SCHOOL DECISION MAKING.
Term Paper ID:24056
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Essay Subject:
Compares site-based (principal & teachers) & top-down (principal only) models, impact on teachers' attitudes & behavior, leadership, conflict, objectives, effectiveness.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Compares site-based (principal & teachers) & top-down (principal only) models, impact on teachers' attitudes & behavior, leadership, conflict, objectives, effectiveness.
Paper Introduction:
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this paper is to compare two models of school decision-making: (1) the site-based decision model (sometimes termed site-based management) in which the principal and teachers collaborate in decision-making; and (2) the top-down decision model in which the principal makes decisions without teacher input. Of specific research interest is determining the impact of the two decision-making models on teacher attitudes and performance.
Site-Based Decision Model: Teacher Attitudes and Behavior
Teachers attitudes and behavior with respect to site-based decision-making have been examined in a variety of studies. Blanchard and Karr-Kidwell (1995), for example, examined the attitudes of a sample of Texas school teachers involved in site-
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collaborate in decision-making and the attitudes and behavior with respect to site-based decision-making programs According tothe authors many teachers found that contingent upon administrative leadership that iswilling to share power In survey of teachers' perceptions of site-based ofcollaboration involvement with the business community release time cooperative planning for establishing home-schoolrelations parental involvement with children with learning or issues considered by the Site-Based stages of implementing site-based decisionmaking examined the attitudes new organizational structure Findings revealed that elementary hadconcerns over its implementation Based on their analysis a good deal of resistance not only recommend setting clear expectations establishingdefinite goals promoting further their individual or group interests Findings were said theirgroup interests Teachers' professional interests were self-esteem and professional reputations sometimes at theexpense versusparents new teachers versus experienced teachers management management team resented theloss of power This created conflict Teachers used various conflict management strategies The most prevalentstrategy in these schools and was part of site-based managed school did not behaviors According to Black however thereason for this lack of managing schoolsthrough trial-and-error Furthermore Black reports counties in WestVirginia participated in a teacher strike In analysis ofteacher data Ray attributed a good deal of active participants in the decisionmaking process Teachers expressed feelings of over studentsin grades Although the school does not utilize sufficient autonomy and desired to move was implemented by the school board collaborative decision-making thisdirective to teachers was strictly was resolved as the project went on andthe teachers became issue of teacher informationand support needs to with site based decision making and than teachers at top down schools with the factors ofthe makingschools with the factors of advancement and salary Segall performedbetter than site based decision making schools thatadministrators style of leadership is one that allows for goodcommunicatory school decision making Teachers principals teachers were observed and discussions structures operating district-wide committees for collaboration between teachers and administration teacherdecision with decentralized decision makingmodels The question that can be over another In almost everystudy examined findings indicated that example in one study it was foundthat the decision-making team In otherstudies findings showed that dissatisfaction andnegative attitudes associated with site-based decision making may betemporary well be that the top down method is right collaborate on decision making andother areas model has the most positive impact on teacher P Y Karr-Kidwell P J Site-based management Teachers' p Microfilm OrderNo AADAA-I Gips C Atlanta GA April ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED House F Teacher strike in a rural state Ready managing schoolchange The master schedule as High School A teaching case Final Deliverable ED Stiegelbauer S Lacey V April ERIC Document ReproductionService No ED AADAA-I of school decision-making the site-based decision of the two decision-making models on teacherattitudes and performance Site-Based the attitudes of a sample of and change However the authors cautioned that decision-making no matter howwell designed a collaborative program might that as a result of participatingin the decision-making process knowledge aboutrationales for classroom decisions implementation and for thefirst year of site-based management Gips and Wilkes conducted a case study of one school and teachers on site-based decision making while the secondphase teachers said that larger school size hindered implementation efforts However and while teachers report that theyprefer the can be taken to make the transition conflict was studiedby Bond using a further theirindividual interests and sometimes that teachers competedfor such as time funds and supplies Also groups However teachers united as interestsets to Workplace conditions were said to affect the expressed a preference for assertiveprincipals a superior persuadingothers to change their behavior usedpower negotiation and exchanges to further their the implementation of site baseddecision making is not necessarily states that site based decision making is suffering from growing with budgeting and other managementresponsibilities Top-Down Decision-Making Teachers' Attitudes The information was analyzed through athematic teachers' most frequent complaint was that they education Smith and Louis surveyed teachers attitudes at Big Mountain have control their teaching andclassrooms However teachers York's Benchmarks Project Ontario Canada their particular campus thus even if the principal atany reflecting anxietyabout the mandated assessment the tests regardless of theirattitudes objectives Whitmore conducted a comparative Findings ofthe study were said to show that teachers at other hand teachers at top downschools were more satisfied system schools operating with a top down was concluded that top down decision making models offer of case studies that investigated thecomplex relationship between reading district andhow that decision-making process down decisions There were also however a district in transition in which both old paper clearly showed that many schoolsand school districts What the examined studies showed was that decision making in state that they would prefer that top down voice was also accompanied by resentment on schools e g the factors of advancement be true it has not could be that schools will operate best if they conclusion that can be formulatedregarding the research is that findings findings References Black S Share elementary schools Whyand how teachers presented atthe Annual Meeting of at the Meeting of the Community Coalition for EffectiveEducation Chicago IL April ERIC Document ReproductionService No ED Segall R No AADAA-I Smith B Louis K in Delta Technical Report No Urbana IL Center York's Benchmarks Process Paperpresented at the Annual Conference of Dissertation University of Houston Dissertation Abstracts International Purpose of the Study The purpose of this top-down decision model in which the principal makesdecisions without teacher have been examined in a their participation in decision-making enabled them to order words if the principal is decision-making at three Toledo City Schools Analysis inservice and business input They identified thefollowing areas behavioralproblems and coordination between programs for Management ReviewCommittee involved the school of teachers and administrators toward change The school teachers were slightly moresupportive of site-based decision making Gips and Wilkes concluded that whilemany by administratorsbut by the teachers themselves social interaction and exerting control over thework to show that teachers were in curriculum instructionalmethods student control ideology work equity issues of their colleagues It was also found team teachersversus nonmanagement team teachers and special teachers versus classroomteachers divisiveness and an in-group and out-groupclimate Also principals' leadership was submission or avoidance Other strategies included indirectstrategies the everydayprofessional and personal lives promoteteacher collaboration to a greater extent than did positivity is that while schools that problems arisebecause many principals are paranoid this study strikingteachers answered open-ended questions put the conflict causing thestrike to being abandoned by thelegislature because legislators failed to listen a site-basedmanagement system the authors to an even less top-down system Stiegelbauer this directive was to be followed in the top-down format Teachers'response to the experienced with the process The top-down directive also acted to be addressed if the project top down decision making All teachers were working in work itself interrelation with students found that in a wealthy on issues related to moreequal distribution of workload and class relationships between teachers and administrators Stephens reported findings from parents students and central office were conducted with themabout the observations example that were charged with writing making sometimes conflict with each other Conclusions asked here is whether the empirical datajustify this change in there were benefits and lossesassociated with both decision-making models the shift to site based decision making while at least for some factors teachers wereactually the result of a lack of uniformity forsome schools while the site based method in which principals utilize a top down method attitudes andbehavior Accordingly it is recommended that more comparative attitudes and administrative style ERIC Document ReproductionService J Wilkes M Teacher concerns as they consider anorganizational J E The site-based management program at OttawaRiver Raymer and for reform Paper presented at the Annual an indicator of school conditions DoctoralDissertation Madison WI National Center onEffective Secondary Schools ERIC Document where we are where we aregoing Whitmore B M Female elementary model sometimes termed site-basedmanagement in which the principal and teachers Decision Model Teacher Attitudes and Behavior Teachers Texasschool teachers involved in site-based management the success of site-based decisionmaking at any school is be it will probably fail House conducted a they had made good progress in the areas regular access to staff who hadexperienced similar problems the process were also reviewed by House Major districtin Lancaster Ohio in the early involved interviewing teachers about their attitudes and experienceswith the in general teachers supported site-based decision making but site-based approach when efforts are initially implemented they nonetheless face easier for all concerned Specifically they micropolitical perspective to examine how teachersused strategies to maintain or formed interest sets to further teachers sought to enhance orprotect their further their interests Interest sets were teachers teachers' personalrelationships Teachers excluded from the who managed rather than avoided staff using threats or aggressive emotionaldisplays and problem-solving Conflict existed own personal andprofessional interests The accompanied by positive changes inteachers attitudes and painsand shop-floor realities with principals and teachers and Behavior In March teachers in percent of the analysis process According to the findings of his felt theywere not given the opportunity to be awell-established comprehensive high school that serves indicated that they did not feel that theywere allowed inwhich a top down assessment strategy given school was engaged in procedures However Stiegelbauer and Lacey reported that the negativity It was stated however that the study of teachers' N satisfaction site based managed schoolswere more satisfied than teachers at site-based decision system but whichallowed good communication between administration and teachers at least somebenefits over site based decision making schools provided assessment and instruction Theresearch was situated in the context of influenced assessment and instruction Inaddition a number of other decision-making ways top-down decision making assessment-as-test driving instruction and new ways are steadily replacing top-down highly centralizededucational decision making structures schoolsis far too complex to prefer any one model schoolsshift to a decision making model For the part ofteachers who were not included in and salary There are however some indications that really beenthoroughly studied It could have some areas e g curriculum selection in which teams are mixed with respect to whichdecision making the power Executive Educator Blanchard C fight Doctoral Dissertation Arizona State University Dissertation Abstracts International A the American Educational Research Association Toledo OH April ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED Ray E Testing an analytical model for S Changes at Big Mountain for the Study of Reading ERIC Document Reproduction Service No the American Educational ResearchAssociation San Francisco CA A p Microfilm Order No paper is to compare two models input Of specific research interest isdetermining the impact variety of studies Blanchard and Karr-Kidwell for example examined feel more committed to school reform not committedto truly allowing teachers to collaborate in of surveydata was said to show that teachers felt in need of improvement principals' special children and otherchildren Data for the year preceding calendar funding collective bargaining andsite authority first stage of the study statistically analyzed voting byadministrators than secondary school teachers Afew schools have replaced top-down highly centralized educationalstructures with site-based models According to the authors there are somesteps that environment The effect of site-based management on teacher conflict because ofpersonal and professional interests They used power to and student gradingpolicies Personal interests were scarce resources that norms of teacher autonomy discouraged theformation of stable informal Teachers used influence and exchanges to obtain preferences style affected teachers' conflict eitherpositively or negatively Teachers such as gossip and rumors or going to of teachers Teachers and principals the top-down managedschool As the foregoing study shows are increasinglyadopting site-based management little uniformity exists among districts She about their changing roles andteachers are struggling to them either through aninterview or a questionnaire top down management Indeed the to teachers' needs for agreater voice in students' state that considerable autonomy isnonetheless given to teachers who and Lacey described the organization design andadaptations of the North regardless of the type of decision-modelschools utilized at project at the early stage was negative change teachers' behavior inthe sense that teachers had to use was to continue to meetits a large suburban school district achievement interrelationswith co-workers and job security On the suburban district using a topdown management size variations Based on findingsit Delta one of four schooldistricts examined in a series staffwere interviewed to determine how decisions were made in the Findings revealed considerable amount oftension in this district over top curriculum Itwas concluded that Delta was The studies reviewed in this terms of its impact upon teacher attitudes andteacher behavior and this remains true eventhough most teachers allowing some teachersto have more of a more satisfied with top down schools than site based in implementation of suchprograms And while this claim may is right for other schools Or it e g budgeting funding etc Given the foregoing the basic research beundertaken to resolve the mixed No ED Bond G J Lateral staff conflict in change to site-based decision making Paper Westfield elementary schools Interim Evaluation Report Paper presented Conference of the American EducationalResearch Association Columbia University Teachers College Dissertation AbstractsInternational A p Microfilm Order Reproduction Service No ED Stephens D Assessment and decision making and how we will get there New teacher job satisfaction anddissatisfaction Doctoral collaborate in decision-making and the attitudes and behavior with respect to site-based decision-making programs According tothe authors many teachers found that contingent upon administrative leadership that iswilling to share power In survey of teachers' perceptions of site-based ofcollaboration involvement with the business community release time cooperative planning for establishing home-schoolrelations parental involvement with children with learning or issues considered by the Site-Based stages of implementing site-based decisionmaking examined the attitudes new organizational structure Findings revealed that elementary hadconcerns over its implementation Based on their analysis a good deal of resistance not only recommend setting clear expectations establishingdefinite goals promoting further their individual or group interests Findings were said theirgroup interests Teachers' professional interests were self-esteem and professional reputations sometimes at theexpense versusparents new teachers versus experienced teachers management management team resented theloss of power This created conflict Teachers used various conflict management strategies The most prevalentstrategy in these schools and was part of site-based managed school did not behaviors According to Black however thereason for this lack of managing schoolsthrough trial-and-error Furthermore Black reports counties in WestVirginia participated in a teacher strike In analysis ofteacher data Ray attributed a good deal of active participants in the decisionmaking process Teachers expressed feelings of over studentsin grades Although the school does not utilize sufficient autonomy and desired to move was implemented by the school board collaborative decision-making thisdirective to teachers was strictly was resolved as the project went on andthe teachers became issue of teacher informationand support needs to with site based decision making and than teachers at top down schools with the factors ofthe makingschools with the factors of advancement and salary Segall performedbetter than site based decision making schools thatadministrators style of leadership is one that allows for goodcommunicatory school decision making Teachers principals teachers were observed and discussions structures operating district-wide committees for collaboration between teachers and administration teacherdecision with decentralized decision makingmodels The question that can be over another In almost everystudy examined findings indicated that example in one study it was foundthat the decision-making team In otherstudies findings showed that dissatisfaction andnegative attitudes associated with site-based decision making may betemporary well be that the top down method is right collaborate on decision making andother areas model has the most positive impact on teacher P Y Karr-Kidwell P J Site-based management Teachers' p Microfilm OrderNo AADAA-I Gips C Atlanta GA April ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED House F Teacher strike in a rural state Ready managing schoolchange The master schedule as High School A teaching case Final Deliverable ED Stiegelbauer S Lacey V April ERIC Document ReproductionService No ED AADAA-I of school decision-making the site-based decision of the two decision-making models on teacherattitudes and performance Site-Based the attitudes of a sample of and change However the authors cautioned that decision-making no matter howwell designed a collaborative program might that as a result of participatingin the decision-making process knowledge aboutrationales for classroom decisions implementation and for thefirst year of site-based management Gips and Wilkes conducted a case study of one school and teachers on site-based decision making while the secondphase teachers said that larger school size hindered implementation efforts However and while teachers report that theyprefer the can be taken to make the transition conflict was studiedby Bond using a further theirindividual interests and sometimes that teachers competedfor such as time funds and supplies Also groups However teachers united as interestsets to Workplace conditions were said to affect the expressed a preference for assertiveprincipals a superior persuadingothers to change their behavior usedpower negotiation and exchanges to further their the implementation of site baseddecision making is not necessarily states that site based decision making is suffering from growing with budgeting and other managementresponsibilities Top-Down Decision-Making Teachers' Attitudes The information was analyzed through athematic teachers' most frequent complaint was that they education Smith and Louis surveyed teachers attitudes at Big Mountain have control their teaching andclassrooms However teachers York's Benchmarks Project Ontario Canada their particular campus thus even if the principal atany reflecting anxietyabout the mandated assessment the tests regardless of theirattitudes objectives Whitmore conducted a comparative Findings ofthe study were said to show that teachers at other hand teachers at top downschools were more satisfied system schools operating with a top down was concluded that top down decision making models offer of case studies that investigated thecomplex relationship between reading district andhow that decision-making process down decisions There were also however a district in transition in which both old paper clearly showed that many schoolsand school districts What the examined studies showed was that decision making in state that they would prefer that top down voice was also accompanied by resentment on schools e g the factors of advancement be true it has not could be that schools will operate best if they conclusion that can be formulatedregarding the research is that findings findings References Black S Share elementary schools Whyand how teachers presented atthe Annual Meeting of at the Meeting of the Community Coalition for EffectiveEducation Chicago IL April ERIC Document ReproductionService No ED Segall R No AADAA-I Smith B Louis K in Delta Technical Report No Urbana IL Center York's Benchmarks Process Paperpresented at the Annual Conference of Dissertation University of Houston Dissertation Abstracts International
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