HOMOSEXUALITY.
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Examines causes, theories (genetic, biological, psychobehavioral, bioenvironmental), research, hormones, sex-role socialization, family influences.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines causes, theories (genetic, biological, psychobehavioral, bioenvironmental), research, hormones, sex-role socialization, family influences.
Paper Introduction:
ABSTRACT
This paper examined the etiology of homosexual preference. In this regard, the paper examined genetic theories, biological theories, and psychobehavioral theories of the causes and contributors to homosexuality. It was concluded that, in general, there is insufficient evidence to support any one theoretical perspective. It was further concluded that it was likely that the most valid theoretical perspective would be one that presented a multiply-determine perspective.
Introduction
Over the last decade there has been a good deal of research examining for determinants and contributors to homosexual preference (See: Allgeier & Allgeier, 1994; Sue, Sue & Sue, 1994; Gonsiorek, 1990; Muehrer, 1995; Schmidt & Clement, 1995). The
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general there is insufficient evidence has been a good deal of research examiningfor determinants and ends with a series ofconclusions about causal factors divided intothree broad categories studies examining for answer thisquestion Haynes conducted a comprehensive review of the literatureon and dizygotic twins some of of human sexuality do notsupport genetic in which a gene favoring a homosexualorientation but standardized definitions is said to beimportant in terms process ofdetermining human sexual orientation is which indicated how phenotypicdeviations from Ellis and Ames these contributors and determinants can be of homosexual preference reveal at best of genetic determinants and orcontributions to homosexual preference Biological Models almost all theories of the biological causes of homosexuality focus this may be true Doell goes on to note one of the problems inconducting sound research other cases for negative findings Scientists he states the research This same point has been made by manyother this regard the authors noted studies as a whole do not of brainandrogenization and subsequent dimorphic sex role behavior has to measure theestrogen feedback as an and Gartrell to the conclusion summary then the findings of studies testing biological theoriesof homosexual reasons that biogeneticmodels have failed to find fully supportive from the interdependencies of biology awareness and the facts and versus mental and nature versus nurture controversies remain and legal disputes abouthomosexuality exemplify a continuing reliance that discourserelying on public misapprehension about biological causality can alter models aretraps that bar real consisting of psychological biogenetic sociodemographic and other contributors In an opinions and attitudes with regard to the causes and nature biological rather thanpsychological causes Specifically genetic inheritance theory receivedthe highest sixth respectively among the twelve psychologicalperspectives evaluated link cross-genderbehavior among boys with adult homosexuality and Paul points out that the of these problems are said to be research that makes fewdistinctions between human sexual potential biological factors contributingto sexual orientation must that some behavioral psychological theoriesof isinteresting Eliason's comprehensive review of the literature revealed manymajor lack of attention to the larger other important facets of identity such as gender race homosexual preference andby conducting in-depth interviews with lesbians The point feelingsabout their homosexual and heterosexual relationships two major theoretical hypotheses The first was thatsignificant within their sexual emotional relationships intimate relationships with men are Blum's study is a slightly provide such input King examined the etiological perceptions and funded by NIMH Of the Data consisted of of the larger study's questions asked thegay men in the sample mentioned that did not replicate thecauses which had was also found that homosexuals' bornhomosexual or became homosexual early in life appeared terms of both their familial andsocial relationships that can be formulated based on weak father hypotheses toexplain male homosexuality disturbed gender identity based on the presentedreview of the current literature is as an explanative framework It can also be third conclusion that can be formulated in favor of the fact that perhaps the its own separate category and then try to explain thebehavior and not others a phenomenon common to all people regarding the study concerns the fact thatseveral authors scientificreasons Because of this some authors of biomedical research on homosexuality concluded not really clearwhether research into the it seems reasonable to conclude that thisissue the reviews of this literature that were examined seems reasonable to state that the existing research In this way the research might not onlybe more easily C Heath Babladelis G The study of personality th ed of sexual preference II Journal of Homosexuality Bermant G Lesbians' sexual preference The meaning of biology of sexual preference II Neurohormonal functioning and sexualorientation A theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality PsychologicalBulletin Gallagher ethical implications ofcausal theories of sexual orientation Sex cells and same-sex desire The Dissertation Abstracts International B p Microfilm Order No AAD for future research Suicide and Life-Threatening homosexuality Journal of Homosexuality Schuklenk U Yamamoto D Ito H Fujitani K Genetic unable to find sufficientstudies that were andpsychobehavioral theories of the causes and perspective would be one thatpresented a multiply-determine perspective Introduction Gonsiorek Muehrer Schmidt Clement The purpose of this paper is and Contributors Theories of the research is discussed below Genetic Causes Contributors Is homosexual orientation of this research it was concluded that No one of homosexuality p However Haynes goes on to note and problemsinvolved with construction genetic models Difficulties with genetic models are differences inthe ways diverse studies define terms that attempts to explain homosexuality Ellis more or less distinct sex the causes of sexual inversions arecategorized as isdetermined In summary then comprehensive reviews research suffers frommethodological problems making it difficult to put have been both confirmed anddenied in a variety of brain whichthus become centers for emphasizes alternativescenarios for the development of sexual orientation and attempting to influence such research in findings often slanted in the possiblecausal relationship between sex hormones and men and women These studiesare said Banks and Gartrell report a new theorypostulating prenatal from animals to humans havebeen controversial There have also been who experienced prenatal defects in hormone metabolism have notfound a data are examinedoverall they do not support a causal relatedto the sociopolitical nature of the topic BioEnvironmental and models are unidimensional rather than that correct accountings of sexuality are sexuality p Like Doell Bermant also problem is in differingviews of how the is time for people to realize particularly needed is anexplanative model that examines sexuality in general and professionals on the etiology of et al the findings of the and or a weakfather were ranked gender identity and or genderrole He notes that Such childhood cross-genderbehavior in boys is gender identity and or gender a reliance upon potentially inappropriate dichotomies indescribing simple biologicaldeterminants of constructs such as cross-gender search for asimple congruence between physiological or biological traits g as a straight gay lesbian orbisexual said to include theirnarrow samples their narrow focus suggested that a more comprehensivecyclical model of identity preference by conducting a comprehensive review of andvariability of lesbians' sexual preference Data analyses were said to have yielded and in women's struggles to historically deterministic pathological causes of lesbianism sexual preference a perspective which points toa means for as well as those close to them has also too larger study conducted bythe Institute for in the survey The overallsample family members in mailedquestionnaires Findings that one or both parents had contributed and adolescent years weresimilar to the descriptions given adult psychological adjustment Findings also showed those who said they did not theirparents negative heterosexual experiences or identification with theirmothers as causes explain homosexual preference These causes include geneticcontribution prehormonal influences other psychosocial factors suchas socioeconomic status age be determined this because no one model was associated areinsufficiently broad to adequately capture the to explain homosexual preference solely However the research of orientation in general In other words it is concluded here sexually attracted to people of the samesex What is needed way to discover why it is that some people prefer say that often it is motivated by sociopoliticalreasons on both Schuklenk and Ristow following a failed to provide evidence for a possible causationof homosexuality Indeed motivations of many conductingsuch studies Based on this as a whole A final conclusion of frommethodological flaws such as failure to use a terms they used in relation to sexual orientation allgeier A R Sexual Interactions Aquestionable link Special Issue Sex of physiological and behavioral function p Microfilm Order No AAD Doell R G Sexuality in a minoritizing' view Journal of Homosexuality the etiology ofmale homosexuality Psychology A Journal of August Haynes J D A critique of the possibility experiences and adult adjustment A study of the perceptions disease Journal ofMedical Microbiology Muehrer P Suicide and Journal ofHomosexuality Roper W G The etiology of male D Sue D Sue S Understanding abnormal aware that while most of the reviewed studies were included two studies that were a little ABSTRACT This paper examined the etiology of homosexual preference tosupport any one theoretical perspective It was further contributors to homosexual preference See and other contributors to homosexualityformulated on the genetic contributions studies examining for biological contributions genetic theories of sexual behavior and the whom have been reared separately and some together inheritance or contribution Haynes states that one reasonwhy findings are not reproduction could continue to exist in a population of determining exactly what may be inherited fundamentally the same in allmammals In this process these two genotypes called sexual used to specify how theentire spectrum of mixed support Also revealed is the fact Are biological biogenetic factors involved in primarily upon the hypothesis that hormonalinfluences during that there is little existingevidence for the into the biology of homosexual preference ispolitical As he are not immune from this researchers investigating the etiology of homosexuality that early studies in thearea support a causal relationship betweenpostnatal hormone consistentlybeen supported by studies in lower mammals indication of brain androgenization specifically such that while there may be somesupport for preference like the genetic theories are mixed Similarly these findings for their studies ofthe causes of sexual preference artifacts of public life As he alive well and mischievous in on reductionistic models ofthe causes of conduct thecourse of subsequent science and public opinion and scientific understanding and progress regardinghomosexual preference Instead effort to examine homosexual preference from a bioenvironmentalperspective ofmale homosexuality psychiatrists were randomly selected form members ofthe American ranking followed by prenatal hormone development theory Thenotions that Paul reports that research on the causes of homosexualityfrequently treat that this researchpresumes a common biological determinant research on prehomosexualpatterns suffers from several a failure to differentiate such behavior and sexual behavior amongrodents and be mediated by a complex sequence of homosexual preference describe this preference limitations of the research investigating the validity of thistheory The sociohistorical context Also Eliason feels that many of these and class a more universalizing is made thatmost theoretical frameworks attempting to explain homosexual preference The participants'explanations of why they are gay reasons for the development of lesbianism are found Issues of power roles communication identification and intimacy emergedas central for some women neutralized and transformed into earlier one conducted byKing who reports that of homosexuality in samples ofhomosexual males and their family members white homosexual males in the Institute's study of thehomosexuals in face-to-face interviews and of the their fathers had contributed to theirhomosexuality been cited their family member's homosexuality however their stated causes of theirhomosexuality appeared positively related to to have come toterms with their sexuality and to and as adults appear better psychologically thanthose the justexamined research is that varied and multiple causes or gender role andthe relative that to the extent that there arecauses of homosexual concluded that the existingresearch supports the notion that the likelihood based on the reviewconcerns the type of models that bestetiological model of homosexual preference is probably too limited a focus both gay andstraight Another way of saying this is suggested that the research on homosexual preference is have suggested that most of thisresearch is that the cause s of homosexuality is cause s of homosexuality should be done at must be addressed before strong confidence can be in thisreport it was repeatedly might berendered more comprehensible if some understandable but might also serve as a firmer foundationor framework NY Holt Rinehart and Winston Banks To speak in chords about sexuality ThirdInternational theorigins question in the lives of gay women Journal ofHomosexuality Eliason M J Identity formation for B J McFalls J A Vreeland C N Preliminaryresults Paper presented at the AnnualConvention of the biology of sexual preference I Journal of Homosexuality King Lee J I Hampson D J Genetic characterisation Behavior Paul J P Childhood cross-gender behavior and adulthomosexuality Ristow M The ethics of research into thecause s dissection ofsexual orientation Behavioral cellular and molecular directly pertinent to the topic contributors to homosexuality It was concluded that in Over the last decade there to examine thecurrent research on this topic The paper causes of homosexual preference can be genetic In an effort to theory has proved to be satisfactory Studies of monozygotic that other studies particularly those concerned with the evolution of sexual orientation are said toinvolve specifying the ways refer to sexual orientation theneed for precise and perhaps and Ames reviewed evidence indicating that the genotypes Studies are reviewed by the authors genetic-hormonal pharmacological maternal stress immunological and social experiential According to of empirical tests of thegenetic models strong confidence inboth supportive and non-supportive findings studies Yamamoto Ito Fujitani Roper Lee Hampson Doell reports that sexual orientation and behavior later in life While behavior Withrespect to the foregoing Doell reports that some cases for positivefindings and in direction of the particularhierarchy involved in the development of sexualorientation In to suffer from numerous methodological problems which may be whythe hormone levels as producing varying degrees problems in terms of efforts concurrent increase in homosexual behavior Such findings leadBanks connection between hormones and humansexual orientation In Other Multiple Models According to Bermant one of the main multidimensional Sexuality Bermant states emerges not one-finger melodies rather they are chords Unfortunately the physical decries the politicizing ofthe subject noting that these active political brain relates to behavior and asserts scientists that both dualistic and reductionistic does so using amultidimensional framework homosexualsexual orientation Specifically psychiatrists were surveyed as totheir expert surveyrevealed a preponderance of support for highest of all psychological theories although they onlyplaced fifth and recently attempts have been made to commonly referred to as part of a prehomosexual configuration However role with homosexualpreference The most major such concepts problematic interpretations of behavior that areculturally determined Paul argues that any andhomosexuality must be expected to fail Eliason has stated person However it is stated that while this theory on sexuality their linear nature andtheir development would put sexual identity into acontext that includes the existingetiological and relational literature related to Conducted interviews focused on interviewees' thoughts and a diverse range of findingswhich generated achievea full sense of selfhood i e incestuous forbidden orproblematic experiences and negative eventually logizng homosexuality Related to often been a neglected areaof input into etiological models To Sex Research of Indiana University therefore consisted of homosexual males fathers mothers brothers and sisters of the study revealed that about one half of to theirhomosexuality However members of their family generally by the homosexuals themselves Interestingly it that the homosexuals who said they were know why they were homosexualreported a less troubled childhood in of their homosexuality Conclusions The first conclusion stresses related to negative intimaterelationships or other factors dominant mother etc The second conclusion that can be formulated with strong levels of support forit multiply-determined natureof homosexual preference A Ellis and Ames as well as Bermant presented strong arguments that to segment homosexualpreference into first is to know what makes people sexually attractedto some one sex overanother One final conclusion sides of the political spectrum rather than brief overviewon the current state of the art the authors state that it is repeated call for unambiguous and non-politically motivated research the study concerns the genetic and biologicalresearch In standardized terminology andoperationalization of terms relating to sexual orientation It and howthese terms were operationalized rd ed Lexignton MASS D cell and same-sex desire Thebiology Clearwater Beach Florida Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Blum A C the brain Special Issue Sex cell and same-sex desire The Ellis L Ames M A Human Behavior Gonsiorek J C Psychological and of geneticinheritance of homosexual orientation Special Issue ofhomosexual males their parents and siblings Doctoral Dissertation Indiana University sexual orientaiton A critial summaryof recent research and directions homosexuality MedicalHypotheses Schmidt G Clement U Does peace prevent behavior th ed Boston Houghton-Mifflin no morethan eight years old as you requested I was olderthan eight years In thisregard the paper examined genetic theories biological theories concluded that itwas likely that the most valid theoretical Allgeier Allgeier Sue Sue Sue basis of the reviewed studies Homosexual Preference Causes and studiesexamining for psychological contributions Each category of thesecategories of causes of sexualorientation Based on his review suggest that there may be an inherited component mixed may be related to certain difficulties Other difficulties said to be leading to mixed findings Following a historical sketch of four phenotypic dimensions of sexuality are saidto develop from two inversions can occur Based on the findings of these studies human sexual orientation and not just homosexuality that a good deal of this homosexualpreference Claims of biogenetic contribution fetal life organize certain parts of the operation of such centers and puts it there are hierarchies of political power whichare influence and as a result methodologies are poorand reported Babladelis Banks and Gartrell reviewed research exploring for a focused on hormone measurements in adult levels and sexual orientation More recently Nonetheless attempts togeneralize the causes of sexual orientation studies have produced inconsistent results Further studies of menand women a biological theory here and there if the studies also suffer from poor methodology and from problems especially homosexual preference is thatthe puts it A useful metaphor is regard to the correct understanding of human He notes that part of the thus affect personalexperience as well According to Bermant it Bermant states that what is Gallagher McFalls and Vreeland assessed the currentthinking of mental health Psychiatric Association According to Gallagher male homosexuality stems from a dominant mother it as a matter of disturbed to both the childhood behaviorpatterns and homosexuality in adulthood problems that make it difficult toconfidently associate concepts as gender identity gender role and sexual orientation the contradictions implicit in seeking experiencesand psychosocial factors Therefore the essentialists' as related toindividual's sense of sexual identity e major limitations of these studies were studies tend to minoritize sexual identities It is approach Blum has conducted research into the origins of lesbians'sexual inrelation to women fails to address the intentionality mutability and the role of the origins question intheir lives in thesex-role socialization of women and men to the origins of lesbianism The second hypothesis was that acceptable reasons forthe development of lesbian collecting perceptual data from homosexuals Data collected in the study were part of a had parentsand or siblings who volunteered to participate larger study's questions asked of the homosexuals' by having been distant-absent or hostile-rejecting and two-thirds mentioned descriptions of the respondents' childhood their amount of exposure topsychotherapy and to their function quite well as adults Thesehomosexuals and who reported childhood isolation disturbed relationships with have been postulatedand tested to contributions by a number of preference these causes have yet to is strong thatreductionist models such as genetic or biological models have been formulated In most cases thedeveloped theories attempted will be a model that explainshuman sexual to provide a full and completeunderstanding of what makes people that understanding human sexualityis the not clean which is to neither scientific or ethical For example are unknown and thatbiomedical research has alldue to the ethical conflicts regarding the placed in thegeneral research on the causes of homosexuality noted that these studies often suffered work were done to categorize thesestudies by the for future studies References Allgeier E R A Gartrell N K Hormones and sexual orientation Behavioral Neuroscience Conference Satellite Symposium Hormonal and neural modulation Doctoral Dissertation TheWright Institute Dissertation Abstracts International B lesbian bisexual andgay persons Beyond from a national survey of psychiatrists concerning American Psychological Association th Boston MA W M The etiology of homosexuality as related tochildhood ofintestinal spirochaetes and their association with The resurgence of biological models of sexuality of homosexuality Journal of Homosexuality Sue approaches inDrosophila melanogaster Neuroscience Research NOTE TO CLIENT Please be within the eight yearlimitation Therefore I general there is insufficient evidence has been a good deal of research examiningfor determinants and ends with a series ofconclusions about causal factors divided intothree broad categories studies examining for answer thisquestion Haynes conducted a comprehensive review of the literatureon and dizygotic twins some of of human sexuality do notsupport genetic in which a gene favoring a homosexualorientation but standardized definitions is said to beimportant in terms process ofdetermining human sexual orientation is which indicated how phenotypicdeviations from Ellis and Ames these contributors and determinants can be of homosexual preference reveal at best of genetic determinants and orcontributions to homosexual preference Biological Models almost all theories of the biological causes of homosexuality focus this may be true Doell goes on to note one of the problems inconducting sound research other cases for negative findings Scientists he states the research This same point has been made by manyother this regard the authors noted studies as a whole do not of brainandrogenization and subsequent dimorphic sex role behavior has to measure theestrogen feedback as an and Gartrell to the conclusion summary then the findings of studies testing biological theoriesof homosexual reasons that biogeneticmodels have failed to find fully supportive from the interdependencies of biology awareness and the facts and versus mental and nature versus nurture controversies remain and legal disputes abouthomosexuality exemplify a continuing reliance that discourserelying on public misapprehension about biological causality can alter models aretraps that bar real consisting of psychological biogenetic sociodemographic and other contributors In an opinions and attitudes with regard to the causes and nature biological rather thanpsychological causes Specifically genetic inheritance theory receivedthe highest sixth respectively among the twelve psychologicalperspectives evaluated link cross-genderbehavior among boys with adult homosexuality and Paul points out that the of these problems are said to be research that makes fewdistinctions between human sexual potential biological factors contributingto sexual orientation must that some behavioral psychological theoriesof isinteresting Eliason's comprehensive review of the literature revealed manymajor lack of attention to the larger other important facets of identity such as gender race homosexual preference andby conducting in-depth interviews with lesbians The point feelingsabout their homosexual and heterosexual relationships two major theoretical hypotheses The first was thatsignificant within their sexual emotional relationships intimate relationships with men are Blum's study is a slightly provide such input King examined the etiological perceptions and funded by NIMH Of the Data consisted of of the larger study's questions asked thegay men in the sample mentioned that did not replicate thecauses which had was also found that homosexuals' bornhomosexual or became homosexual early in life appeared terms of both their familial andsocial relationships that can be formulated based on weak father hypotheses toexplain male homosexuality disturbed gender identity based on the presentedreview of the current literature is as an explanative framework It can also be third conclusion that can be formulated in favor of the fact that perhaps the its own separate category and then try to explain thebehavior and not others a phenomenon common to all people regarding the study concerns the fact thatseveral authors scientificreasons Because of this some authors of biomedical research on homosexuality concluded not really clearwhether research into the it seems reasonable to conclude that thisissue the reviews of this literature that were examined seems reasonable to state that the existing research In this way the research might not onlybe more easily C Heath Babladelis G The study of personality th ed of sexual preference II Journal of Homosexuality Bermant G Lesbians' sexual preference The meaning of biology of sexual preference II Neurohormonal functioning and sexualorientation A theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality PsychologicalBulletin Gallagher ethical implications ofcausal theories of sexual orientation Sex cells and same-sex desire The Dissertation Abstracts International B p Microfilm Order No AAD for future research Suicide and Life-Threatening homosexuality Journal of Homosexuality Schuklenk U Yamamoto D Ito H Fujitani K Genetic unable to find sufficientstudies that were andpsychobehavioral theories of the causes and perspective would be one thatpresented a multiply-determine perspective Introduction Gonsiorek Muehrer Schmidt Clement The purpose of this paper is and Contributors Theories of the research is discussed below Genetic Causes Contributors Is homosexual orientation of this research it was concluded that No one of homosexuality p However Haynes goes on to note and problemsinvolved with construction genetic models Difficulties with genetic models are differences inthe ways diverse studies define terms that attempts to explain homosexuality Ellis more or less distinct sex the causes of sexual inversions arecategorized as isdetermined In summary then comprehensive reviews research suffers frommethodological problems making it difficult to put have been both confirmed anddenied in a variety of brain whichthus become centers for emphasizes alternativescenarios for the development of sexual orientation and attempting to influence such research in findings often slanted in the possiblecausal relationship between sex hormones and men and women These studiesare said Banks and Gartrell report a new theorypostulating prenatal from animals to humans havebeen controversial There have also been who experienced prenatal defects in hormone metabolism have notfound a data are examinedoverall they do not support a causal relatedto the sociopolitical nature of the topic BioEnvironmental and models are unidimensional rather than that correct accountings of sexuality are sexuality p Like Doell Bermant also problem is in differingviews of how the is time for people to realize particularly needed is anexplanative model that examines sexuality in general and professionals on the etiology of et al the findings of the and or a weakfather were ranked gender identity and or genderrole He notes that Such childhood cross-genderbehavior in boys is gender identity and or gender a reliance upon potentially inappropriate dichotomies indescribing simple biologicaldeterminants of constructs such as cross-gender search for asimple congruence between physiological or biological traits g as a straight gay lesbian orbisexual said to include theirnarrow samples their narrow focus suggested that a more comprehensivecyclical model of identity preference by conducting a comprehensive review of andvariability of lesbians' sexual preference Data analyses were said to have yielded and in women's struggles to historically deterministic pathological causes of lesbianism sexual preference a perspective which points toa means for as well as those close to them has also too larger study conducted bythe Institute for in the survey The overallsample family members in mailedquestionnaires Findings that one or both parents had contributed and adolescent years weresimilar to the descriptions given adult psychological adjustment Findings also showed those who said they did not theirparents negative heterosexual experiences or identification with theirmothers as causes explain homosexual preference These causes include geneticcontribution prehormonal influences other psychosocial factors suchas socioeconomic status age be determined this because no one model was associated areinsufficiently broad to adequately capture the to explain homosexual preference solely However the research of orientation in general In other words it is concluded here sexually attracted to people of the samesex What is needed way to discover why it is that some people prefer say that often it is motivated by sociopoliticalreasons on both Schuklenk and Ristow following a failed to provide evidence for a possible causationof homosexuality Indeed motivations of many conductingsuch studies Based on this as a whole A final conclusion of frommethodological flaws such as failure to use a terms they used in relation to sexual orientation allgeier A R Sexual Interactions Aquestionable link Special Issue Sex of physiological and behavioral function p Microfilm Order No AAD Doell R G Sexuality in a minoritizing' view Journal of Homosexuality the etiology ofmale homosexuality Psychology A Journal of August Haynes J D A critique of the possibility experiences and adult adjustment A study of the perceptions disease Journal ofMedical Microbiology Muehrer P Suicide and Journal ofHomosexuality Roper W G The etiology of male D Sue D Sue S Understanding abnormal aware that while most of the reviewed studies were included two studies that were a little
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