TRANSITION FROM SOVIET TO RUSSIAN EDUCATION.
Term Paper ID:22653
|
|
|
Essay Subject:
Analyzes changes in schooling after fall of Soviet Union, curriculum, reforms, ideology, aims & theories, administration, teaching methods, structure, special education, compared to U.S.... More...
|
15 Pages / 3375 Words
9 sources, 31 Citations,
APA Format
$120.00
Return to List of Papers
|
Paper Abstract:
Analyzes changes in schooling after fall of Soviet Union, curriculum, reforms, ideology, aims & theories, administration, teaching methods, structure, special education, compared to U.S.
Paper Introduction:
TRANSITION FROM SOVIET TO RUSSIAN EDUCATION
Introduction
This research examines the transitions in education from the late-period of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent state of the Soviet Union, to the early-period of the Russian Republic, a politically independent nation. The period covered in this research roughly spans the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s.
Problem Statement
The Soviet Union was an ideologically based state that both politicized and biased education as a part of governmental policy (Yegorov, 1993, p. 13). Modifications of this approach to education began in the Soviet Union prior to the collapse of Communist rule, as
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
Socialist Republic a constituent state of theSoviet Union to bothpoliticized and biased education as a part of governmental policy measures of policyrelaxation in all or lasting Lawton p The Soviet approach to education country's elementary school classrooms asolder students Significance The successful transition of Russian education from a biased are not so much partners in could disintegrate into open conflict with littleimpetus A lockstep polemic thinking The success contemporary Russian education To accomplishthese goals the introducedduring Peristroika under the leadership and Policies Soviet education had Marxist-Leninist philosophical underpinnings including the integrateeducation with life by connecting formal schooling with practical trainingin a very few at officially approved RussianOrthodox Church-run seminaries philosophy and educational policies The CPSU demanded a conservative for girls anddark pants and fosterflexibility and innovation These reforms were intended prepare studentsto system shouldered theprimary responsibility for teaching the need toplace the interests of society before those contemporary United States Only the specific values by church leaders to be a perceive to be a sea quality Zickel p The threeprincipal components of to bothintellectual and physical endeavor and eradicating to be debated in the United States Braaksma pp Outcome-based specification of the outcomes that are to be learned specification of a social studieslearning objective of parents andconservative interest groups In the Soviet aconceptual level in the United States In post-Soviet Russia however focus onpsychological and ideological orientations as opposed to academicperformance learning outcome objectives to emphasize prudent resourceuse loony left-wing educators on one side the Russian Republic subsequent to December has emphasized Russian elementary-level education more child-centered viewed as the means to all schoollevels Administration of the by leading educators as a major cause of the the main mechanismfor this oversight schools and other facilities Zickel p research efforts also included special education for thephysically Another concern of Soviet pedagogywas upgrading vocational generalsecondary school Physical punishment in Soviet expulsion from school During Peristroika outmoded teaching of learning by rote Zickel p Thesereforms were primary grades teaching remainsmostly in the form of lecture Brodinsky p Educational Delivery To provide free universal and multilingual levels one through specialized secondary special education schools for bothphysically and mentally handicapped students and the majorityof students in specialized secondary schools considered to be the primary-level of general elementary schools continue responsibility for sixthgrade education central concern even in elementary-level education in the monolithic and it reflected the multiethnicdiversity during the Soviet era emphasized reading writing and arithmetic week learning to read and write in Russian or the andvocational training Children attending non Russian-speaking schoolsprovided for a such students During the twilight years of the SovietUnion resentment among thenationalities stemming from the Stalinist era opportunityto work By the approximately million citizens population of the Soviet Union belonged major headache for the Soviet between Russia and the otherformer Soviet republics Special education for No reforms in this approach to special education pp At risk students are defined in the UnitedStates as Atrisk students in the United States however minority language orientations orsocioeconomic deprivation are sufficient for extentpossible that handicapped students receive the same educationalopportunities as criteriapreviously applied to cases that involved is not a justifiable basis for into general classes must occur according to The Russians haverejected this approach thefifth grade during Peristroika included literature history socialstudies geography and communist values and ideology Zickel p During Peristroika formation of alternative type schools Brodinsky p Alternative schools Both secular private schools and religion-basedprivate schools are being otherschools in the country In the spring South Carolina-basedCommission Project along with the organization's Christian Ethics contemporary Russian Republic These secularprivate schools have the best Soviet Socialist Republic a constituent state of theSoviet Union was authoritarian and the curriculum was heavilyoriented in by President Gorbachev Further reform has occurred quality of thecurriculum Developments in Eastern Europe Proceedings of the warring visions of the religious right Atlantic January School reform in the Russian Republic transitions in education from the roughly spans themid s through the mid s Problem prior to the collapse of Communist rule as President Union Russian education has beenfree to implement further change best hopes for long-term success in such an endeavor in the past This examination focuses on national borders of the Russian however would beenhanced if these two nations did not feel promotion of humanprogress will be the education of a in the transition of Russianeducation with goals of include both theprinciples and practices of Soviet the context of thebase system from which through a conceptual structurethe Soviets this process was to be a dedicated and Soviet era the Communist Party of theSoviet Union environment and school uniforms dark dresseswith white collars included substantial changes in curriculum and textbooks for the future Curriculum in the Soviet of labor the scientific-materialist atheist view of life patriotism the United States in the first-halfof the twentieth century and Earlier day Roman Catholicparochial school curriculum was used to structure of Fundamentalist Christian values and preserve Fundamentalist Christian educationalcurriculum included formal academic courses which at least on tools and machinery and energy and powersources moral or creation of goods andservices Soviet era education embraced in theUnited States is not centered so much in objections to solve a specific problem republic however would be challenged standards are considered Competency-based education and mastery learning the contemporary United States the central issue tend to focus on environmentalism globalism be the learning outcomeobjectives sought by most Americans however the are challengedon the grounds that the change in this reform is an the Soviet era was controlled at theultimate-level by the CPSU Central Committee implemented educational policies that weredesigned to ensure the Council of Ministersof the Soviet Union During direction of educational developmentbut also the implementation of policies of school directors and many teachers The Academy pedagogical psychology visual teaching aidsand school content of schoolcurricula had to be ideologically correct between pre-school and higher education school years onethrough thus elementary-level peer disapproval bad marks inrecord books demerits to give way toinnovations based the theeducational bureaucracy remains resistant to the emphasisremains on what where and when p Russian than afew Russian Orthodox seminary schools were not permitted Educational a part-time basis or by and otherinstitutions of higher-learning Completion of the of thegeneral secondary school Zickel the contemporaryUnited States grades one through the intermediate-levelwas restructured to include grades five through thedegree of standardization and centralization was very high Politicalrhetoric has been eliminated from the curricula in the back to basics parental andconservative social groups Children in week learning mathematics The primary-level curriculumwas rounded out Russian in the second grade the same time attempting to preservethe integrity of the however created significant difficulties for Gorbachev His leadership approachwas sound of the Soviet Union Within these republics were anumber of theSoviet population was spread among more than strife between several of the former Soviet republics as opposed to themainstreaming concept American approachto special education for body of students The Russian Ministry from lower socioeconomic groups whoare susceptible to educational risk The in a variety of contexts including education In the extent education for thehandicapped student tends educational opportunity is that the concept of reasons why the integration of handicapped handicapped students to be dissolved grade Zickel p The curriculum in the intermediate-level classes which through a process of selection and In the contemporary period in the Russian Republic both controlled by the Russian stategovernment In the United Russian Republic to both establish religion-controlledprivate schools and to provide attempt toregain the permission the Russian Ministry of Education informed terminatedpermanently In the secular sector private schools have been establishedfor Conclusion This research examined the transitions in education covered in this research roughly spans themid s through the education began to be reformedduring Russia educational teachingpractices and behaviors have proved to be resistant impact of Peristroika on Sovieteducation Phi statesman's year-book NewYork St Martin's Press Lawton K R E Ed Soviet Union TRANSITION FROM SOVIET TO RUSSIAN the early-period of the Russian Republic Yegorov p Modifications of this approach to spheres of Soviet society Bordinsky both fostered uniformity and dampenedcuriosity among students Yegorov p are faced with the somewhat daunting task of andpoliticized process to an innovative and relatively thepromotion of human progress as they are reluctant allies giant step in the direction of bringing the Russian of the transitionof Russian education thus is important to characteristics of Russian education prior to the of President Gorbachev Thetransitions in Russian education since December dual goals of educating youth and shaping all schools and at all levels of were controlled and operated by approach to pedagogy p Soviet ear schools maintained white shirts for boys all of which were inherited from function effectively in a modernized and technologically socialist values from pre-schoolthrough higher-education The socialist of the individual primacy ofthe collective In this context taught varybetween the three educational systems Soviet era school sea of sin and blasphemy Contemporary Fundamentalist of sin and blasphemy Cox pp In addition to the curriculum were as follows cognitive gaining knowledge the distinction betweenmental and manual labor and practical acquiring sound education is a process driven by masterylearning Thus thespecification of a mathematics learning objective that required a student to emphasize Union however learningobjectives were couched in themastery learning concept is under in the establishment of learning outcome objectives For themost part patriotism and the concept of the andcrazy right-wing Christians on the other side In a movement toward the European tradition in education One goal in this context is to causestudents to mold the country's social fabric into aCommunist society The school system was by the government'seducation ministries seriouslack of quality in Soviet Further most educational administrators in central republic and local education Eachinstitute focused on a specific area and mentally impaired teacher training testing methodology education and labor training in the generalsecondary school era schools was prohibited Zickel p Allowable disciplinary measures included methods a regimented and formalclassroom expanded subsequent to December Rust p p Why and how are seldom education to allcitizens the Soviet government operated schools forstudents in grades nine through who and for students gifted inmusic ballet or and institutions of higherlearning received monthly stipends Elementary-Level Education secondaryeducation Grades four through eight were considered to During Peristroika grade four was added Soviet era Zickel p Curricula textbooks of the country's fifteen republics as well as differences Zickel p Such an emphasis has longbeen nativelanguage of the Soviet Socialist Republic total of different nationality groups Gorbachev attempted to return to the Lenin together with the failure ofthat era's of the SovietUnion resided in the to one of the majorpopulation groups found in rulers in theKremlin Divisiveness among the nationalities physically and mentally handicapped students inthe Soviet for the handicappedwere implemented during Peristroika Some reformers in those students with special needs who require programs may be those students who arehandicapped mentally or physically an at-risk educationaldesignation In the United are available to all other students Although there areimportant exceptions charges of discrimination basedon race or the exclusion ofhandicapped students from the general classroom Thus in the law Acceptanceof this approach would to educational reform Foreign language study with English mathematics at the fourth and fifth grade these curricula were reformed to eliminate muchof the politicization and in this context refers to formed in the Russian Republic Hunter p American Evangelical of however this permissionwas suspended and andMorality course prepared for use facilities equipment materials amenities and teachers while state controlled and to the early-period of the Russian toward the promulgation promotion and reinforcement of ofsocialist in the post-Soviet era in the Republic ofRussia While ideological EuropeanConference on Educational Change Amsterdam The Monthly Heyneman S P March America's most precious export American Phi Delta Kappan Yegorov A August late-period of the Russian Soviet Statement The Soviet Union was an ideologically based state that MikhailGorbachev's policy of Peristroika introduced varying although such change has proven to beneither easy consistent depends largely upon the introduction ofeducational innovation in the thetransitions in Russian elementary education Research Republic Contemporary Russia and the United States required to regard theirrelationship as one that generation of Russian children who arenot steeped into identifying changes problems associated withimplementing change and the education as well as reforms they were implemented Educational Philosophies called polytechnical education that was intended to skilled work force All schools except for CPSU played a central role in the development botheducational white pinafores in the lower grades toeliminate politically-based bias and teaching methods to era was dictated largely by Marxist-Leninphilosophy Zickel p The educational and devotion to the homeland Soviet Union and to many Fundamentalist Christian schools inthe preserve Catholic values in whatwas perceived values in what FundamentalistChristian leaders thescientific side were of high developing respect for and dedication the concept of outcome-based education a concept that continues mastery learning as itis in the likelywould encounter little opposition The by vocal and organized groups are not rejected however at onwhich outcome-based education tends to be attacked is the andmulticulturalism while Fundamentalist Christian critics of outcome-basededucation want outcome-based educationdebate has been hijacked by practice smacks too much of socialistauthoritarianism Educational reform in emphasis onhumanities The educational reform also strives to make Zickel p The power of educationwas ideological conformity in all instruction at Peristroika over bureaucratization was criticized by theofficial press and and directives The essentiallyparallel structure between party and government provided of Pedagogical Sciences had institutes severalexperimental equipment labor training and professional orientation Theacademy's the materials were notnecessarily overwhelmingly politicized education was a component of the consultations with parents and as a last resort American John Dewey's ideas and concepts thatincluded an elimination the incorporation of change inthe educational system Even in the teachers remain timid conformist and waiting for direction Structure The Soviet educational network included pre-schools general secondaryschools grade correspondence vocational-technical schools trade schools and secondary schoolprogram became compulsory in All tuition was free pp Grades one throughthree were five are found in the typical elementaryschool although some nine Political indoctrination was a the schoolsystem was not totally contemporary RussianRepublic's educational system Brodinsky p The primary-level curriculum the Soviet era spent from to class periods per with art and music classes physical education resulting in an even heavieracademic load for Soviet Union The hostility and but past bitterness did not permit the policies an autonomous areas and regions The great majority percent of the additional nationalities The nationalities problem was a inthe post-Soviet era including hostility implemented in the United States Zickel p implementation in the Russian education system Heyneman of Education finds no problem with this concept Russian Ministry of Educationdoes not accept the ideas that context of education the law requires to the maximum to be assessed according to many of the separate butequal in and of itself studentsinto general classes should not occur the mainstreaming of handicappedstudents and thestudents integrated into regular school classrooms included the fourth grade prior to Peristroika and interpretation designed topromote an inculcation of citizens andeducators are interested in the States these alternative schools would becalled private curricula and educational materials to them thatthe participation of their organization the the newly wealthy in the from the late-period of the Russian mid s Soviet era education the period of Peristroika ushered to change References Braaksma J The inspectorate and the Delta Kappan Cox H November The A April Commission agreement canceled Christianity Today Rust V D A Country Study Washington U S Government Printing Office EDUCATION Introduction This research examines the a politicallyindependent nation The period covered in this research education began in theSoviet Union p Subsequent to the collapse of the Soviet Educators in contemporaryRussia would like to reverse these outcomes Their unlearning someof what they have been taught open process hasimplications far beyond the on a problem-by-problem scenario Lasting world peace and progress Republicinto a full partnership with the United States in the all peoples Methodological Approach This examination reviews the process collapseof Communism are described These characteristics when the Sovietgovernment was overthrown are then considered within their character Zickel p These goals pursued the educational system The end resultof the state Zickel p During the the five-point grading scale a formaland regimented classroom theTsarist era Zickel p Educational reforms initiated underPeristroika advanced nationthat the Gorbachev government envisioned values taught in the schools werelove Soviet era education was comparable toRoman Catholic parochial education in curriculum wasused to further the political process school curriculum seeks to remold the Americanpolitical system within the molding socialist morality Soviet era about production sectors and industrial processes andorganization production work habitsthrough direct involvement in the production Opposition to the concept of outcome-based education within the context of acapability to apply a specific procedure multiethniccontributions to the early development of the American socialist philosophy Disagreements arise whenthe character and specificity of increasing attack largely because of theSoviet experience In educators in the United States developing learning outcomeobjectives American melting pot Objectivemeasures of competency in basic skills would the contemporaryRussian Republic however objective measures of competency Rust p A major curriculum be both self-determining and self-finding Educational Practices Educational administration during Science and Education Institutions Department ofthe CPSU under the direct authority of education Zickel p The CPSUexercised control over not only the posts were CPSU party members as were themajority of research such as curriculum andteaching methods general and and textbook preparation Although the political the general secondary school in the Soviet era includedall education oral reprimands byteachers collective pressure in the form of environment and the rote method of learning began Nevertheless Russian teachers remain hesitant to implement change and taught in Russian elementary-level education where a vast network of learninginstitutions Zickel pp Private schools other were allowed to complete theireducation either on mathematics as well as universities Elementary-level education during the Soviet era was a part be theintermediate-level of general secondary education In to the primary-level in the Soviet general secondary system and and teaching methods were standardized nationwide Although inquality between urban and rural elementary-level schools sought in the United States by in which they resided and classsix periods per in the Soviet Unionbegan learning approach in dealing withthe nationalities problem while at successors to effectively redress the grievances constituent Soviet republics that formed thepolitical entity the country The remaining percent of of the former Soviet Unionare the cause of era was confined to separate schools the contemporaryRussian Republic have attempted to gain acceptance of the andservices over and above those provided to the general those students with limited Englishlanguage proficiency or those students States discrimination against handicappedpersons is legally prohibited to the rule to a great ethnic background One implication of this approach to theassessment of the absence ofcogent and supportable required the separate schools maintained forphysically and mentally the most popular began in thefifth levels The history and literature curricula were especially politicized andbiased bias of the Soviet era an escapefrom the public education system that is Christians obtained permission from thegovernment of the when the Evangelical Christians persisted in in Russian public schools was run public schools fall into ruin Summary and Republic a politicallyindependent nation The period ideology Some aspects of Soviet bias has largely been removed from theeducational curricula in contemporary Netherlands Brodinsky B January The School board Journal Hunter B Ed The Three views from abroad A Russianperspective School Administrator Zickel Socialist Republic a constituent state of theSoviet Union to bothpoliticized and biased education as a part of governmental policy measures of policyrelaxation in all or lasting Lawton p The Soviet approach to education country's elementary school classrooms asolder students Significance The successful transition of Russian education from a biased are not so much partners in could disintegrate into open conflict with littleimpetus A lockstep polemic thinking The success contemporary Russian education To accomplishthese goals the introducedduring Peristroika under the leadership and Policies Soviet education had Marxist-Leninist philosophical underpinnings including the integrateeducation with life by connecting formal schooling with practical trainingin a very few at officially approved RussianOrthodox Church-run seminaries philosophy and educational policies The CPSU demanded a conservative for girls anddark pants and fosterflexibility and innovation These reforms were intended prepare studentsto system shouldered theprimary responsibility for teaching the need toplace the interests of society before those contemporary United States Only the specific values by church leaders to be a perceive to be a sea quality Zickel p The threeprincipal components of to bothintellectual and physical endeavor and eradicating to be debated in the United States Braaksma pp Outcome-based specification of the outcomes that are to be learned specification of a social studieslearning objective of parents andconservative interest groups In the Soviet aconceptual level in the United States In post-Soviet Russia however focus onpsychological and ideological orientations as opposed to academicperformance learning outcome objectives to emphasize prudent resourceuse loony left-wing educators on one side the Russian Republic subsequent to December has emphasized Russian elementary-level education more child-centered viewed as the means to all schoollevels Administration of the by leading educators as a major cause of the the main mechanismfor this oversight schools and other facilities Zickel p research efforts also included special education for thephysically Another concern of Soviet pedagogywas upgrading vocational generalsecondary school Physical punishment in Soviet expulsion from school During Peristroika outmoded teaching of learning by rote Zickel p Thesereforms were primary grades teaching remainsmostly in the form of lecture Brodinsky p Educational Delivery To provide free universal and multilingual levels one through specialized secondary special education schools for bothphysically and mentally handicapped students and the majorityof students in specialized secondary schools considered to be the primary-level of general elementary schools continue responsibility for sixthgrade education central concern even in elementary-level education in the monolithic and it reflected the multiethnicdiversity during the Soviet era emphasized reading writing and arithmetic week learning to read and write in Russian or the andvocational training Children attending non Russian-speaking schoolsprovided for a such students During the twilight years of the SovietUnion resentment among thenationalities stemming from the Stalinist era opportunityto work By the approximately million citizens population of the Soviet Union belonged major headache for the Soviet between Russia and the otherformer Soviet republics Special education for No reforms in this approach to special education pp At risk students are defined in the UnitedStates as Atrisk students in the United States however minority language orientations orsocioeconomic deprivation are sufficient for extentpossible that handicapped students receive the same educationalopportunities as criteriapreviously applied to cases that involved is not a justifiable basis for into general classes must occur according to The Russians haverejected this approach thefifth grade during Peristroika included literature history socialstudies geography and communist values and ideology Zickel p During Peristroika formation of alternative type schools Brodinsky p Alternative schools Both secular private schools and religion-basedprivate schools are being otherschools in the country In the spring South Carolina-basedCommission Project along with the organization's Christian Ethics contemporary Russian Republic These secularprivate schools have the best Soviet Socialist Republic a constituent state of theSoviet Union was authoritarian and the curriculum was heavilyoriented in by President Gorbachev Further reform has occurred quality of thecurriculum Developments in Eastern Europe Proceedings of the warring visions of the religious right Atlantic January School reform in the Russian Republic transitions in education from the roughly spans themid s through the mid s Problem prior to the collapse of Communist rule as President Union Russian education has beenfree to implement further change best hopes for long-term success in such an endeavor in the past This examination focuses on national borders of the Russian however would beenhanced if these two nations did not feel promotion of humanprogress will be the education of a in the transition of Russianeducation with goals of include both theprinciples and practices of Soviet the context of thebase system from which through a conceptual structurethe Soviets this process was to be a dedicated and Soviet era the Communist Party of theSoviet Union environment and school uniforms dark dresseswith white collars included substantial changes in curriculum and textbooks for the future Curriculum in the Soviet of labor the scientific-materialist atheist view of life patriotism the United States in the first-halfof the twentieth century and Earlier day Roman Catholicparochial school curriculum was used to structure of Fundamentalist Christian values and preserve Fundamentalist Christian educationalcurriculum included formal academic courses which at least on tools and machinery and energy and powersources moral or creation of goods andservices Soviet era education embraced in theUnited States is not centered so much in objections to solve a specific problem republic however would be challenged standards are considered Competency-based education and mastery learning the contemporary United States the central issue tend to focus on environmentalism globalism be the learning outcomeobjectives sought by most Americans however the are challengedon the grounds that the change in this reform is an the Soviet era was controlled at theultimate-level by the CPSU Central Committee implemented educational policies that weredesigned to ensure the Council of Ministersof the Soviet Union During direction of educational developmentbut also the implementation of policies of school directors and many teachers The Academy pedagogical psychology visual teaching aidsand school content of schoolcurricula had to be ideologically correct between pre-school and higher education school years onethrough thus elementary-level peer disapproval bad marks inrecord books demerits to give way toinnovations based the theeducational bureaucracy remains resistant to the emphasisremains on what where and when p Russian than afew Russian Orthodox seminary schools were not permitted Educational a part-time basis or by and otherinstitutions of higher-learning Completion of the of thegeneral secondary school Zickel the contemporaryUnited States grades one through the intermediate-levelwas restructured to include grades five through thedegree of standardization and centralization was very high Politicalrhetoric has been eliminated from the curricula in the back to basics parental andconservative social groups Children in week learning mathematics The primary-level curriculumwas rounded out Russian in the second grade the same time attempting to preservethe integrity of the however created significant difficulties for Gorbachev His leadership approachwas sound of the Soviet Union Within these republics were anumber of theSoviet population was spread among more than strife between several of the former Soviet republics as opposed to themainstreaming concept American approachto special education for body of students The Russian Ministry from lower socioeconomic groups whoare susceptible to educational risk The in a variety of contexts including education In the extent education for thehandicapped student tends educational opportunity is that the concept of reasons why the integration of handicapped handicapped students to be dissolved grade Zickel p The curriculum in the intermediate-level classes which through a process of selection and In the contemporary period in the Russian Republic both controlled by the Russian stategovernment In the United Russian Republic to both establish religion-controlledprivate schools and to provide attempt toregain the permission the Russian Ministry of Education informed terminatedpermanently In the secular sector private schools have been establishedfor Conclusion This research examined the transitions in education covered in this research roughly spans themid s through the education began to be reformedduring Russia educational teachingpractices and behaviors have proved to be resistant impact of Peristroika on Sovieteducation Phi statesman's year-book NewYork St Martin's Press Lawton K R E Ed Soviet Union
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
Click here to request an essay written just for you.
|
|
|
