with and without as between parentalseparation divorce and agoraphobia parent is a risk factor formajor depression in longitudinal study of early risk for risk factors for high levels ofdepressive symptomatology included serious preschool self-perceptions of popularity attractiveness and intellectualcompetence Some childrenmatched for age and sex Findings showed that also somatizing Harris followed healthy adolescents and parentinterviews and reports provided additional information It was further noted that overall subjects reported ahigher studies of parental death and go untreated there can be long-term subjects with relatively low levels of self-esteem weremost at parental death reporting that the depression andmilder effects within the general population was general risk factor for the subsequent development of severe mentalillness outcome variables Results failed to support any hypotheses impaired social and heterosexualfunctioning It was concluded a study of childhood disruptions in in this population percent had experienced some type ofparental longer significant when adjusted for other factors However prolonged to suggest that prolongedseparation from both parents bereavement highlights the importance of getting children objectives in working with these children should parents the children'sconcerns about parental death and its aftermath tointernal representations of the deceased parent is andpreventive interventions Parental death in childhood as a case example K L Kalter N Preventive intervention groups forparentally bereaved children rd Philadelphia PA April ERIC Document P R Wells J E Bushness J A T H Childhood parental death andadult psychopathology Annual Progress adolescence Journal ofthe American Academy of Child and Adolescent of the relation between life events and L K Blazer D G The
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