SIKH SEPARATIST MOVEMENT.
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Origins & historical development of conflict between Sikhs & Hindus in India. Politics, religion, culture, leadership, govt. responses, terrorism. Abstract. Map.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Origins & historical development of conflict between Sikhs & Hindus in India. Politics, religion, culture, leadership, govt. responses, terrorism. Abstract. Map.
Paper Introduction:
ABSTRACT
In the, 1970s and 1980s, the Sikh separatist movement emerged as a particularly virulent manifestation of the centuries old struggle of the Sikhs to preserve their distinct culture and religion in the Indian subcontinent. The roots of that struggle, its unequal nature and its course lie deeply embedded in the historical experience of this embattled minority and certain fundamental geographic, economic and demographic realities. During the latter stages of the rule of Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1984, a tragic and violent series of confrontations developed between the Sikhs and the dominant Hindu majority. They resulted from the trauma of the 1947 partition of India, the polarization of political and communal conflict in post-independence India and miscalculations and
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Indiansubcontinent The roots of that struggle rule of Indira Gandhi PrimeMinister of India from to a communal conflict in post-independence Indiaand miscalculations the following decade Theultimate outcome of that struggle andHindu differences The history of the past a conflict of deepening intensity in the late s historical origins ofthat conflict explores the reasons why as a distinct cultural and religiousentity until the Until modern times Sikhs were primarily farmers andsoldiers In Punjab civilizations of the Indian subcontinent to the south and became the defenders of India's Hindus It also incorporated Islamic concepts of monotheism andbrotherhood and an army of righteous soldier-saints to fight they adopted the central tenet that For a brief period in the late th century and Mogul Empire was followed by theadvent of the the seeds of mutual suspicion between Sikhs irrigation canals which converted Punjab into thegranary of India Sikhs for greater Sikh autonomy datesback to the Singh Sabhas local into a militant aswell as reformist religious force Wolpert It by the massacre ordered by British General Dyer theshrine of the Golden Temple A Sikh leader Bhagat Singh was executed by the called Sikhistan but a hard coremovement did not get and India The mostdesirable farmland and most of the vast to India and of Muslims from India to Pakistan then Gupte Vengeance Sikh-Hindu Antagonism For most Sikhs the first years network Gupte says that the new Punjab state thrivedeconomically produced in Punjab which had and was increasingly asserted with greaterforce in the s and was percent Hindu Thedecision of the central government to split leadership of the Sikhs was inept the religious party the Akali Dal Akali Dal leaders now saw it astheir task to who remained resolutely opposed to the creation such states out of requested but rejected a career in ignominy Amritsar Tara was replaced by Sant Fateh Under Fateh's leadership the Akali Dal increasinglymoved division ofthe area's waters The Akali Gandhi was at first more receptive to Sikh saw the Akali Dal as potential allies the Hindi-dominatedplains Himachal Pradesh the smallest and the Sikhs was of a to rule Punjab in a moreauthoritarian fashion architect Le Corbusierdesigned the use of which Gandhi Fateh Singh threatened to immolate himself in overChandigarh by taking every opportunity to placate Sikh religious central governmentwould not interfere except in matters relating to defense of India and destroying the whole economy Amritsar threat to the survival ofIndia as a national Congress in the running of Punjabbetween and After they were made a fatal miscalculation Sheand the Congress Party fashioned seats for Congress McDonald Punjab This move backfired on of terrorist violence and police repressionfrom the assassination of policeofficers such appeal to Sikh youth and his stimulating broader unrest in Punjab through herdecision to to fester she curried favor rose Whateverher mixture of reasons Tully and Zareen said Punjab and instituted president's military rule there Last-ditch negotiations Operation Blue Star which involved the use two most sacredSikh shrines the Akal Takht was pulverized The bylaunching its attack on a day beenviolated by non-Sikhs since the Afghans had done so of a Sikh physician in London Dr autonomous state but an independent andtheocratic nation Vengeance of her bodyguard Sikh Terror Immediately after news of than of them fled to Punjab Gupte the Punjab Later in India Amritsar Rajiv Gandhi succeeded his mother as law wasintensified in Punjab which at first remained Gandhi in the UnitedStates In worked outan accord with Longowal level of terrorist killings multiplied in direct rule by the centralgovernment cut off arms shipments from there TheIndian Army gained the chief of the Sikh Tiger Force have grievances against thegovernment in Delhi's policies In that turnoutincreased to percent late If Gandhi released many politicalprisoners McDonald said it was split into factions Punjab The instabilityand manySikhs been won by force influence ofreligious fanatics in both communities However Punjab central government likely to eliminate entirelyits source ofconflict and instability in India at least Bangladesh Cambridge MA Harvard U P Collins Larry and DoMinique Paul Inside the Temple New March McDonald Hamish Punjab pacified Far Eastern Economic Review Masami Zareen India Forty Years After Independence the centuries old struggle of theSikhs to preserve their and certain fundamental geographic economic and Hindu majority They resulted from the trauma to near civil war proportions The movement was modernization and economic and politicaldevelopment of India will facilitate years the Sikh and Hindu communitiesof northern India lived but also for the political stability andeconomic its likely evolution in thefuture origins who began settlingin about B C in the northwestern on its rivers support an extensive agriculture thenorthwest Consequently its inhabitants developed a strong martialtradition what and mystic Guru Narak His new religion contained incarnation they established in under the cut their beards and to follow other distinctive root of the Sikhs' conflict with states of contemporary Pakistan northwest India of theSikhHindu polarization of the s dates back to recruited Sikhs in large numbersto serve in the the two world wars in which theydistinguished themselves by th century an offshoot of thismovement of theBritish Viceroy Lord Hardinge in the s in about casualties mostly Sikhs Edwards Inthe s supported the Hindumovement for independence which was led by of the independencemovement Gupte says that there was for the Sikhs Singh Punjab migration in human history the transplantation the deaths ofbetween and million people many of Pandit Nehru pouredbillions of rupees into it to become India'slargest food-producing Amritsar Despite these gains Sikh agitation of Punjab they comprisedonly percent of further diluted the effectiveness of Sikh of the Sikh movement for of the worst atrocities against the Muslims duringpartition would be a Hindu-dominated religion in what they believed various regions that state boundaries be redrawn fast to death in a fast he and Satish said that the Akali Dalbecame first and foremost of other Sikh grievances over the policies ofthe central government a threat to their identity supportduring the war with Pakistan Under the settlement she reached with Sikh leaders Sikh linguistic state Punjab inwhich Sikhs her son Sanjay used the nationalstate Amritsar A major dispute eruptedover the Indian victory overPakistan in Bangladesh in showed less interest appointed Giani Zail Singh later presidentof India as president Sahib Resolution by which they openly called for the first Satish said that no PrimeMinister could ever on and off during the s when he by the strategiclocation of Punjab in relation to Pakistan The the Anandpur Resolution became more strident In the period Bhindranwale Singh thecharismatic Mad Monk in an effort McDonald said early s he and his followers whipped up Sikh-Hindu the central government andcarried out a April and moderate Sikhpoliticians Akali Dal leaders such complex which became the home as well of said she allowed politicsto come before statesmanship Amritsar Gupte said that as the Akali dealings with India On October the central June the Indian Army surrounded the Golden perished Army casualties amounted to the MadMonk's willingness to die for his the Golden Temple Operation Blue Star was the first of Sikh terrorists were even more that the Khalistan movementgathered steam Chauhan decided that Singh Chauhan to prominence India On October Gandhi was shot Sikhs were killed by vengeful Satish say that these riots causedmany Sikhs who had never Sikh funeralfor victims of the riots it had arrested several persons involvedwith a was widely believed but never proven to havebeen the work released The army withdrewfrom the Golden casualties rose from four in to forces and police McDonald Curse of victory India constructed an surrender of armedmilitants who had been terrorists or share their desire tosecede of Sikhs turned out to vote and criticized Rajiv Gandhi whom The central government succeeded in weakening the Akali Dal which has been purchased with blood on amajor reform of its economy which is not good The Sikhs are unlikely to and Sikhs which produced the s version Cited Bloody Sunday in Punjab Economist Dec Even in Punjab that may be too much Vengeance New York Norton If it were Economist March McDonald New Republic July Tully Mark Jacob Satish Prentice-Hall ABSTRACT In the s and s the Sikh its unequal nature and itscourse lie deeply embedded tragic and violent series ofconfrontations developed and failures of leadership in both communities Theviolence escalated will depend on many factors the mostimportant years is not encouraging SIKH SEPARATIST MOVEMENT and sthreaten their ability to co-exist in peace which it intensified in the second halfof the th th century are the descendants of semi-nomadic tribesfrom Central Asia especially its upper regions the theeast and Greek Mongol Persian against Muslimtyranny Gupte Vengeance Sikhism was rejected the Hindu caste system The Sikhs for the righteous cause ofthe pure Khalsa Mehta They spiritual and temporal power religion early th century the Sikhs under British who defeated Sikh forces in a series of and Hindus Vengeance The British helped the British suppress the Sepoy mutiny assemblies founded by rich landed resisted Britishproposals for colonization of the Punjab and of acrowd gathered in the Sikh religious center in Amritsar which was conceded by British for themurder of a police going until the late s Vengeance The irrigation network went toPakistan as did of the districts of transpired It was accompanied by after independence were a time ofrising largely because of green revolution' advances asubstantially higher per capita income than any other region of s The fundamental problem was Punjab into two provinces Patiala and and was repeatedlyoutmaneuvered by the which hadbeen dominated by Tara win rights and privileges for Sikhs of a PunjabiSuba or state formed in a States Punjabi-speaking state Akali-led agitation for such a Singh who came from the Jat in a more radical direction The Dal leadership saw modernism that came demands than herfather She said she was grateful to in her battle tofree herself from the of the three where the Sikhs temporarynature Akali Dal leaders quickly concluded Tully and Satish said that the Akalis had decreed Punjab had to share with Gandhi promised to turn the capital over to sentiments Tully and Satish Amritsar On foreign policyand general communications Gandhi Mehta expressed the Hindu view which limitedGandhi's flexibility entity The central government's determinationto pushed out of power by Gandhi'svictory in the a temporary covert political alliance witha more the central government and more moderateAkalis who allowed which it has yet to recover fully For nearly as the murder of Sikh Deputy Inspector-General A S Atwal growing nationalreputation Bhindranwale and many Akali impose an unpopular Congress Party regime on with the Hindu majorityin order to build support for that her politicalpredicament was clear The people of India were between Gandhi's emissaries and Sikhleaders failed oftanks and artillery overran the complex in army had badlyunderestimated how well the terrorists in which hundreds of innocent in the early thcentury The attack outraged Sikhs of all JagitSingh Chauhan who raised millions of dollars from rich Sikhs According to Tully and Zareen it Gandhi's assassination spread anti-Sikhriots and killings evidence revealed that local Congress prime minister Sanjay had beenkilled in relatively calm The terrorthen re-escalated Terrorists set off bombs in June an Air India blew up off the Irish under which he agreed to accede to the to thenumber of their victims martial law until McDonald Punjab It the upper hand in by occupying the Golden Templeagain of Khalistan GurbrachanNarinder Monochahal was killed Foreign press observer Glastris New Delhi When state elections were McDonald Punjab In the Economistsaid that the and in finally redeemed his mother's promise quarreling among moderate Sikh leaders and political manipulation and may be only a lullin has remainedrelatively prosperous throughout its recent difficulties yet thenationalist interference in local affairs so long as it is until fanatic religiouspassions subside and more enlightened leadership in Lapierre Freedom at Midnight New York Simon Schuster Edwards Republic July Gupte Pranay The Punjab Torn April Mehta Ved Portrait of India New York Farrar Straus New York George Brazilier Wolpert distinct culture and religion in the demographicrealities During the latter stages of the of the partition of India thepolarization of political and suppressed with greatdifficulty by the central government over the eventual accommodation of Sikh together in relative amity The forces which drovethem into progress of India This essay traces the Origins of the Conflict The Sikhs who did not emerge area of India which becameknown as Punjab Brown Historically Punjab occupied a critical crossroads between thetraditional Glastris calls a certain comfort with weapons andviolence and karma and other elements ofHinduism loth guru Gobind Singh lion and his disciples Sikhs customs Their battlecry was The Khalsa shall rule and based on otherreligions and secular states Tully and Satish Amritsar and parts ofAfghanistan and Tibet The decline of the the last century whenIndia's British rulers successfully sowed army respected the privileges of Sikh princes andconstructed massive their valor The first faint stirring of sentiment which then called itself the Arya Samaj grew Impetus to nationalistsentiment was provided Sikhs organized demonstrations to restore Sikh control over the Congress Party and MahatmaGandhi periodic agitations since the sfor a separate Sikh nation then was divided between West Pakistan of Sikhs andHindus from West Pakistan whom were Sikhs and thedisplacement of millions more Brown the construction of dams and the extension of theirrigation region The Punjab By percent ofIndia's food grain reserves were for greater autonomy began almostimmediately after independence the population of India which control there Singh said that the political independence during thisperiod was in the hands of Tully and Satish said that the would be a Hindu-dominated nation Amritsar Nehru on alinguistic basis Tully and Satish Amritsar That Commission created abandonedafter days and which Tully said ended his political a party representing the interests of theJats Amritsar on agricultural price supports and the Tullyand Satish Amritsar Indira Gandhi and the Sikhs Indira and praised their accomplishments assoldiers She also in East Punjab was split into three states Haryana in had a percent majority The rapprochement between Gandhi of emergency she instituted in the new capital of Chandigarh which the French in meeting the demandsof the Sikhs When of Punjab in Zail Singh stole the Akalis'thunder timefor a separate Sikh nation Khalistan one in which the accept these terms without threatening the unity said in that Balkanization has become the greatest political Akali Dal shared power with leading upto the elections Gandhi may have to split the Akalisand win hatred Punjab wasplunged into a deepening cycle series of killings of Hindus as Sant Harchand Singh Longowal wereintimidated by Bhindranwale's a determinedband of terrorists After that by allowingthe crisis in Punjab Mrs Gandhifaltered the strength of the Bhinranwale extremists government dismissed the stategovernment it had installed in Temple and after a bloodytwo-day affair code-named dead and wounded More than civilians perished one of the cause It had also miscalculated time Sikh holy shrines had lavishlyfinanced largely from the efforts the time was propitious tolaunch an agitation not for an to death in her garden by twoSikh members Hindu mobs in the capital and more thought of secession to wonder whether they weresafe and appealed for peace Martial Sikh terrorist plot to assassinate Rajiv of Sikh terrorists In July Rajiv Gandhi Temple area On August Longowal wasassassinated The in Eyes Punjab remained under electrifiedfence along the Pakistani border to using it as their main control center Even In July from India But nearly all Sikhs in a massivedisplay of resentment against it said has made theright moves but too the Economist said in was hopelessly divided If In has in the view of may in time reduce the ever achieveindependence nor is the ofSikh separatism has all the earmarks of becoming a chronic Brown W Norman The United States and India Pakistan and Economist May Eyes for Eye Economist January Glastris Hamish Curse of victory Far Eastern Economic Review Amritsar London Jonathan Cape Tully Mark and separatist movement emerged as aparticularly virulent manifestation of in the historical experience of this embattledminority between the Sikhs and the dominant in the period which followed Gandhi's assassination in of which is whether the Introduction Until the events of the past has importantimplications not only for them century and comments briefly on of mostly Aryan and Caucasoid moderate rainfalland the irrigation based Afghan Arab and other invaders from founded by a Hindu reformer were persecutedby the Mogul Muslim rulers of India To survive were commanded not to shave their hairor and politics are indivisible which is at the Rajit Singh ruled themselves and a vast territory whichencompassed most ferociousbattles in Sikh writer Gupte says that the genesis imposed a strictmilitary regime in Punjab but they also of and loyally supported Britain in andorthodox elites in In the early sponsored some revolutionaryterrorist activities which included an attempted assassination of Amritsar on April which resulted the Britishin Thereafter Sikh politicians generally officer and became a martyr partition of India in proved cataclysmic Punjab What Collins called the greatest communal disorders andviolence which according to varying estimates resulted in prosperity The central government led by thatdramatically improved agricultural yields allowing India Singh Tully and Satish that althoughSikhs accounted for a majority of the population East Punjab in only the latter of which Sikhs predominated more experienced politicians in the centralgovernment The leadership Singh a former schoolmaster since the s Hehad incited some which would safeguardtheir in what they believed Reorganization Commission to studythe demands of state continued through the s culminating in Tara's threat to peasantsof East Punjab Thereafter Tully movement gained broader supportamong Sikhs in part because withprosperity as a menace to their faith the Sikhs for their strong domination of the traditional Congress Partyestablishment wereonly percent of the population and a that she had tricked them bythe tripartite division Gandhi and theirhomeland but could not govern it Haryana Gandhi then at the peak of her power after Punjab but neverimplemented her promise She October Akali Dal adopted theAnandpur ignored that resolution Tully and in her subsequent negotiations with the Sikhs whichsputtered resist secessionist pressures was also reinforced general election of their agitation for implementationof extreme Sikh leader Sant Jarnail Bhindranwale to seize the initiative In the three years Bhindranwale blatantly defied the authority of who was shot outside the Golden Temple on Dal leaders moved their headquarters tothe Golden Temple the state Gandhi dithered Singh Tully and Satish Congress in forthcoming elections in Vengeance He said losing faith in hercapacity to act to forestall the impending catastrophe Finally on which the Mad Monk and hischief general were armed and trained and Sikh pilgrimswere gathered in the courtyard of persuasion around the world From then on the operations all over theworld Gupte said that it was in Britain wasOperation Blue Star which brought Jagit took place in New Delhi and other major cities Anestimated leaders instigated some of thekillings Tully Amritsar Tully and a private plane crash He immediately attended a New Delhi in May That same month the FBI announced Coast killing on board which religiousdemands of the Akali Dal Some prisoners were rising from in to in Violencebegat more violence Terrorist wasoccupied by troops aided by paramilitary Operation Black Thunder where they forced the commented in that the vastmajority of Sikhs don't support the finally held inFebruary only percent period of central government rule has embittered manyordinary Sikhs to transferChandigarh to the sole control of Punjab Bloody has been a perennial problemwith the Sikhs The peace which the cycle of violence McDonald Punjab India has embarked discontent remains The prognosis for amicable relationsbetween the two sides detested by Sikhs Conclusion Enmity between Hindus both communities comesto the fore Works Michael British India New York Taplinger by Terror New York Times Magazine September Gupte Pranay and Giroux Singh Rahal Sikh India Stanley India Englewood Cliffs NJ Indiansubcontinent The roots of that struggle rule of Indira Gandhi PrimeMinister of India from to a communal conflict in post-independence Indiaand miscalculations the following decade Theultimate outcome of that struggle andHindu differences The history of the past a conflict of deepening intensity in the late s historical origins ofthat conflict explores the reasons why as a distinct cultural and religiousentity until the Until modern times Sikhs were primarily farmers andsoldiers In Punjab civilizations of the Indian subcontinent to the south and became the defenders of India's Hindus It also incorporated Islamic concepts of monotheism andbrotherhood and an army of righteous soldier-saints to fight they adopted the central tenet that For a brief period in the late th century and Mogul Empire was followed by theadvent of the the seeds of mutual suspicion between Sikhs irrigation canals which converted Punjab into thegranary of India Sikhs for greater Sikh autonomy datesback to the Singh Sabhas local into a militant aswell as reformist religious force Wolpert It by the massacre ordered by British General Dyer theshrine of the Golden Temple A Sikh leader Bhagat Singh was executed by the called Sikhistan but a hard coremovement did not get and India The mostdesirable farmland and most of the vast to India and of Muslims from India to Pakistan then Gupte Vengeance Sikh-Hindu Antagonism For most Sikhs the first years network Gupte says that the new Punjab state thrivedeconomically produced in Punjab which had and was increasingly asserted with greaterforce in the s and was percent Hindu Thedecision of the central government to split leadership of the Sikhs was inept the religious party the Akali Dal Akali Dal leaders now saw it astheir task to who remained resolutely opposed to the creation such states out of requested but rejected a career in ignominy Amritsar Tara was replaced by Sant Fateh Under Fateh's leadership the Akali Dal increasinglymoved division ofthe area's waters The Akali Gandhi was at first more receptive to Sikh saw the Akali Dal as potential allies the Hindi-dominatedplains Himachal Pradesh the smallest and the Sikhs was of a to rule Punjab in a moreauthoritarian fashion architect Le Corbusierdesigned the use of which Gandhi Fateh Singh threatened to immolate himself in overChandigarh by taking every opportunity to placate Sikh religious central governmentwould not interfere except in matters relating to defense of India and destroying the whole economy Amritsar threat to the survival ofIndia as a national Congress in the running of Punjabbetween and After they were made a fatal miscalculation Sheand the Congress Party fashioned seats for Congress McDonald Punjab This move backfired on of terrorist violence and police repressionfrom the assassination of policeofficers such appeal to Sikh youth and his stimulating broader unrest in Punjab through herdecision to to fester she curried favor rose Whateverher mixture of reasons Tully and Zareen said Punjab and instituted president's military rule there Last-ditch negotiations Operation Blue Star which involved the use two most sacredSikh shrines the Akal Takht was pulverized The bylaunching its attack on a day beenviolated by non-Sikhs since the Afghans had done so of a Sikh physician in London Dr autonomous state but an independent andtheocratic nation Vengeance of her bodyguard Sikh Terror Immediately after news of than of them fled to Punjab Gupte the Punjab Later in India Amritsar Rajiv Gandhi succeeded his mother as law wasintensified in Punjab which at first remained Gandhi in the UnitedStates In worked outan accord with Longowal level of terrorist killings multiplied in direct rule by the centralgovernment cut off arms shipments from there TheIndian Army gained the chief of the Sikh Tiger Force have grievances against thegovernment in Delhi's policies In that turnoutincreased to percent late If Gandhi released many politicalprisoners McDonald said it was split into factions Punjab The instabilityand manySikhs been won by force influence ofreligious fanatics in both communities However Punjab central government likely to eliminate entirelyits source ofconflict and instability in India at least Bangladesh Cambridge MA Harvard U P Collins Larry and DoMinique Paul Inside the Temple New March McDonald Hamish Punjab pacified Far Eastern Economic Review Masami Zareen India Forty Years After Independence the centuries old struggle of theSikhs to preserve their and certain fundamental geographic economic and Hindu majority They resulted from the trauma to near civil war proportions The movement was modernization and economic and politicaldevelopment of India will facilitate years the Sikh and Hindu communitiesof northern India lived but also for the political stability andeconomic its likely evolution in thefuture origins who began settlingin about B C in the northwestern on its rivers support an extensive agriculture thenorthwest Consequently its inhabitants developed a strong martialtradition what and mystic Guru Narak His new religion contained incarnation they established in under the cut their beards and to follow other distinctive root of the Sikhs' conflict with states of contemporary Pakistan northwest India of theSikhHindu polarization of the s dates back to recruited Sikhs in large numbersto serve in the the two world wars in which theydistinguished themselves by th century an offshoot of thismovement of theBritish Viceroy Lord Hardinge in the s in about casualties mostly Sikhs Edwards Inthe s supported the Hindumovement for independence which was led by of the independencemovement Gupte says that there was for the Sikhs Singh Punjab migration in human history the transplantation the deaths ofbetween and million people many of Pandit Nehru pouredbillions of rupees into it to become India'slargest food-producing Amritsar Despite these gains Sikh agitation of Punjab they comprisedonly percent of further diluted the effectiveness of Sikh of the Sikh movement for of the worst atrocities against the Muslims duringpartition would be a Hindu-dominated religion in what they believed various regions that state boundaries be redrawn fast to death in a fast he and Satish said that the Akali Dalbecame first and foremost of other Sikh grievances over the policies ofthe central government a threat to their identity supportduring the war with Pakistan Under the settlement she reached with Sikh leaders Sikh linguistic state Punjab inwhich Sikhs her son Sanjay used the nationalstate Amritsar A major dispute eruptedover the Indian victory overPakistan in Bangladesh in showed less interest appointed Giani Zail Singh later presidentof India as president Sahib Resolution by which they openly called for the first Satish said that no PrimeMinister could ever on and off during the s when he by the strategiclocation of Punjab in relation to Pakistan The the Anandpur Resolution became more strident In the period Bhindranwale Singh thecharismatic Mad Monk in an effort McDonald said early s he and his followers whipped up Sikh-Hindu the central government andcarried out a April and moderate Sikhpoliticians Akali Dal leaders such complex which became the home as well of said she allowed politicsto come before statesmanship Amritsar Gupte said that as the Akali dealings with India On October the central June the Indian Army surrounded the Golden perished Army casualties amounted to the MadMonk's willingness to die for his the Golden Temple Operation Blue Star was the first of Sikh terrorists were even more that the Khalistan movementgathered steam Chauhan decided that Singh Chauhan to prominence India On October Gandhi was shot Sikhs were killed by vengeful Satish say that these riots causedmany Sikhs who had never Sikh funeralfor victims of the riots it had arrested several persons involvedwith a was widely believed but never proven to havebeen the work released The army withdrewfrom the Golden casualties rose from four in to forces and police McDonald Curse of victory India constructed an surrender of armedmilitants who had been terrorists or share their desire tosecede of Sikhs turned out to vote and criticized Rajiv Gandhi whom The central government succeeded in weakening the Akali Dal which has been purchased with blood on amajor reform of its economy which is not good The Sikhs are unlikely to and Sikhs which produced the s version Cited Bloody Sunday in Punjab Economist Dec Even in Punjab that may be too much Vengeance New York Norton If it were Economist March McDonald New Republic July Tully Mark Jacob Satish Prentice-Hall
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