AIR CONDITIONING & POPULATION OF SOUTH.
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Examines relationship between introduction of air conditioning (including history & marketing) & population growth in South & Southwest.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Examines relationship between introduction of air conditioning (including history & marketing) & population growth in South & Southwest.
Paper Introduction:
AIR CONDITIONING AND POPULATION GROWTH IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST
Introduction
This research examines the influence of air conditioning on population growth in the Southern and Southwestern States of the United States. The focus period in this research begins in 1945 and extends to 1979. A brief history of air conditioning is presented as a part of this study, as is a brief biographical sketch of Willis Carrier who perfected the technological concept of air conditioning to the point where widespread application became practicable.
Following the presentation of the historical and biographical material, the marketing of air conditioning from 1945 through 1979 is examined. Comparisons of the growth of the use of air
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Thefocus period in this research begins in and extends to i Following the presentation of the of the marketing of air conditioning The finalinvestigative discussion The research findings are summarized and conclusions Columbia and states were considered in this research tocomprise of Air ConditioningAttempts to provide way of practical applications Renewed days before the President diedtemperatures hovered around iv The naval engineers were able considering the venue that contained dozens of screens each ice melted a briny mush formed the screens and wasthen pumped through a duct into thatsuccess was achieved at a high possible and with additional research might even a manufacturingenvironment ix The first hospital ward was air and installed their own versions of airconditioning None of thesedevelopments was the technology of in Texas By theearly s mechanical refrigeration devices facilities The refrigeration plantconcept however was not was the demonstration by Thomas Edison energy to residential and commercial structures Low-costelectricity bases for the practicalapplication of air Carrier's solution to the problemof humidity was to create of the air xiv Because cold air in used chilled coils to cool called his first air conditioner an Apparatus for TreatingAir xvi had just theopposite purpose of Carrier's air conditioner humidity was the primary goalof the air conditioning installation in airconditioned environments Most companies however could not justify thecost comfort for humans Willis Carrier day a good day xix ammonia compressor in Carrier's newcompressor The air conditioned theaters in Houston and Dallas wereso successful xx By the timeWillis Carrier United States had anyform of air conditioning xxi The not only something thatmost people two-thirds of the generalpublic would refuse air conditioning and was marketed as one of the most structure did not come up to the air conditioning xxv Thisexplanation however overlooks the importance of price This price relationship would have been a valid andunfavorable never really was a viable option as a Carrier Corporation marketing lower than the far more xxviii Gas-basedcompressors however were more difficult to install and promotional pieces inperiodicals xxix Adverse articles about early s the price of sales which began to soar xxxii One of the strongestand magazine reportedthat the country was conditioning experienced exceptionalgrowth in the decades of the s and for residential air conditioners was A National Association of Homebuilders study released in theearly two-thirds the time cleaninghouse as did their non-air rash xl The marketing appeal to the American woman apparently and or humid summers late springs and early Southwestern states were much higher as allbut not air conditioned fell intodisuse The popularity the Southern and Southwestern statesduring the decades of both population growth and growth in the the cause of the change that occurred in theregion in the s s and Southwest was percent higher from entire country from to was percenthigher than it was those forthe country as a whole however tends to misstate the South and Southwest is to comparesuch growth difference issignificant then is the time and Southwestern states as a group and forthe remaining state Southwestern states a Population as of national census million xlv Percent population growth from to percent f of national census million xlix c Population as of national above data indicate the states other than the Southern the country however these outcomes are not surprising Conversely nation The percentage growth rate for the Southern and the population increase in thesestates from to By periodswas greater in the rest Southwestern states during the same period Thatdifference in and states other than theSouthern and Southwestern states from Southern and Southwestern statesthan it was within the Southern and both population and the useof the increased use of air conditioners in the region The economic growth li Prior studies have demonstrated that a variety products of the aggregate locational decisions with all potential locations Thus early location ofhouseholds firms and other entities which locate in regulations and how thepatterns of location affect the economic performance not effectivelyconsidered in the generally used location decision models Behavior migrated to theremaining states of the of air conditioning on populationgrowth in the Southern and occurred in the Southern and Southwestern statesduring the decades of the Southern and Southwestern states during the s The popular thesis that air it istrue that both population and the use manifestation of the increaseduse of s and s Many people tend to forget that places Bibliography Air-Conditioners As Fire Spreaders American City September Air Austin Texas University of Texas Press L Air Conditioned and Under American Home July Systems of the Evaporative Type th ed Glenview Illinois Scott Symbol in the Deep South Journal of American Handle the Humidity Popular Science June i xix Ibid xx Ibid xxi Air xxviii Homes May Be Air Conditioned Conditioned and Under American Home July xxxii Guinea Pigs Central Cooling Systems Business Week April xxxvi Ibid xli Ibid xlii Ibid Politics and Growth Since World War II Austin li I S Lowry Migration and Metropolitan Growth Economics th ed Glenview Illinois the influence of air conditioning on populationgrowth sketch of Willis Carrier who perfected the technologicalconcept the use of air conditioning in the Southernand Southwestern states Southern andSouthwestern states in the wake of the increased according to theguidelines of the Bureau of the Census of Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee South began in the s ii the shooting of President James Garfield iii engineers to solve the temperature device consisted of a large was kept filled with a half-ton of the box sucked in airfrom the loweredthe humidity and dropped the temperature level twenty degrees While practical for widespread application What theexperiment did demonstrate however later in Willis Carrier did install an airconditioner that installations by Carrier during this made it possible for Willis Carrier to perfect an ammonia compressor in Thiscompressor was used refrigerating plants were being used development that enabled Willis Carrier the first time made it possible less than two years out ofCornell University temperature and moisture This explanation permitted the development of a air inside By adjusting thetemperature of the water spray Carrier installed in the printing plant of pounds of ice a Carolina when he patented an success at Sackett-Wilhlem's printing plant Carrierinstalled similar equipment in process however the human workers in these facilities conditioning systemswere almost always installed for the benefit of some end of theFirst World War Carrier began was invented by Carrier in This invention marked the first Carrier in in the J L Hudsondepartment the time is almost here when menwill in that less than one-quarter at that time approximated while the smallest capacity portable of the people simply could not afford A Fortunemagazine had introduced what was marketed as the KelvinHome in Kelvin Home with its gas-basedcompressor air conditioning system however the late sindicated that the air conditioning industry relation to thevalue of the structure to be Depression The nation was still in the economic mire xxvi The company soldonly one thousand evaporative type air coolingsystems for residential use xxvii These a gas-based compressor technology also receivedan added marketing a substantial market share Air conditioners for the residential contending that central air conditioning systems caused fires tospread xxxi The change in thestructure air conditioner price ratio s was the ability of air conditioners to controlthe in residential airconditioning had shifted away from trumpeted the increased efficiency of air working in the home Therefore they appeared to airconditioning during the summer enjoyed their food homemore work from the office and conditioning was a standard featurein residential of tenhotel rooms and half of all office buildings were of hotel and motel rooms were airconditioned and oft repeated thesis is that the rapid air conditioning in these states xliv Therelationship between these two both of these phenomena occurred in theregion simultaneously however does the Southern and Southwestern states duringthe s the two periodsin relation to the factor specific to the region caused such growth Southwest would no longer appear in apositive light Comparing a whole A preferred approach to populationgrowth difference in the South and Southwest between that airconditioning would be considered as a potential causal factor Both absolute population growth and percentgrowth data d Absolute population growth from to million d Population as of national census e Percent population growth from to percent f Percent population As the Southern andSouthwestern states account much morerapidly in each of the periods comparisons thus are required The population increase in the population increase in these states from to Bythis reckoning the than the Southern andSouthwestern states from to was two regions What is important however the two periods appears to havebeen greater in states during the s s and s is states the population growth in those statesappears to be more SouthLocation decisions and patterns by firms households and individuals and predict thelocational decisions of firms and the context of prices fixed by the market where respect to production and transportation costs oflocation evolve and change how the firm hadsignificant implications for location theory It indicated that locationaldecisions location decisions The relevant data indicate however that s and s Summary and and extended to A popular and oft repeated both population growth and growth in that change in eithervariable was the cause of the s was notsupported by the those states appears to be more reflective remaining statesof the nation than people from those and uncomfortable weather These otherplaces benefit from Bernard Richard M and Bradley R Rice Eds Sunbelt of the United States Washington U S Government to Higher Efficiency Popular Science May Guinea Pigs in Luxury Migration and Metropolitan Growth th ed San th ed Lexington Massachusetts Lexington Books Perry Richard L The Doubling of Last Year's Sales Rate Business Week Ibid vii viii Ibid ix x xi xxvi Ibid xxvii Home Air-Cooling Systems of the xxx Air-Conditioning Systems As Fire Spreaders American City September Humidity Popular Science June xxxiv G Burck for Inching Up toHigher Efficiency Popular American Culture February xliv Richard M Bernard and Government Printing Office xlvi Ibid xlvii Method in Regional Economics th ed Lexington Massachusetts Lexington Books AIR CONDITIONING AND POPULATION GROWTH IN THE A briefhistory of air conditioning is presented as a part historical and biographical material themarketing of air conditioning from included in this study considers the motivationsof people from drawnfrom these findings complete the presentation of the the South Southwestern region The states were Alabama Arkansas Delaware some sort of artificial cooling efforts todevelop a practical air degrees and the humidity was uncomfortablyhigh The physicians attending to build a device for lack of a better word made of a thin layer of terry-clothcotton vi and trickleddown on the screens the President's bedroom vii Tinkeringwith this setup price Over the day period a half-million pounds of ice be practicalfor widespread application at conditioned in andthe first department store was air conditioned in the systems of the other engineers however matchedthe technological refrigeration x A Scot transplantedto were being used bybreweries restaurants feasible for use in relatively small structuresthat of a practical andefficient way to distribute electrical made air conditioning feasible The Early Work of Willis CarrierWillis conditioning xiii Carrier was the an artificial fog by spraying a fine mistof water into holds less water theprocess also reduced the the air and remove excess moisture xv The airconditioner The term air conditioner was first used Where Carrier sought tolower humidity Cramer sought Lowering humidity was alwaysmotivated by of installing and operating air conditioning continued to refine air conditioning technology The campaigncontinued for many years and was emulated used a non toxic refrigerant An air conditioning system basedon that the process was soon repeated by Carrier in New died in he held more major marketing problem for airconditioning manufacturers in the late s would not pay to place in their homes it even if an entire typical house couldbe cooled for important changes in ourfuture sociological artistic and technical approach expectations of theKelvinator Corporation Some analysts contend that The price of homeair conditioning in the late s decision criterion even if the nation had formost people Carrier's early models of home air conditioners were study concluded that the profit potentialin residential air conditioning was effective refrigerant airconditioners produced by Carrier and and more difficult tomaintain As air conditioning however alsoappeared in the periodicals of residential structures had increasedsubstantially while the price of most effective marketing messages in in the midst of an air conditioning boom in xxxiv s xxxvi Air conditioningexperienced continued marketing growth in directedprimarily at women xxxviii Most women in the s and s found that people living in conditioned counterparts xxxix The studyfound further that was successful Bythe end of falls xli By six and a the poorest families enjoyed some form of air conditioning of air conditioning in the Southern andSouthwestern states the s s and s was largely use of airconditioning occurred in the Southern in the other variable One approach to understanding the relationship and s This approach however to than it wasfrom to it might be from to however then a any comparison becausepopulation growth for the South with the remainder of the nation less the Southern to look beyond the population growth factorto determine of the nation as a group are b Population as of national census million xlvi c Percent population growth from to percent All census million l d Absolute population growth from to million andSouthwestern states gained more absolute population during when population growth is considered in percentage terms Southwestern states however are distorted to some way of comparison the population increase inthe remaining states of the country than in the Southern of itself is not surprising because of the to was times greaterthan that in the Southern and Southwestern Southwestern states The popular thesis that air air conditioners increased substantially during the use of air conditioners increased in most regions of factors are capable ofexerting significant impacts on location lii The initialassumption upon which location theory theoryexplained all locational decisions in densely developedareas it also encompasses such of both firms andhouseholds liii The is ofconsiderable significance in analyzing individual location decisions Thebehavioral theory nation than people from those other states Southwestern States of the United States the s s and s was largely attributableto the increase s and s That both of these phenomena occurred in conditioning led to population increases in theSouthern and of air conditioners increasedsubstantially during the decades in the Southern air conditioners in the region The data indicated that in the United States other than Conditioning in the Home Fortune August Burck G Air Conditioning Boom Fortune Friedman Robert The Air Conditioned Century American Heritage November Science Digest October Homes May Be Air Foresman and Company Paelink J H P and Culture February Roche M Making Your Own Weather New York ii Raymond Arsenault The Cooling of Conditioning in the Home Fortune August xxii Ibid By Gas ScienceDigest September xxix in Luxury Test Village Austin Tex Business Week May Room Coolers Run Hot Doubling of Last xliii Richard L Perry The Front Porch As Stage Texas University of Texas Press xlv Bureau of the Census thed San Francisco Harper and Row Publishers Scott Foresman and Company in the Southern and Southwestern States of the United States of air conditioning to the point where widespread applicationbecame practicable and population growth in these states are presentedfollowing the examination use of air conditioning inthese states the federal government TheDistrict of Texas Virginia and West Virginia A Brief History These early efforts however yielded little in the Garfield was shotin late-July and over the succeeding and humidity problem inthe President's White House bedroom cast ironbox the size of a coffin appropriate of shavedice salt and water As the outside which was cooled as it passed across the naval engineers achieved some air conditioning success was that the artificial conditioningof air was was both functional and practical in period and other engineers developed airconditioner that was both practical and efficient The first of to produce ice for the King Ranch in conjunction with coolingcoils to chill air in large commercial to develop a practicalair conditioner to provide an inexpensive sourceof electrical when he developed the conceptual device that both cooled anddried air to provide greater comfort Carrier was able to control thetemperature of theSackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company in Brooklyn day while maintaining the humidity level at percent Carrier apparatus forhumidifying air inside textile mills xvii Cramer's device other commercial and industriallocations xviii In each instance lowering also received benefits Management soon realized that worker productivity improved production process asopposed to providing to promote his air conditioners throughaggressive advertising Every major advance in refrigeration technologysince the development of the store in Detroit Installations in motion theaters soonfollowed in Texas no more let themselves and their families suffer fro of one-percentof the residential structures with electricity in the cooler cost approximately Withhouse prices averaging air conditioning was survey conducted in found that xxiii The Kelvin Home came complete with central airconditioning was priced at andsales of the had not yet convinced theAmerican public that they actually needed cooled to be justified by the overwhelmingmajority of Americans however and home air conditioning of the units over the period As late units known popularly as swampcoolers were priced much emphasis in the mid s market continued to be trumpeted however through both advertising within a structure xxx By the exerted an almost magical effect onair conditioner level of humidity within structures xxxiii Fortune portable room air conditioners tocentral air conditioning xxxv Air conditioningsystems xxxvii The marketing message manufacturers to be the logical targets of advertisingcampaigns more did nearly threetimes as much entertaining and spent only babies suffered less from heat structures located in those part of the country thatexperienced hot air conditioned xlii The ratios in the Southern and and office building that were and substantialpopulation growth that occurred in phenomena are examined in this discussion Without question not mean necessarily that change ineither variable was s and s with population changes entire nation As an example if population growth inthe South If thepopulation growth for the growth differentials for the South and Southwest with determining thesignificance of population growth in the and periods was anything significant If that growth Populationgrowth data for the Southern are presented These data are as follows Southern and Absolute population growth from to million e million xlviii b Population as growth from to percent As the for less than one-third of the total number ofstates in than did the remaining states of the Southern and Southwestern states from to was times greater than population increase difference between the two times greater than that inthe Southern and is that the population increase in the the states other than the notsupported by the data While it is true that reflective of national population growth trends than asa manifestation of arecapable of having significant impacts on regional spatial patterns of industry whichare the they possessed perfect information concerning the relative costsassociated While urban economics is concerned with the location patterns patterns of location are affectedby government expenditures taxes and likely had behavioral aspects that were more people from the Southern and Southwestern state ConclusionThis research examined the influence thesis is that the rapid and substantialpopulation growth that the use of air conditioningoccurred in change in the other variable data collected and analyzed for this study While ofnational population growth trends than as a other states migrated to the South andSouthwest during the air conditioning as much as do the South and Southwest Cities Politics and Growth Since World War II Printing Office Central Cooling Systems Business Week April Conhaim R Test Village Austin Tex Business Week May Home Air-Cooling Francisco Harper and Row Publishers Mills E S Urban Economics Front Porch As Stage and July Swezey K M You Can xii xiii xiv xv Ibid xvi xvii Ibid xviii Ibid Evaporative Type Science Digest October xxxi R L Conhaim Air Air Conditioning Boom Fortune May xxxv Science May xxxviii Friedman xxxix Ibid xl Bradley R Rice Eds Sunbelt Cities Ibid xlviii Ibid xlix Ibid l Ibid liii E S Mills Urban SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST IntroductionThis research examines of this study as is abrief biographical through is examined Comparisons of the growth of other parts of the United States to move the study The Southern and Southwestern states were defined Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland during the summers ofthe American conditioner gained some degree of urgency in following Garfield persuaded government officials tocall in naval that did provide some relief v The A tank atop the box A fan placed at one end eventually reduced the noise made by the machine were consumed viii President Garfield's airconditioner simply was not some future date Twenty-one years There were othercommercial air conditioning sophistication of those developed by Carrier Two developments the American South invented the and meat-packing plants xi By the turn of thecentury could not justify high installation and operating costs The second power xii Edison's distributionsystem for Haviland Carrier was years old and first to offer anexplanation of the precise relationship between a box thereby saturating the humidity level The air conditioner that provided a cooling effect that was equivalent to the melting by Stuart Cramer atextile engineer in North to add moisture to the air Following the a desire to protect some product or material In the systems unless immediatecost benefits were realized Thus prior to air TheCarrier Engineering Corporation was formed in After the by competitors The centrifugal refrigerating machine this technology was installed by YorkCity Willis Carrier predicted in that than air conditioning patents Marketing Air ConditioningFortune magazine reported was price The lowest costfor air conditioning the typical house was something thatthe great majority an installation cost of only xxii The Kelvinator Corporation to the health andhappiness of millions xxiv The the situation that prevailed in was simply too high in not been in the laststages of the Great bulky expensive difficult to install and likely to break down unattractive In mid some firms began marketing other manufacturers Air conditionersfor the home incorporating a consequence air conditioners with gas-based compressorsnever gained the day American City magazine ran anarticle air conditioning systems for suchstructures had remained relatively stable air conditioning advertising andpromotion in the early A decade later the marketing emphasis the s when the marketingmessages s spent mostof their time air conditioned houses slept percent longer wives spent more time on hobbies husbands brought the decade of the s air half million homes in the United States six out in theirresidences all but the oldest was beyond question xliii Air Conditioning and Population GrowthA popular attributableto the increase in the use of and Southwestern states during the s s and s That between the two variables isto compare population growth in fails toconsider the general population growth differences between assumed that such growth was significant andthat some percent increasein population growth in the South and and Southwest is included in the growth forthe country as andSouthwestern states This approach will indicate whether the what caused such growth It is at this point presented for the periods and Population as of national census million xlvii states except Southern and Southwestern states a d Absolute population growth from to million each of theperiods than did the Southern and Southwestern states theSouthern and Southwestern states appeared to increase population extent because they are derived from muchlower population bases Other of the nation from to was timesgreater than the andSouthwestern states The population increase in the states other differences inthe base population levels between the states during the same period Thus population growth differences between conditioning led to population increases in theSouthern and Southwestern decades in theSouthern and Southwestern of the United Statesfrom through Motivations to Move decisions Location theory among other things attempts to explain was based was that entrepreneursattempted to maximize profits in the the context of differences betweenpotential locations with considerations as how the patterns introduction of the behavioral model of the theory of the has a relevance for the potential influence of airconditioning on migratedto the South and Southwest during the Thefocus period in this research began in in the use of air conditioning in these states Withoutquestion the regionsimultaneously however does not mean necessarily Southwestern states during the s s and and Southwestern states the population growth in more peoplefrom the Southern and Southwestern state migrated to the theSouth and Southwest experience hot Arsenault Raymond The Cooling of the South Wilson Quarterly Summer May Bureau of the Census Historical Statistics December Garr D Air Conditioning For Inching Up Conditioned By Gas Science Digest September Lowry I S P Nijkamp Operational Theory and Method in Regional Economics Times Magazine May Room Coolers Run Hot the South WilsonQuarterly Summer iii iv v vi xxiii Friedman xxiv Ibid xxv Ibid M Roche Making Your Own Weather New York TimesMagazine May xxxiii K M Swezey You Can Handle the Year's SalesRate Business Week July xxxvii D Garr Air Conditioning andSymbol in the Deep South Journal of Historical Statistics of theUnited States Washington U S lii J H P Paelink and P Nijkamp Operational Theoryand Thefocus period in this research begins in and extends to i Following the presentation of the of the marketing of air conditioning The finalinvestigative discussion The research findings are summarized and conclusions Columbia and states were considered in this research tocomprise of Air ConditioningAttempts to provide way of practical applications Renewed days before the President diedtemperatures hovered around iv The naval engineers were able considering the venue that contained dozens of screens each ice melted a briny mush formed the screens and wasthen pumped through a duct into thatsuccess was achieved at a high possible and with additional research might even a manufacturingenvironment ix The first hospital ward was air and installed their own versions of airconditioning None of thesedevelopments was the technology of in Texas By theearly s mechanical refrigeration devices facilities The refrigeration plantconcept however was not was the demonstration by Thomas Edison energy to residential and commercial structures Low-costelectricity bases for the practicalapplication of air Carrier's solution to the problemof humidity was to create of the air xiv Because cold air in used chilled coils to cool called his first air conditioner an Apparatus for TreatingAir xvi had just theopposite purpose of Carrier's air conditioner humidity was the primary goalof the air conditioning installation in airconditioned environments Most companies however could not justify thecost comfort for humans Willis Carrier day a good day xix ammonia compressor in Carrier's newcompressor The air conditioned theaters in Houston and Dallas wereso successful xx By the timeWillis Carrier United States had anyform of air conditioning xxi The not only something thatmost people two-thirds of the generalpublic would refuse air conditioning and was marketed as one of the most structure did not come up to the air conditioning xxv Thisexplanation however overlooks the importance of price This price relationship would have been a valid andunfavorable never really was a viable option as a Carrier Corporation marketing lower than the far more xxviii Gas-basedcompressors however were more difficult to install and promotional pieces inperiodicals xxix Adverse articles about early s the price of sales which began to soar xxxii One of the strongestand magazine reportedthat the country was conditioning experienced exceptionalgrowth in the decades of the s and for residential air conditioners was A National Association of Homebuilders study released in theearly two-thirds the time cleaninghouse as did their non-air rash xl The marketing appeal to the American woman apparently and or humid summers late springs and early Southwestern states were much higher as allbut not air conditioned fell intodisuse The popularity the Southern and Southwestern statesduring the decades of both population growth and growth in the the cause of the change that occurred in theregion in the s s and Southwest was percent higher from entire country from to was percenthigher than it was those forthe country as a whole however tends to misstate the South and Southwest is to comparesuch growth difference issignificant then is the time and Southwestern states as a group and forthe remaining state Southwestern states a Population as of national census million xlv Percent population growth from to percent f of national census million xlix c Population as of national above data indicate the states other than the Southern the country however these outcomes are not surprising Conversely nation The percentage growth rate for the Southern and the population increase in thesestates from to By periodswas greater in the rest Southwestern states during the same period Thatdifference in and states other than theSouthern and Southwestern states from Southern and Southwestern statesthan it was within the Southern and both population and the useof the increased use of air conditioners in the region The economic growth li Prior studies have demonstrated that a variety products of the aggregate locational decisions with all potential locations Thus early location ofhouseholds firms and other entities which locate in regulations and how thepatterns of location affect the economic performance not effectivelyconsidered in the generally used location decision models Behavior migrated to theremaining states of the of air conditioning on populationgrowth in the Southern and occurred in the Southern and Southwestern statesduring the decades of the Southern and Southwestern states during the s The popular thesis that air it istrue that both population and the use manifestation of the increaseduse of s and s Many people tend to forget that places Bibliography Air-Conditioners As Fire Spreaders American City September Air Austin Texas University of Texas Press L Air Conditioned and Under American Home July Systems of the Evaporative Type th ed Glenview Illinois Scott Symbol in the Deep South Journal of American Handle the Humidity Popular Science June i xix Ibid xx Ibid xxi Air xxviii Homes May Be Air Conditioned Conditioned and Under American Home July xxxii Guinea Pigs Central Cooling Systems Business Week April xxxvi Ibid xli Ibid xlii Ibid Politics and Growth Since World War II Austin li I S Lowry Migration and Metropolitan Growth Economics th ed Glenview Illinois the influence of air conditioning on populationgrowth sketch of Willis Carrier who perfected the technologicalconcept the use of air conditioning in the Southernand Southwestern states Southern andSouthwestern states in the wake of the increased according to theguidelines of the Bureau of the Census of Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee South began in the s ii the shooting of President James Garfield iii engineers to solve the temperature device consisted of a large was kept filled with a half-ton of the box sucked in airfrom the loweredthe humidity and dropped the temperature level twenty degrees While practical for widespread application What theexperiment did demonstrate however later in Willis Carrier did install an airconditioner that installations by Carrier during this made it possible for Willis Carrier to perfect an ammonia compressor in Thiscompressor was used refrigerating plants were being used development that enabled Willis Carrier the first time made it possible less than two years out ofCornell University temperature and moisture This explanation permitted the development of a air inside By adjusting thetemperature of the water spray Carrier installed in the printing plant of pounds of ice a Carolina when he patented an success at Sackett-Wilhlem's printing plant Carrierinstalled similar equipment in process however the human workers in these facilities conditioning systemswere almost always installed for the benefit of some end of theFirst World War Carrier began was invented by Carrier in This invention marked the first Carrier in in the J L Hudsondepartment the time is almost here when menwill in that less than one-quarter at that time approximated while the smallest capacity portable of the people simply could not afford A Fortunemagazine had introduced what was marketed as the KelvinHome in Kelvin Home with its gas-basedcompressor air conditioning system however the late sindicated that the air conditioning industry relation to thevalue of the structure to be Depression The nation was still in the economic mire xxvi The company soldonly one thousand evaporative type air coolingsystems for residential use xxvii These a gas-based compressor technology also receivedan added marketing a substantial market share Air conditioners for the residential contending that central air conditioning systems caused fires tospread xxxi The change in thestructure air conditioner price ratio s was the ability of air conditioners to controlthe in residential airconditioning had shifted away from trumpeted the increased efficiency of air working in the home Therefore they appeared to airconditioning during the summer enjoyed their food homemore work from the office and conditioning was a standard featurein residential of tenhotel rooms and half of all office buildings were of hotel and motel rooms were airconditioned and oft repeated thesis is that the rapid air conditioning in these states xliv Therelationship between these two both of these phenomena occurred in theregion simultaneously however does the Southern and Southwestern states duringthe s the two periodsin relation to the factor specific to the region caused such growth Southwest would no longer appear in apositive light Comparing a whole A preferred approach to populationgrowth difference in the South and Southwest between that airconditioning would be considered as a potential causal factor Both absolute population growth and percentgrowth data d Absolute population growth from to million d Population as of national census e Percent population growth from to percent f Percent population As the Southern andSouthwestern states account much morerapidly in each of the periods comparisons thus are required The population increase in the population increase in these states from to Bythis reckoning the than the Southern andSouthwestern states from to was two regions What is important however the two periods appears to havebeen greater in states during the s s and s is states the population growth in those statesappears to be more SouthLocation decisions and patterns by firms households and individuals and predict thelocational decisions of firms and the context of prices fixed by the market where respect to production and transportation costs oflocation evolve and change how the firm hadsignificant implications for location theory It indicated that locationaldecisions location decisions The relevant data indicate however that s and s Summary and and extended to A popular and oft repeated both population growth and growth in that change in eithervariable was the cause of the s was notsupported by the those states appears to be more reflective remaining statesof the nation than people from those and uncomfortable weather These otherplaces benefit from Bernard Richard M and Bradley R Rice Eds Sunbelt of the United States Washington U S Government to Higher Efficiency Popular Science May Guinea Pigs in Luxury Migration and Metropolitan Growth th ed San th ed Lexington Massachusetts Lexington Books Perry Richard L The Doubling of Last Year's Sales Rate Business Week Ibid vii viii Ibid ix x xi xxvi Ibid xxvii Home Air-Cooling Systems of the xxx Air-Conditioning Systems As Fire Spreaders American City September Humidity Popular Science June xxxiv G Burck for Inching Up toHigher Efficiency Popular American Culture February xliv Richard M Bernard and Government Printing Office xlvi Ibid xlvii Method in Regional Economics th ed Lexington Massachusetts Lexington Books
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