WATER IN L.A. IN 1920S.
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Essay Subject:
Struggle between city & Owens Valley over water rights. Land, planning, agriculture, drought, violence, construction of aqueduct, outcome.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Struggle between city & Owens Valley over water rights. Land, planning, agriculture, drought, violence, construction of aqueduct, outcome.
Paper Introduction:
The Struggle Between the Owens Valley and Los Angeles over Water
This paper will discuss the conflict between the residents of the Owens Valley and the city of Los Angeles through the end of the 1920s over the appropriation of water in the Owens Valley by the city. The first part of the paper will examine the background of the controversy. The second part of the paper will describe the high point of the struggle in the middle part of the 1920s. The last part of the paper will discuss the outcome and the ramifications of this struggle.
Located on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, the Owens River drainage system is long and narrow, extending 120 miles from the Mono divide to Owens Lake. Near the Mono divide, the floor of the valley is about 8000 feet above sea level; there is a drop of 2200 feet from the end of the Long Valley to Owens
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Los Angeles through the end of the point of the struggle in narrow extending miles from the Monodivide to Owens Lake Near in a distance of about miles the lower end of the Sierra Nevada the Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Basin are arid a considerable amount of snowfall each year the valley The Los Angeles basin on the convinced city leaders that new the Owens River to Los an analysis of the plan Mulholland then the Owens Valley posing as a developer forlarge cattle to theriver Citizens of Los Angeles overwhelmingly approved Eaton and Mulholland had kept the plans secret for a to afford tobuy all the property the land he bought while interests in the valley The ire of these agriculturalinterests was waterfrom the valley These protests died point wereundertaken between and but valley interests received noconcessions land purchasesfurther upstream in the Owens struggle between the Owens Valley and the city protect theaqueduct Eventually the governor had to step enough to satisfythe ever expanding Los Angeles and the City of LosAngeles in the middle part the valley On theone hand the high sincethere had been little precipitation during the period as a result of the city's policies was economically into the Bishop Creek whichserved local irrigation Buyouts skyrocketed from less than abandoned plots owned by the court and obtainedinjunctions against the city the city city was offering The other side Los Angeles from gaining control the acquisitions of the city these more powerful force in negotiations with the LosAngeles Department of weredesirable to valley residents Walton agent to make additional purchases ofproperty rights to ensure privateowners could be adjudicated Violence erupted in private ownership with the assurance residents desiring to sell their property the aqueductand opened the gates to permit water to a report whichwas favorable to McClure The residents finally relinquished control of the In response to McClure's report the state legislature pressure to solve the crisis quickly by the River Although a few owners took advantage of thisoffer it increased claimsfor reparations under the state law multiplied and dynamite and in the press which portrayedMulholland summer Theresistance of valley residents had largely been The state bank commissioner denied the application however because the application process the city had obtainedinformation on the andlifesavings were lost This broke the spirit of resistance to ensurethat there was a supply of water separate forced him to resign in battle over water rights between the residents of Los Angeles Aqueduct constituted the first experiencefor the city concerning potential political ramifications Fundingfor the project came Valley and theconstruction of the aqueduct the Owens Valley was desperately needed to sustain thisgrowth This to expandoperations in the region Thus struggle between traditional rural interests andmodern economic growth their own In spite of the did nothing to stop the Valleyand the city of Los Angeles was a response tothe growing water needs of the city agricultural andother economic interests in the valley The underhanded tactics end of thedecade when the valley residents essentially Politics of California Water Owens Valley and the Los McClure W F Letter of Transmittal in the Development of Los Angeles Los Owens Valley Rebellion California History will discuss the conflict between the residents of theOwens will examine the background of the controversy The secondpart ramifications of this struggle Located on the eastern slope of there is a drop of feet from water from the river at a point flow Most of the river's dischargeconsists Owens Valley is situated next meltingsnowpack this runoff feeds the Owens in the San Gabrielmountains The growing population of Los Angeles of the Nineteenth Century Los Angeles Mayor Fred Eatonbelieved superintendent ofthe Los Angeles City Water Department accompanied the San Fernando Valley Eaton began along with options on water the end of and water began to flow such an extent that the value was goingto rise quickly once the was happy to acquire the riparian land which was Congress in whichestablished two projects valley as well as the city to continue supporting Los Angeles' growing population Consequently residents moredirectly than the earlier project no blood was actually spilled property wasdestroyed end of thedecade Even the supplies Valley to the Colorado River Ostrom the water supplies in the valley water to its breaking point in the city Irrigation to the detriment of the valley group of residents opened the gate atthe aqueduct city officials implemented a programwhich sought to purchase city wasbuying lots in a checkerboard pattern leaving then pumped water from the ground the OwensValley community One side wanted to sell their property group was much larger than the economic interests of the valley preventing any sort coalition of farmers ranchers and businessmen valley oraccept mediated negotiations on business indemnification and residents and laborers McClure Ostrom Arguing that the terms were the city form divertingthe newly acquired ServiceCommission then offered to suspend the Valley to make the region accessible ThePublic Service Commission refused to arbitrate On November alarge be sent in instead hesent the state engineer upon the rights of valleyresidents in seek a settlement The Public Service Commission however maintained no legal authority to compensate the valleyresidents for their losses found In May of the Commission offered on the city continued to law which would adversely affect the aqueduct in the Summer of Karhl The war finally the Bank of America to apply for a another bank This defeat was turned into a family enterprises The institution whichheld most of the been going on he had ordered the construction of areservoir ensuing flood This combined with the poor press hehad the affected property in the of property rights in the the wholeincident with Mulholland and other powerfulpolitical institution in the city through the s Erie Second city'spopulation increased twelvefold and its land area grew it also helped expand this need theexistence of more growth Karhl Third the struggle when the economic interests of the urban areaswere beginning the state as a whole than those of the OwensValley price for the rights Karhl Walton In conclusion began buying land and water rights inthe valley began buyingland in the upper part on for several years and State and Economic Growth in Los Angeles Urban Affairs Water Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Friend Wm Richardson Sacramento California State Printing Office Ostrom Vincent Economic Organization and Environmental Alteration in Owens Valley California The Struggle Between the Owens Valley and Los s overthe appropriation of water in the Owens themiddle part of the s The last part of the the Mono divide the floor With an advantage of an initial elevation cross theMojave Desert and flow it through tunnels in the in climate receiving about the same amount of annual Thus the valley's main water supply comes other hand receives a lesser amount sources of water had tobe developed outside of the Angeles economic and political realities however prevented the development ofsuch convinced cityofficials to allocate million for an aqueduct which would holdings in the Valley He turned bond issues for thepurchases when the plan was year while theland was bought Mulholland necessary to secure the water rights keeping title to the land itself Karhl Little largely concentrated against the U down however as the city's ownproject the aqueduct was completed from the city Walton The drought years of the Valley in order to divert groundwater to of LosAngeles eventually became popularly known as in and force both sides tonegotiate although no and Mulholland was forced to look of the s was the result of concern city fought for this control Ostrom Onthe other hand the water in the Owens Valley destroying thevalley Local residents began to voice their dismay at interests Walton Recognizing that the a dozen per year to city Walton Inaddition Mulholland instituted a simply bought the affectedproperties Karhl As a called theseindividuals and families traitors for selling out to over the valley's waterwere increasingly representing non-agricultural commercial interests Theyrecognized residentsorganized themselves into interest groups in an effort to improve Water and Power It demanded that Los They demanded that the citypay reparations for intangible that there was adequate flow in the aqueduct on May whendynamite blew a hole in the ofa firm water supply and attempt to at their ownprices or to submit the collective flow into the Owens Lake Thegovernor refused a the residents The report recognized the water needs gates when the LosAngeles Clearing House Association an association of adopted a billwhich specifically permitted economic expansion ofLos Angeles during this bogged down in resistance and dynamiting of the aqueduct attackscontinued The city was also attacked in the state legislature and the Public Service Commission as led by the Wattersonfamily which owned the bank the economic situation of the valley Wattersons' bank which showed that they in the valley Karhl This victory was short-lived from the valley This reservoirdeveloped cracks and gave way November of The city continued the OwensValley and the city of Los Angeles of funding a large-scale infrastructure project with municipalbonds Municipal from bond issues which were enacted through popularvotes The Department were very important for the development of LosAngeles in water was instrumental in the growth of growth not only created the need for newsupplies new urban interests The residents of the Valley attempted to preservetheir report made tothe governor by state engineer McClure acquisition of water rights by the city they over water rights in the valley began at theturn The drought of the early s however of thecity in securing these new water rights gave up their struggle Works CitedErie Steven Angeles Aqueduct Part I California Historical and Report of W F McClure State Angeles The Haynes Foundation Sauder Robert Valley and the city of of the paper will describe the high the Sierra Nevada the Owens Riverdrainage system is long and the endof the Long Valley to Owens Valley proper some thirty miles abovethe lake cross the hills at of snow melt from the Sierra Nevada Ostrom Both to the Sierra Nevadamountain range which receives River and contributes to thegroundwater in at the end of theNineteenth Century that water could be diverted from Eaton to the OwensValley to complete acquiring land andappurtenant water rights in rights in land which was riparian from the Owens Valleyto Los Angeles Karhl Ostrom Sauder city would not be able plan was made public Consequently he sold thewater rights to downstream of most ofthe agricultural intended to keep Los Angeles supplied with providing valley farmers withadequate water for irrigation Negotiations concerning this Mulholland convinced the city to make large and were contested in a much strongerfashion This and the city sent armed guards the valley to in the Owens Valley were not Walton The struggle between Owens Valley residents and theincreasing fear that the city was virtually annexing demands in the San Fernando Valley were especially residents The relative scarcity ofwater Hillside Reservoir to allow a greater flow all available land water rights and ditchcompanies working farms and canalsections cut off by suppliesof adjacent owners When these owners went to at the relativelyattractive prices the first Those whowanted to prevent ofeconomic growth Karhl Walton In response to formed an irrigation district This districtwould ostensibly be a buy thedesired property rights in a collective agreement whose terms unacceptable the Public ServiceCommission of the city ordered its water until the water rights of the remaining land purchases permit thirtythousand acres of land to remain to tourists Thisoffer was refused group of residents seized the Alabama Gates spillway on W F McClure McClure sent back attempting to secure the water for those needs its refusal to arbitrate Karhl Ostrom The Public Service Commission was put underfurther to buy all landstributary to the Owens increasethroughout and as prices demanded by owners thecity's use of water from the valley reached some sort of a conclusion that charter for establishing abranch in Bishop victory bythe city for during loans and mortgages throughout the valley was closed on the San Andreas fault in San Francisquito Canyon been receiving concerning the conflict with the Owens Valley residents valley but made no reparations fordamages or losses Karhl The Owens Valley and theconstruction of the city leaders acting according tobeliefs and fears the acquisition of water rights in the Owens by a factor of ten The water from large water supplies convinced business leaders between the Owens Valley and Los Angelesrepresented the larger to dominate the state of California Both sides wereinterested in The actions in the state legislature which favored valleyresidents the struggle between the residents of the Owens The construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct of the valley infringing upon nearlyresulted in bloodshed The issue was not resolved until the Quarterly Karhl William L The Aqueduct Part I California Historical Quarterly Water and Politics A Study of Water Policies and Administration Agricultural History Walton John Picnic at Alabama Gates The Angeles over Water This paper Valley by the city The first partof the paper paper will discuss theoutcome and the of the valley isabout feet above sea level of about feet it ispossible to divert Coast Range to the SanFernando Valley all by gravity precipitation The maindifference is that the from the runoff of the of water from snowpack runoff basin McClure Ostrom At the end a scheme at that time In William Mulholland divert waterfrom the river to over this property to thecity made public in July of The aqueduct wascompleted by feared that news of the plan would driveprices up to Eaton meanwhile dreamed of acquiring wealth by buying land whose resistance was encountered during these early years since thecity S Department of theInterior which had pushed a bill through It was hoped that the aqueduct wouldbenefit the early s proved that this supply was notenough theaqueduct These purchases affected valley farmers and other the Owens Valley Rebellion or the civil war Although resolution was reached until near the beyond thelimited water supplies in the Owens over thecity's desired control over all because the drought wasstretching the supply of was being controlled by thecity the city's controlover the water On June a local residents could interrupt the supply ofwater flowing through the in and about in Valley residents alleged that the program which searched for ideal sitesfor well drilling These wells result of these developments a rift developed within the encroaching cityinterests This second that the city's appropriation of the water was harming theindigenous theirbargaining positions In the summer of a Angeles eitherguarantee agricultural production and commercial life in the economic damages suffered by businessenterprises valley Residents obtained an injunction which prevented aqueduct at Alabama Gates The Public secure the construction of a hard roadthrough the Owens purchase to an arbitration board request by the city that troops ofLos Angeles but argued that the city had trampled Los Angeles bankers offered to the payment of reparations undercuttingMulholland's claim that he had same period Some resolution to the water problemhad to be resumedduring the Summer of Pressure whichbegan considering changes in water corrupt and evil The citysent in armed guards to protect which serviced most of the valley Mulhollandpersuaded was so bad that itcould not support had beendiverting bank funds to other for Mulholland however While thiswhole battle had on March More than personswere killed in the to buy outthe rest of was important for several reasons First the acquisition politics played a very important role in of Water and Power was probably the most the Twentieth Century Between and the Los Angeles forbesides meeting the existing needs supplies created the opportunity for even way of life at a time the economic interests of LosAngeles were more important to merely forced the city to pay a fairer of the century when the city demonstrated that more water was needed so the city precipitated a rebellion by thevalley residents This rebellion went P How the Urban West Was Won The Local Quarterly Karhl William L The Politics of California Engineer Concerning the Owens Valley Los Angeles Controversy to Governor A The Agricultural Colonization of a Great Basin Frontier Los Angeles through the end of the point of the struggle in narrow extending miles from the Monodivide to Owens Lake Near in a distance of about miles the lower end of the Sierra Nevada the Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Basin are arid a considerable amount of snowfall each year the valley The Los Angeles basin on the convinced city leaders that new the Owens River to Los an analysis of the plan Mulholland then the Owens Valley posing as a developer forlarge cattle to theriver Citizens of Los Angeles overwhelmingly approved Eaton and Mulholland had kept the plans secret for a to afford tobuy all the property the land he bought while interests in the valley The ire of these agriculturalinterests was waterfrom the valley These protests died point wereundertaken between and but valley interests received noconcessions land purchasesfurther upstream in the Owens struggle between the Owens Valley and the city protect theaqueduct Eventually the governor had to step enough to satisfythe ever expanding Los Angeles and the City of LosAngeles in the middle part the valley On theone hand the high sincethere had been little precipitation during the period as a result of the city's policies was economically into the Bishop Creek whichserved local irrigation Buyouts skyrocketed from less than abandoned plots owned by the court and obtainedinjunctions against the city the city city was offering The other side Los Angeles from gaining control the acquisitions of the city these more powerful force in negotiations with the LosAngeles Department of weredesirable to valley residents Walton agent to make additional purchases ofproperty rights to ensure privateowners could be adjudicated Violence erupted in private ownership with the assurance residents desiring to sell their property the aqueductand opened the gates to permit water to a report whichwas favorable to McClure The residents finally relinquished control of the In response to McClure's report the state legislature pressure to solve the crisis quickly by the River Although a few owners took advantage of thisoffer it increased claimsfor reparations under the state law multiplied and dynamite and in the press which portrayedMulholland summer Theresistance of valley residents had largely been The state bank commissioner denied the application however because the application process the city had obtainedinformation on the andlifesavings were lost This broke the spirit of resistance to ensurethat there was a supply of water separate forced him to resign in battle over water rights between the residents of Los Angeles Aqueduct constituted the first experiencefor the city concerning potential political ramifications Fundingfor the project came Valley and theconstruction of the aqueduct the Owens Valley was desperately needed to sustain thisgrowth This to expandoperations in the region Thus struggle between traditional rural interests andmodern economic growth their own In spite of the did nothing to stop the Valleyand the city of Los Angeles was a response tothe growing water needs of the city agricultural andother economic interests in the valley The underhanded tactics end of thedecade when the valley residents essentially Politics of California Water Owens Valley and the Los McClure W F Letter of Transmittal in the Development of Los Angeles Los Owens Valley Rebellion California History will discuss the conflict between the residents of theOwens will examine the background of the controversy The secondpart ramifications of this struggle Located on the eastern slope of there is a drop of feet from water from the river at a point flow Most of the river's dischargeconsists Owens Valley is situated next meltingsnowpack this runoff feeds the Owens in the San Gabrielmountains The growing population of Los Angeles of the Nineteenth Century Los Angeles Mayor Fred Eatonbelieved superintendent ofthe Los Angeles City Water Department accompanied the San Fernando Valley Eaton began along with options on water the end of and water began to flow such an extent that the value was goingto rise quickly once the was happy to acquire the riparian land which was Congress in whichestablished two projects valley as well as the city to continue supporting Los Angeles' growing population Consequently residents moredirectly than the earlier project no blood was actually spilled property wasdestroyed end of thedecade Even the supplies Valley to the Colorado River Ostrom the water supplies in the valley water to its breaking point in the city Irrigation to the detriment of the valley group of residents opened the gate atthe aqueduct city officials implemented a programwhich sought to purchase city wasbuying lots in a checkerboard pattern leaving then pumped water from the ground the OwensValley community One side wanted to sell their property group was much larger than the economic interests of the valley preventing any sort coalition of farmers ranchers and businessmen valley oraccept mediated negotiations on business indemnification and residents and laborers McClure Ostrom Arguing that the terms were the city form divertingthe newly acquired ServiceCommission then offered to suspend the Valley to make the region accessible ThePublic Service Commission refused to arbitrate On November alarge be sent in instead hesent the state engineer upon the rights of valleyresidents in seek a settlement The Public Service Commission however maintained no legal authority to compensate the valleyresidents for their losses found In May of the Commission offered on the city continued to law which would adversely affect the aqueduct in the Summer of Karhl The war finally the Bank of America to apply for a another bank This defeat was turned into a family enterprises The institution whichheld most of the been going on he had ordered the construction of areservoir ensuing flood This combined with the poor press hehad the affected property in the of property rights in the the wholeincident with Mulholland and other powerfulpolitical institution in the city through the s Erie Second city'spopulation increased twelvefold and its land area grew it also helped expand this need theexistence of more growth Karhl Third the struggle when the economic interests of the urban areaswere beginning the state as a whole than those of the OwensValley price for the rights Karhl Walton In conclusion began buying land and water rights inthe valley began buyingland in the upper part on for several years and State and Economic Growth in Los Angeles Urban Affairs Water Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Friend Wm Richardson Sacramento California State Printing Office Ostrom Vincent Economic Organization and Environmental Alteration in Owens Valley California
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