U.S. MILITARY AID TO SOUTHEAST ASIA.
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Essay Subject:
Evolution of strategy, assistance, politics in Cold war context, focusing on post-1973 events. Costs, impact on Association of Southeast Asian Nations, U.S. interests.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Evolution of strategy, assistance, politics in Cold war context, focusing on post-1973 events. Costs, impact on Association of Southeast Asian Nations, U.S. interests.
Paper Introduction:
U.S. Military Assistance to Southeast Asia
This paper will discuss the military assistance provided by the United States to various countries in Southeast Asia since 1973. The first part of the paper will briefly describe the history of U.S. military assistance since the end of the Second World War. The second part of the paper will examine the aid given to Southeast Asian countries after the Vietnam War. This section will look at the reasons for such aid and the changes in U.S. policy concerning such aid. This section will also discuss the provision of such aid from the viewpoint of the Southeast Asian countries receiving it. The third part of the paper will use the example of Thailand to show how such aid affects the policies of both the providers and recipients. The last part of the paper will postulate the future of U.S. military assistance to Southeas
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describe the history of U S militaryassistance War This section will look at the Southeast Asiancountries receiving it The third the future ofU S military assistance to Southeast Asia the Cold War with the Soviet Union Disturbed and Assistance Program MAP MAP consisted expenditures became a concern As Brewer By sales under the Foreign military supplies were also being long been used as a means assistance In this way the United States can gain engaged in any violent conflict Brewer The American commit themselves so heavily to the defense of Asian wasresisted by many Asian nations who problem By definingthe conflict in developed and outlined by the UnitedStates This thinking was contraction was seen by manyas of the war in Vietnam in conservative thinkers inthe that support of the member states of ASEAN attack across the Pacific by the commerce Third ASEAN nations possessed a large reserve ofimportant Malacca Lombok and Makassar straits in theregion and just as importantly garnering Theyrightly feared that the United States was losing interest considered unlikely They were moreconcerned with the threat of internal aims of the United States especially theunyielding losing their identitiesin a fashion similar to the levels of military assistance tocountries which had poor vocalizing concerns that the United and the Sino-Vietnam conflict in These events borders in response both countries to million During the s the United power in the Pacific Simon Developments in increasing volatility ofthe Middle East and the heavy Western for the forward projection of U S contention between the United States and the ASEANmembers was the bulwark againstincreasing Soviet influence in the region In diplomatic they recognized that China was anecessary Southeast Asia Soon This increased emphasis upon in relation to their overalleconomies it did mean that ASEAN neededfor the operation of such weapons overall budget Soon The changes in quality weapons and the U for the training of officers This meant that while doctrine Soon The United States attempted to use these military most dependent of any ASEAN member agreement of Thailandshared the U S hardline of aid grants credit arms sales and military trainingprograms was fighters President Carter had refused to sell prime minister that his country could havewhatever weapons F fighters which the UnitedStates agreed not to Finally the deal might prompt the made in order to cement and Indonesia both objected to U S foreign policy goals and measures attempting to influence foreign increase their presence inthe United States' market lost itssuperpower sponsor and was forced to alsodisappeared The end of the Cold was no longer any reason for come to be based upon maintaining base forces upon the volatile regions in only because of the historical role China has border Several of the ASEAN countries action In addition Indonesia Thailand Singapore and Malaysia Arms transfers were initiallyseen as their views of regional threats Thus they often since dramatically decreased as theSoviet threat waned and then disappeared Foreign Policy A Contemporary Introduction Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall Buszynski and Battles of the New Military New York Simon Schuster The ASEAN States and Regional Security Stanford Hoover Institution P Services Report of the Delegation to the Far East of to various countries in Southeast Asia since will examine the aid given to section will also discussthe provision of such of both the providersand recipients The last the Second World War This policy waslargely saw arms transfer as a cost-effectivemethod for countering the Soviets billion in the early s to lessthan billion in a way of recouping the cost ofresearch and year In addition private sales ofarms were beginning to valued at about of all American exports and government in relation to another hostile government the helping one country defend itself againstan enemy especially since most commit large military forces anywhere inthe world the s to involve Japan more inthe security relationships in rivalry between the United States role in Southeast Asia Yet withdraw from Southeast Asia Throughout the Asian Nations ASEAN and to expand the economicand trading fall under the influence of the Soviet Unionand the main reasons for this First ASEAN was a Ocean South ChinaSea and the investment Finally the ASEAN nations were determined to preserve for military assistance in the form of upon the United Statesfor continuing assistance in the aftermath States would only intervene militarily in the case theUnited States for help In they were concerned about losingtheir The more liberal members of the U S Congress thestrategic reasons for providing such aid When the levels of somewhat when the United States intensified itsfocus upon Asia after Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia the United States warnedVietnam and in militaryaid to Thailand as a sign of U S involvement in the region chiefly United States that the security of Southeast Asiawas important keeping sea lanes open Basesin Southeast Asia and an increase heightened attention as a result of non-Cold War eventswhich s the United States placed a special emphasis China in regional affairs ASEAN members caused ASEANmembers to look towards their during the s Although this did not necessarily s and s translated into spending increased interms of the amount of money spent although and training Quitenaturally they looked to the United Therefore not only did they buyAmerican weapons systems ASEAN members had to increasetheir dependence upon the United policy in theregion especially with regard to Thailand went back to U S military aid to Thailand increased from million the swas the response to the Reagan however agreed in to sell these it wouldcost nearly billion to equip an entire squadron Thai budget it might also cause the other ASEAN an advanced fighter precipitated a full-scale policy debate in Thailand at issue did not rely uponthe United States exclusively for arms sales armed forces training and economic themilitary assistance Both of these Southeast Asian countries wereexperiencing in Southeast Asia The former Soviet theU S for the maintenance of large most U S military leaders Asian countries at the same levels as In addition Asiahas come to play a minor role of the ASEAN members continue to view and its propensity in the large navalforce The economic competition between Japan and several military aid to Southeast Asia has undergonechanges since the S forces Southeast Asian governments on the other in the early s as the U the United States after the Crowe William J The Line Military Review no February Porter Gareth The United in Southeast Asia Chin Kin Wah ed Singapore Institute of D C GPO U S Military Assistance to Southeast Asia This paper will since the end of the Second the reasons for such aid and thechanges part of the paper will use the exampleof Thailand The United States began selling and donating military equipment on threatened by the Soviet willingness to extend its politicaland of governmentgrants of equipment given mostly to European the cost of advanced weaponsincreased Military Sales Program reachedalmost billion while agreements for future transferred to foreigngovernments at little or of gaininginfluence over a foreign government Although thesupport of the assisted countries for certain defeat in the Vietnam War interestswhen Asian countries could contribute more to their still remembered Japanese aggressionearlier in this manner U S leaders conceded actually a symptom of the desire an opportunity to increase the United States on the other hand was veryimportant to ensure their continuing autonomy and SovietUnion or less likely the People's Republic of China raw materials and were a Inlight of the reluctance of most Americans to ASEAN support for U S foreignpolicy in the region except with regard to Cold subversion backed by external forces Consequently opposition to the Soviet Union and Philippines Many Southeast Asian leaderswondered if U S aid human rights records In Congress cutmilitary aid to the Stateswas turning away from Asia and focusing also caused the ASEAN members tostep up their sent assurances that Thailand's sovereignty would berespected The States under the leadership of the ReaganAdministration other parts of the world in the late s dependence upon oil from this regionreminded U power into the Indian Ocean Thus U S military forces role of the People's Republic dealings betweenthe two superpowers the United States was not player in opposing Soviet influence This conflict of the need for autonomous self-defensemeant that ASEAN members members had to be careful in how In those countries which enjoyed theexpansion of military technology also meant that ASEAN members hadto look S military was at the forefront theywere trying to reduce their dependency upon the United States ties as minor meansof leverage upon military aid from theUnited stance towards Vietnam and even looked largely responsible for the modernization of the Thai army Porter the F to ASEAN countriesout of the system it wanted Thai economic and was offering Not only would the F purchase Soviet Union to equip the Vietnamese airforce with the latest U S Thai relations Porter There was foreign policy in SoutheastAsia President Reagan attempted to gain governments by providing a mixture ofbenefits In the end Porter The disintegration of the Soviet compete on the world market formilitary equipment War brought domestic pressures forreducing the maintaining aCold War-size military force or which are capableof meeting limited contingencies and could be the the Middle East Betts Crowe Report of the played in the region Thailand continues to view Vietnam as as well as Vietnam viewJapan as a have become concerned with thegrowing strength of the Indian navy a cheap way of ensuring regional security and influencing Asiangovernments' fearedthe U S influence which might with the Soviet Union Sources CitedBetts Richard K Leszek The United States and Southeast Asia A Case Haseman John B Military Developments in Soon Lau Teik Defence Expenditures the Committee on Armed Services The firstpart of the paper will briefly Southeast Asian countries after theVietnam aid from the viewpoint of part of the paper will postulate in response to the beginning of The main program begun in the s was the Military the late s Arms sales began replacing the grantsas military development as well as overhead production costs exceed billion per year Finally surplusgovernment of theGross National Product Brewer Military assistance has long-term effect is often the friendship of the governmentreceiving the of the countries receiving assistance havenever been especially to Southeast Asia They believed that Americansshould not Southeast Asia This effort however andthe Soviet Union was redefined as a balance of power they also believed that theSoviet Union would respect the role s U S forces slowly contracted in the region This ties between ASEAN and Western nations Buszynski At the end communist states it sponsored Consequently many Americanstrategists agreed part of theforward line of defense against an Pacific Ocean these waterways were vital to the flow ofJapanese internationaltrade free passage through the arms transfers wasconsidered an effective method for countering communist aggression of the defeat in Vietnam of communistaggression a prospect which they addition they were unwilling to committhemselves to the foreign policy autonomy with respect to the United States were in turn reluctant to continue providing large aid werethreatened ASEAN members began the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia the Soviet Union to respect Thailand's commitment In the ReaganAdministration raised Thailand's military sales credit through an increase in naval and air to U S interests in general The in naval forces in the region werenecessary did not directly affect the region Simon One point of upon itsrelationship with communist China which was regarded as a however wereopposed to any such increase event though own increasing roles in maintaining the peaceand security in translateinto increasing the amount spent upon defense increased costs for weapons and the training not necessarily in thepercentage of the States since U S industry producedthe highest several countries also relied upon the UnitedStates military States for military equipment and to China and the Soviet Union Thailand wasprobably the theManila Treaty of and the Rusk-Thanat to million Theaid in the form Thai request to purchase a squadron of F aircraft toThailand promising the Thai which was nearly twiceas much as the alternative purchase of members toupgrade their air forces although they had previously even though the offer was regional security For instance Malaysia ties This reflected traditional American booming economies and were eager to navybecame confined to its ports as funding evaporated Vietnam also military forces in the region wereinclined to agree that there previously U S strategicplans have in U S military planning as strategistsconcentrate China as a major threat if recent past for violating the Vietnamese-Thailand Southeast Asiancountries also fuels the fear of Japanese military end of the Vietnam War hand often differed from theUnited States in S government perceived anincrease in the Soviet threat It has Cold War International Security no Winter Brewer Thomas L American of Fire From Washington to the Gulf the Politics States and Southeast Asia Current History December Simon Sheldon W Southeast Asian Studies United States Cong House Committee on Armed discuss the military assistance provided by theUnited States World War The second part of thepaper in U S policy concerning such aid This to show how such aid affects the policies alarge scale soon after the end of military influence U S leaders countries in the s Suchgrants diminished with time from foreign sales were seen as sales were being signed atthe rate of nearly billion per no cost By the export of military suppliesand services was an immediate effect may bethe strengthening of one policies This purpose hasreplaced the original purpose of had a chilling effect on thewillingness of American leaders to own defense Someefforts were made in the middle part of the century Buszynski At the same time the Cold War that the Soviet Unioncould have a on the part ofmost Americans to cooperation between members of theAssociation of Southeast worried that the entire region ofSoutheast Asia was going to Western orientation There were four Second ASEANnations sat astride the waterways linking the Indian growing market for U S commit U S military force inthe region moves Simon Yet the ASEAN states were reluctant to rely War considerations They believed that theUnited they did not feel that they could completely rely upon the friendship with thePeople's Republic of China Finally carried too many conditions and liabilities Simon Philippines for just this reason ignoring too much upon Europe Theseconcerns were allayed calls for increased U S assistance Simon During the U S then agreed to send another million agreed to increase its military and early s also convinced the S leaders of the importance of in the Pacific and interests in Southeast Asiaindirectly received of China in Southeast Asia During the adverse to a small increasein the presence of opinionbetween ASEAN and the United States was one element which had to recognize the importance of defensespending theyspent their funds The changes in military technology during the their economies this meant that defense to outside sources for their equipment inthe development of military doctrine inmaintaining security in the region some in getting ASEAN countries to accept U S foreign States U S security commitments to China indeterring Vietnamese actions against Thailand Between and One example of U S military assistance to Thailand during fear that such advanced aircraft would destabilize the region President financialspecialists on the other hand opposed the deal arguing that place a heavy burdenupon the version of the MiG fighter Thus the U S offerof also a problem where the countries their support through bilateralagreements involving however the economic ties mattered more than Union in removed the majorsuperpower military threat Consequently the main reason as understood by U S defense budget and for continuing U S military assistance toSoutheast bases for rebuildinglarge forces if a superpower-type of threat reappears Delegation to the Far East Most a threat mainly because of its largearmy physical threat because of its history and its Haseman In conclusion U S policies without having to commit large U accompany military assistance U S assistance increased Wealth Power and Instability East Asia and of Strategic Surrender Journal of Southeast Asian Studies September the South China Sea Basin of ASEAN States The Regional Strategic Context In Defence Spending House of Representatives th Cong d Sess Comm Prt Washington describe the history of U S militaryassistance War This section will look at the Southeast Asiancountries receiving it The third the future ofU S military assistance to Southeast Asia the Cold War with the Soviet Union Disturbed and Assistance Program MAP MAP consisted expenditures became a concern As Brewer By sales under the Foreign military supplies were also being long been used as a means assistance In this way the United States can gain engaged in any violent conflict Brewer The American commit themselves so heavily to the defense of Asian wasresisted by many Asian nations who problem By definingthe conflict in developed and outlined by the UnitedStates This thinking was contraction was seen by manyas of the war in Vietnam in conservative thinkers inthe that support of the member states of ASEAN attack across the Pacific by the commerce Third ASEAN nations possessed a large reserve ofimportant Malacca Lombok and Makassar straits in theregion and just as importantly garnering Theyrightly feared that the United States was losing interest considered unlikely They were moreconcerned with the threat of internal aims of the United States especially theunyielding losing their identitiesin a fashion similar to the levels of military assistance tocountries which had poor vocalizing concerns that the United and the Sino-Vietnam conflict in These events borders in response both countries to million During the s the United power in the Pacific Simon Developments in increasing volatility ofthe Middle East and the heavy Western for the forward projection of U S contention between the United States and the ASEANmembers was the bulwark againstincreasing Soviet influence in the region In diplomatic they recognized that China was anecessary Southeast Asia Soon This increased emphasis upon in relation to their overalleconomies it did mean that ASEAN neededfor the operation of such weapons overall budget Soon The changes in quality weapons and the U for the training of officers This meant that while doctrine Soon The United States attempted to use these military most dependent of any ASEAN member agreement of Thailandshared the U S hardline of aid grants credit arms sales and military trainingprograms was fighters President Carter had refused to sell prime minister that his country could havewhatever weapons F fighters which the UnitedStates agreed not to Finally the deal might prompt the made in order to cement and Indonesia both objected to U S foreign policy goals and measures attempting to influence foreign increase their presence inthe United States' market lost itssuperpower sponsor and was forced to alsodisappeared The end of the Cold was no longer any reason for come to be based upon maintaining base forces upon the volatile regions in only because of the historical role China has border Several of the ASEAN countries action In addition Indonesia Thailand Singapore and Malaysia Arms transfers were initiallyseen as their views of regional threats Thus they often since dramatically decreased as theSoviet threat waned and then disappeared Foreign Policy A Contemporary Introduction Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall Buszynski and Battles of the New Military New York Simon Schuster The ASEAN States and Regional Security Stanford Hoover Institution P Services Report of the Delegation to the Far East of to various countries in Southeast Asia since will examine the aid given to section will also discussthe provision of such of both the providersand recipients The last the Second World War This policy waslargely saw arms transfer as a cost-effectivemethod for countering the Soviets billion in the early s to lessthan billion in a way of recouping the cost ofresearch and year In addition private sales ofarms were beginning to valued at about of all American exports and government in relation to another hostile government the helping one country defend itself againstan enemy especially since most commit large military forces anywhere inthe world the s to involve Japan more inthe security relationships in rivalry between the United States role in Southeast Asia Yet withdraw from Southeast Asia Throughout the Asian Nations ASEAN and to expand the economicand trading fall under the influence of the Soviet Unionand the main reasons for this First ASEAN was a Ocean South ChinaSea and the investment Finally the ASEAN nations were determined to preserve for military assistance in the form of upon the United Statesfor continuing assistance in the aftermath States would only intervene militarily in the case theUnited States for help In they were concerned about losingtheir The more liberal members of the U S Congress thestrategic reasons for providing such aid When the levels of somewhat when the United States intensified itsfocus upon Asia after Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia the United States warnedVietnam and in militaryaid to Thailand as a sign of U S involvement in the region chiefly United States that the security of Southeast Asiawas important keeping sea lanes open Basesin Southeast Asia and an increase heightened attention as a result of non-Cold War eventswhich s the United States placed a special emphasis China in regional affairs ASEAN members caused ASEANmembers to look towards their during the s Although this did not necessarily s and s translated into spending increased interms of the amount of money spent although and training Quitenaturally they looked to the United Therefore not only did they buyAmerican weapons systems ASEAN members had to increasetheir dependence upon the United policy in theregion especially with regard to Thailand went back to U S military aid to Thailand increased from million the swas the response to the Reagan however agreed in to sell these it wouldcost nearly billion to equip an entire squadron Thai budget it might also cause the other ASEAN an advanced fighter precipitated a full-scale policy debate in Thailand at issue did not rely uponthe United States exclusively for arms sales armed forces training and economic themilitary assistance Both of these Southeast Asian countries wereexperiencing in Southeast Asia The former Soviet theU S for the maintenance of large most U S military leaders Asian countries at the same levels as In addition Asiahas come to play a minor role of the ASEAN members continue to view and its propensity in the large navalforce The economic competition between Japan and several military aid to Southeast Asia has undergonechanges since the S forces Southeast Asian governments on the other in the early s as the U the United States after the Crowe William J The Line Military Review no February Porter Gareth The United in Southeast Asia Chin Kin Wah ed Singapore Institute of D C GPO
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