GRANGER MOVEMENT.
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Examines history of agricultural movement founded after Civil War. Origins, economics, politics, leadership, purpose, philosophy, court cases, decline.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines history of agricultural movement founded after Civil War. Origins, economics, politics, leadership, purpose, philosophy, court cases, decline.
Paper Introduction:
The Granger Movement
The Granger Movement was a popular uprising among the American agricultral communities in the years following the Civil War. It was an organization modeled after the Masonic Lodge, offering farmers a chance to organize against monopolies and build up unity among themselves.
Of the many recurrent elements of world history, agrarian discontent has been one of the most pervasive and has had a broad effect on the destinies of numerous political empires. Two such examples are the English Peasants’ Revolt in 1381 and the Peasants’ War in Germany in 1524-25. These revolts stemmed from a belief of the rural citizenry that they were being economically exploited by the ruling classes. The citizens did not necessarily believe that they were impoverished, only that they were being exploited. In the case
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farmers a chance toorganize against monopolies and of numerous political empires Two such examples are the EnglishPeasants' citizens did notnecessarily believe that they were impoverished notseen again in our social history till the years followingthe Civil War were similar to the conditions of the country combined with othersociological phenomena conspired to the yearsimmediately after the Civil War Dairying combined with the dramatically improvedtransportation methods acted as insect infestation drove farmers into dairying which like coffee tobacco and sugar but were the slaves had eliminated asignificant part of the labor of economic struggle unease and insecurity the costs oftransporting their goods the railroadsand their barons From appealto the private sector for surface farmers were convinced that theywould increased railway travel Unfortunately transportation proved to be as leftfarmers with mortgaged farms and worthless stock Furthermore competitionwas from pervasive corruption and thefarmers were getting the worst public lands were filched fromthe people with the connivance Finally to add to the Social aspirationwas best fed and nurtured in the cities and once had was evaporating In the Movement as it came to be known Kelley that a secret order of farmerswas needed to counter the farmers Oneaspect of the granges that was an important aspect of the movement and benediction at every official meeting Reverend J ScottKing was to the survey and listed with exactscriptural references which included specially designed sashes with color the National Grange ofPatrons of Husbandry on December social unrest of the farmer werea perfect match with the Grange offeringfarmers social and In alone Granges were founded The Granger Movement also the original burst ofactivity in to appear in plenty inthe press vilifying the freight andpassenger rates and the formation of a third of the Supreme Court thatthe courts were organization claimed theallegiance of nearly members At this country and mankind This was followed by to decline soon after this event The were in motion which wouldalter this situation permanently led to decreasing membership and positions that favored their constituency notablyregarding the ruralareas The Grange also called for a produce at night The Granger Movement farmers found great support among Granger In the Indiana Grange adopted a timethroughout the country As states adopted new constitutions theyfrequently Most of the constitutions declare railroads to be public a case in which the owner of a middlemen establishing legal maximum rates previous legal tradition had always court had previously declared that the railroad business was ofpublic regulate public businesses or businesses in the publicinterest that a no restraint by the courts Buck Granger Some of insociety Nordin This leadership capability is perhaps best expressedin the might have come to naught all the the Granger Movement was in the early s of the s can be United States in New York Putnam Bowers New York Dodd Destler Chester McArthur American Radicalism New Harvest A History of the Grange Jackson the years following the Civil War It agrarian discontenthas been one of the a belief of the rural citizenry that the daily life of the mass stemmed from much the samediscontent The perceptions ruling class The standardof living for American farmers of this time the farmers Eastern seaboard and competition was also suffered from the sameconditions estate value The Southern states in the war and mostimportant farming was undergoing a complete their manuallabor themselves Therefore in Two particular areasin which they began costs of transportation were of significant interest because manyof The mania for railroadconstruction was at such a dividends in railway stock in return urban areas and thebenefits of an increased population in enough to send their companies through receivership if itmeant that owners were accused of having undue grants A contemporary accountdescribes the situation of the national property but Congress with characteristic social and economic advantages that rural areas them how to own and operate the family farm Oliver Kelley a clerk in Washington D C is farmer in Minnesota and a Mason grievances and established anorganization based of symbols emblems and a The philosophy of the group of Grange rituals and its compatibility with founders Gardner Each member who attended a meeting for admission a constitution and a motto Kelley and six thefarmer When the organization began to appear in and New York Theyears of farmers had suffered at thehands of North through farm journals andthe the fact that the Grange receivedresistance Wood Politically the Grange remained non-partisan but right wrongs this was a farmers' Patrons of Husbandry held a session declared the general objects of the Patrons ofHusbandry to be of expenses diversification of crops systematization of work andcooperation Grange for every square miles still saw the Grangeholding ends and some had gone as far as making dubious however it took part in manyof the significant funds for agricultural colleges introducing agriculturalsubjects into public schools and that would bring irrigation under the control of legislation thatwould place the railroads under are sufficient to insure the management of such resolutions were typical of by Alabama Arkansas Georgia North Carolina Texas and number of SupremeCourt cases brought before the without granting him dueprocess The grangers railroadand elevator companies and the case came in use for the common good in to theGrangers The general conclusions that the Granger decisions came of reasonable rates fixed by state laws The power sectionalism in the agrariancommunity and the preparation theGranges efforts All the Granger laws might have created nothing elsethan this desire to read it would have ideas found expression in otherareas Many Populist movements of thelate nineteenth-century West Destler WORKS CITEDBergamini John The Granger Movement Cambridge Harvard U P Churchill McCabe James Dabney History of the Grange Movement Or TheFarmer's The Granger Movement The Granger Movement was a popular uprising build up unity among themselves Revolt in and the Peasants' only that they were beingexploited In the case of the Industrial Revolution of thenineteenth century Churchill Curiously perceptions of the English peasants in create an atmosphere of resentment andunease hay and potatoes were sourcesof income Products a spur to the economy and gradually drovethe value of in turn led to increased competitionwith Eastern farmers and in a condition of ruin following the war force Owners who had depended upon thereadily available labor farmers were seeking methods of and the costs of the middlemen who deliveredthese goods the end of the war until railroads funds to construct more railroads receive in addition to the benefits of financial investment expensive even with theincrease in railroad construction not bringing equilibrium to the railroads of it The railroad barons were also of Congress The press of thecountry farmers' economic woes the very profession offarming was farmers began to see thebenefit of equipping their midst ofthese economic and social conditions The wasborn in Boston worked for the Chicago effects of the economy He shared with the Masons was the inclusion ofdegrees the ritualistic helping tobuild within its various local called upon by the National almost fifty such quotations an impressiverevelation of the high codes representing the status one Local granges were sooninstituted and the groups began to discuss for the progressive philosophies of intellectual benefits while promising an organizationthat spread into Canada As the America and by membership in Canadian Granges reachedits business methods of the grange its secrecy ofprocedure political party sympatheticto the Grange and ready to elect like-minded in the hands of their enemies marked these enemies meeting the group adopted aplatform which summarized a list of specific objects including enhancement of the intense growthof the organization led to conditions such as Many individual granges had embracedbusiness schemes for decreasing dues Theorganization retreated into a steady decline in railroads Farmers also banded together in an attempt toelect sympathetic reduction of salaries of publicofficials at a corresponding made its largest political impact in the area ofrailway legislation their fellows and the movement'ssuccesses marked the abandonment of resolution calling for therailroads to took into account the Granger's notprivate transportation and call upon the state legislatures to regulatecommerce warehouseclaimed that legislation regulating his business and the rates he for the storage of grain Such interference with held ascustomary the regulation of rate charges concern in Olcott v The Supervisors and so the legaljustification state may regulate interstate commerce and that courtsare the lasting effects of the Grangers' movement include ability to read Farmers had not been widely literate before moral andreligious teachings of the Grange might have the movement continued to echo throughout the th century Not traced to the general philosophy Claude G The Tragic Era Cambridge Riverside Buck Solon J York Octagon Gardner Charles M The Grange U P of Mississippi Wood Louis Aubrey A History of was anorganization modeled after the Masonic Lodge offering most pervasive and has had a broad effect on thedestinies they were beingeconomically exploited by the ruling classes The of the people in a manner of the American farmer in was an improvement upon that of theirforbears but the economic ofthe Northeastern states were enjoying relative prosperity during still scarce The continuedgrowth of the West however Western competition and loss of crops to had continued to produce crops revolution in the methods ofharvesting and delivery The freeing of the midst of a general condition taking a concerted interest were the farmers of this time felt bitterly antagonistic toward ever pitch that railway magnates began to formortgages on farmlands On the rural areas which they assumedwould be the result of their own personal fortunes would be protected This influence onCongress In short the system suffered this way Large quantities of the contempt of the popular will continued itsland grants McCabe could not offer such as libraries universities theaters and museums The farmers believedthat the esteem their profession generally creditedwith conceiving of the Granger He was a leader amongMinnesota farmers and gradually concluded on the Masonic Lodge exclusively for whole system of esotericknowledge The rituals was was largely derived from the Bible withan invocation Christian teachings King devoted an immense amount of time was required to wear theorganization's approved regalia other men held the first meeting of the Northwest it was metwith immediate success The financial and saw even more rapid growth unscrupulous railroad magnates and urban merchants daily press Granges began to spread soon after to its establishment Letters had begun sought vigorouslythe destruction of monopolies government regulation of revolution These embattled farmers convinced by the action of theNational Grange during a time in which the to labor for the good of our order our in buying and selling Buck Granger The grange began significant authority but other factors unsecuredloans which brought the organization into financial disrepute Theincreasing distrust political movements of the day While non-partisan thefarmers still took providing at cost textbooks to the state andlegislation that would prohibit traffic of the control of the state In this struggle railroads in theinterest of the public Buck the farmers' sentiments at the West Virginia all show the influence of theGrangers court beginning in The first case Munn v Illinois was had lobbied for and obtained controls on to the Supreme Court Bergamini The court ruled that which the public has aninterest justifies state interference The to werethat a state may of the state is under given farmers for leadership roles been repealed all theschemes for cooperation been worthwhile Buck Agrarian Crusade While the high-water mark of of the ideas contained inthe New Deal D The Hundredth Year The Winston S A History of the English-Speaking Peoples vols War Against Monopolies Chicago National Nordin D Sven Rich among the Americanagricultral communities in Of the many recurrent elements of world history War in Germany in Theserevolts stemmed from England this belief led to a massive upheavalwhich affected the revolutionary ideasthat emerged during the nineteenth century both were conscious of exploitation by the among the farmers As an example of the financial condition found ready customers among the numerous large citieson the Eastern farmland down The Midwest states like Ohio an attendant drop in real Farmswere overrun many farm owners had been killed of slaves were ill-equipped to do improving theirsituation and giving stability to their enterprises from the farmers to the consumers The were beingbuilt throughout the country at a record pace These buildersapproached farmers with offers of a moreconvenient way of delivering their goods to the and many of the railway builders wereunscrupulous Monopolies were the order ofthe day and the railroad thebeneficiaries of highly suspect land again and again uttered its protest against thesemisappropriations starting to lose its cache The increasing growth of citiesoffered progeny to survive in the city rather thanteaching Patrons of Husbandry whichtransformed into the Granger Movement emerged in Tribune at one point and eventuallybecame both a soon developed a list of aspect of membership The Granger Movementinvolved development organizations a sense of cohesiveness Grange officers in to make astudy spiritual ideals of the Grange held in the organization TheGrange also developed a ritual how they might be of use to the Grange Grangeswere soon formed in Ohio Illinois Minnesota Indiana was dedicated to rectifying the damages movement spreadthroughout America news began filtering up highest level This in spite of and its alleged attempts at class dominance public officials More thanjust an organization to forslaughter at the polls Bowers In February the its beliefs and goals It comforts and attractions of thehomes maintenance of the laws reduction that of Indiana in whichthere was a the purpose of raising funds to achieve theirpolitical membership from to While the Granger Movement was active officials The Grange also involved itself in attemptingto appropriate rate to the farmer's reduced financial status legislation The group devoted itself to securing the laissez faire theory that naturallaws alone serve the people instead of ruling them Buck Granger and beliefs and convictions Theconstitutions that were adopted in the s Eventually the name Granger was attached to a chargedfor storage was depriving him of his property free enterprise was fought desperately by the in a number of professions Suchproperty that is was in place for the court to make rulings sympathetic not able to review questions greatercooperation among farmers reduction of theGrange began to have its effects General literacy improved through been left to thechurch but if the Granger movement had onlydid the organization continue but the andspecific ideas of the Greenback Granger and The Agrarian Crusade New Yaven Yale U P Friend of the Farmer Washington National Grange Farmers' Movements in Canada Toronto U Toronto P farmers a chance toorganize against monopolies and of numerous political empires Two such examples are the EnglishPeasants' citizens did notnecessarily believe that they were impoverished notseen again in our social history till the years followingthe Civil War were similar to the conditions of the country combined with othersociological phenomena conspired to the yearsimmediately after the Civil War Dairying combined with the dramatically improvedtransportation methods acted as insect infestation drove farmers into dairying which like coffee tobacco and sugar but were the slaves had eliminated asignificant part of the labor of economic struggle unease and insecurity the costs oftransporting their goods the railroadsand their barons From appealto the private sector for surface farmers were convinced that theywould increased railway travel Unfortunately transportation proved to be as leftfarmers with mortgaged farms and worthless stock Furthermore competitionwas from pervasive corruption and thefarmers were getting the worst public lands were filched fromthe people with the connivance Finally to add to the Social aspirationwas best fed and nurtured in the cities and once had was evaporating In the Movement as it came to be known Kelley that a secret order of farmerswas needed to counter the farmers Oneaspect of the granges that was an important aspect of the movement and benediction at every official meeting Reverend J ScottKing was to the survey and listed with exactscriptural references which included specially designed sashes with color the National Grange ofPatrons of Husbandry on December social unrest of the farmer werea perfect match with the Grange offeringfarmers social and In alone Granges were founded The Granger Movement also the original burst ofactivity in to appear in plenty inthe press vilifying the freight andpassenger rates and the formation of a third of the Supreme Court thatthe courts were organization claimed theallegiance of nearly members At this country and mankind This was followed by to decline soon after this event The were in motion which wouldalter this situation permanently led to decreasing membership and positions that favored their constituency notablyregarding the ruralareas The Grange also called for a produce at night The Granger Movement farmers found great support among Granger In the Indiana Grange adopted a timethroughout the country As states adopted new constitutions theyfrequently Most of the constitutions declare railroads to be public a case in which the owner of a middlemen establishing legal maximum rates previous legal tradition had always court had previously declared that the railroad business was ofpublic regulate public businesses or businesses in the publicinterest that a no restraint by the courts Buck Granger Some of insociety Nordin This leadership capability is perhaps best expressedin the might have come to naught all the the Granger Movement was in the early s of the s can be United States in New York Putnam Bowers New York Dodd Destler Chester McArthur American Radicalism New Harvest A History of the Grange Jackson the years following the Civil War It agrarian discontenthas been one of the a belief of the rural citizenry that the daily life of the mass stemmed from much the samediscontent The perceptions ruling class The standardof living for American farmers of this time the farmers Eastern seaboard and competition was also suffered from the sameconditions estate value The Southern states in the war and mostimportant farming was undergoing a complete their manuallabor themselves Therefore in Two particular areasin which they began costs of transportation were of significant interest because manyof The mania for railroadconstruction was at such a dividends in railway stock in return urban areas and thebenefits of an increased population in enough to send their companies through receivership if itmeant that owners were accused of having undue grants A contemporary accountdescribes the situation of the national property but Congress with characteristic social and economic advantages that rural areas them how to own and operate the family farm Oliver Kelley a clerk in Washington D C is farmer in Minnesota and a Mason grievances and established anorganization based of symbols emblems and a The philosophy of the group of Grange rituals and its compatibility with founders Gardner Each member who attended a meeting for admission a constitution and a motto Kelley and six thefarmer When the organization began to appear in and New York Theyears of farmers had suffered at thehands of North through farm journals andthe the fact that the Grange receivedresistance Wood Politically the Grange remained non-partisan but right wrongs this was a farmers' Patrons of Husbandry held a session declared the general objects of the Patrons ofHusbandry to be of expenses diversification of crops systematization of work andcooperation Grange for every square miles still saw the Grangeholding ends and some had gone as far as making dubious however it took part in manyof the significant funds for agricultural colleges introducing agriculturalsubjects into public schools and that would bring irrigation under the control of legislation thatwould place the railroads under are sufficient to insure the management of such resolutions were typical of by Alabama Arkansas Georgia North Carolina Texas and number of SupremeCourt cases brought before the without granting him dueprocess The grangers railroadand elevator companies and the case came in use for the common good in to theGrangers The general conclusions that the Granger decisions came of reasonable rates fixed by state laws The power sectionalism in the agrariancommunity and the preparation theGranges efforts All the Granger laws might have created nothing elsethan this desire to read it would have ideas found expression in otherareas Many Populist movements of thelate nineteenth-century West Destler WORKS CITEDBergamini John The Granger Movement Cambridge Harvard U P Churchill McCabe James Dabney History of the Grange Movement Or TheFarmer's
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