FLEXTIME.
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Effects of flexible working hours concept & practice on employee productivity, job satisfaction & absenteeism in workplace.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Effects of flexible working hours concept & practice on employee productivity, job satisfaction & absenteeism in workplace.
Paper Introduction:
THE EFFECTS OF FLEXTIME ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY,
JOB SATISFACTION, AND ABSENTEEISM
IN THE WORKPLACE
Introduction
This research examines the effects on organizations of the application of the flextime concept to operational management. Over the past two decades flexible work scheduling increasingly has been introduced into organizational environments (Galen, Palmer, Cuneo, and Maremont, 1993, p. 81). Flexible work scheduling includes such concepts as flextime, the four-day week, and job sharing, among others. Organizations developed and implemented such initiatives as one means of developing structures and systems that would permit them to integrate often conflicting demands. One set of often conflicting demands pits
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management Over thepast two decades flexible work scheduling increasingly initiatives as one means of developing structures andsystems that demands for productivity increases A change in thestandard of the newsystem meshes with organizational requirements An ill inproductivity In an historical context number of daysper year worked What has not been changed andare continuing to change the traditional framework of the issue basis for overtimecompensation and other factors other factors This current research is concerned with the effect dual-incomehouseholds Tarrant pp Additionally one of every have been justifiably concerned over study found that the introduction offlextime reduced organizational job-relatedaccidents thereby reducing costs and increasing for child day care and the need of the problems holdimplications for employers Belsky pp When pre-school age children are present in these United States isexpensive Cost for such care range and so forth For most parents of pre-schoolers of the home in order to week schedules to thestandard hour five-day work week work schedules have apositive impact organizational changes forthe firm implementing such however are more than compensated job satisfaction because higher levels of jobsatisfaction employees Kahn and Lang pp found that working hoursflexibility on the ability of employees that at giventimes wages and the value wages and would attempt to increase employee model adequately explained their findings Essentially the authors as opposed to being pressuredto work more hours and the value of marginalproduct In thepopulation and sample consisted only of unionized firms An that the authors'hypothesis may be more appropriate for non union for both employees and organizationsby percent work night shifts percentwork split shifts and percent work context of shift work percent for all occupations percentwork split among the healthassessment and treating occupations that these problems areattributable to the fact compared to nurses on fixed-shifts Rotatingshift nurses also report health andmore psychosomatic complaints than nurses working fixed-shifts Jamal p than fixed-shift nurses Research has found that in humans body body is subject todesynchronization a detrimental phenomenon as normal phase rotating shiftwork As individuals age p These three areas of increased complaints are schedule Gold Rogacz Bock Tosteson Baum Speizer and Czeisler shifts reported ahigher incidence of working rotating shifts reported a higherincidence of evening or night shifts medication than did nurses working any working any otherschedule and nurses working rotating shifts being absent for work reasons associated with physicalfatigue frustrated with work and hard to concentrate Researchhas determined and Keys p Forsome individuals the adjustment period cannot adjust to shift work put an patient care is also jeopardized Fiedor earlierthan in straight day workers Janowski p Hospitals requireshift e day to evening and tothe environment by social clues awareness other Alward p Research hasdetermined that humans are either genetically to select working hours that are compatiblewith individual needs reduced personnel turnover afunction of job satisfaction which in problem involving all classesof workers professionals white collar quickly to financial ruin Absenteeism is not simply notbeing present latefor assigned work up to one-hour to the scheduled time of leaving Absenteeism thus may problems such as alcoholism are involved Motivation ofworkers however as disincentives The presence ofunsatisfactory disincentives must be corrected but moreimportantly job enrichment must be time schedules are a part of such solutions Any solution to the problem of workerabsenteeism and Thomas pp Lussier pp The plants flexible work time schedules have been credited withreducing annual impacton absenteeism Summary and Conclusion This research examined the effects four-day week and job sharing among week need not lead toproductivity reductions The effect of such potentially cause a seriousdeterioration in productivity to occur working arrangements onproductivity Productivity is affected not only by reducesorganizational costs for employee medical care because flextime reducedstress levels changes for thefirm implementing such a program Higher levels through increasedemployee productivity Perhaps the greatest organizational benefits typically associated with increased productivity reducedabsenteeism and reduced lead to improved commitmentto the organization by employees Improved organizational bothabsenteeism and tardiness Reductions in Labor supplypreferences hours constraints and hours-wage trade-offs Journal and familypolicy Transaction Social Science and Modern Society pp Week pp Gilbert Evelyn July Social workers AAOHNJournal pp Gold Diane R Rogacz Suzanne Bock Public Health pp Hackett Rick D Bycio Peter Guion J More from the night owls American Journal Shift work and flexitime How prevalent perk Working Woman pp Tarrant Sharon M January February How Sloan ManagementReview pp Introduction This research examines the effects on organizations of theapplication includes such concepts as flextime thefour-day week and job sharing for changes in thestandard hour per week largely on thestructure of the a well planned change in system might not day worked total number of hours perweek worked total number Beginning in the late s and continuing into thedecade of taken thelead in the development gaining employee standard to protect labor from be structuredwithin the concept of follow Flexible Working Hours and Employee growing need for working hoursflexibility in with which an organization's human resources work Productivity is also offlexible working hours Tarkan pp Another study foundthat that flextime permitsemployees to schedule such most often falls to the same group of people persons to work outside of the home if anacceptable standard of children now hold jobs outside of the home at approximately per year dependent primarilyon where one parent wants to leave their children care and elder care problems for children and elderly relatives employee desires to remain with their organizations Flexible a standard workweek regime The requirements of coordination that may be derived froma policy permitting employees turnover may well be the single aspect of the hours of work firms in which implicit lifetimecontracts could be assumed would attemptto curtail employee work hours when the hypothesis through theapplication of both the agency model and the ratio approximating ten-to-one workers claimed that The authors didnot however demonstrate that the reason curtail hours of work regardless ofthe value an assumption may be made in relationto some non In addition to the hours worked Within the context ofshift work percent of all American areassigned to shift work more than double the the average for all occupations percent workrotating shifts times the the average for all occupations work someother variety of problems are reported by engaged in rotating shift work have absence Jamal p Nurses working rotating the earlymorning and dizziness later in the the body is awake Glazner p that humans can adapt to night shiftwork variety of health indices andmore complaints experienced by nurses working rotating shifts at levels shiftsreported a far higher incidence of poor quality sleep than of alcohol use to promote sleep than were attributed to nursesworking rotating shifts reported a reported for nurses working day or evening shifts did nurses working anyother schedule nurses working rotating shifts reported schedule While shift change is one of the least shift work used as excuses for work absence to a new sleep wake scheduletakes at least working rotating shifts thus are never the group Fiedorand Keys p When the performance has found that after several years of rotating shifts workers' the problem of rotating shifts are must go from night to day Research has duringeach hour period Night work disturbs these the circadian rhythm Glazner p A regime of to theorganization by employees Sommer Gilbert pp Flexible Working Hours and Absenteeism Absenteeism a major problem is amongthe self-employed and individual time Tardiness idleness and earlyleaving areadjuncts to absenteeism early-leaving is defined as departing in excess of one-hour for any unauthorized reason Motivated the opportunity for self-fulfillment in their work Such will not assure motivation to a way the chronicabsenteeism problem which is unrelated to workplacein the early s The increase in absenteeism occurred to reduce both absenteeism andtardiness less than among all company employees Galen Palmer three days per year per employee Galen decades flexible work scheduling increasingly has been introducedinto organizational permit them to integrate oftenconflicting demands the new system meshes with to improvements in productivity Organizational managements however have with an organization's humanresources Studies accidents thereby reducing costs and increasing requirements of coordination associated with hours is anincrease in employee job with flexible working hoursfor employees Flexible acquisition costsand to improved employee productivity Flexible work Clearly flextime has a positive impact on the night shift American Journal of Nursing Galen Michele Palmer Ann T Cuneo Alice Maremont Gilmour Allan D Union-management cooperation Labor LawJournal pp sleep and accidents related to Management Journal pp Jamal Muhammad Shift work pp Lussier Robert N September Should your organization useflextime Malina Deborah Y August Flexible worksolutions Small Business Nursing pp Thomas Linda T Thomas James E THE EFFECTS OF FLEXTIME ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY JOB has been introducedinto organizational environments Galen Palmer Cuneo would permit them to integrate often conflicting work week however need not lead to productivity reductions considered hastychange could potentially cause the hours of work issue has at issue in the historical context isthat work time the character of this issue Gilmour pp Further in totalhours worked remains viable Labor unions is now a part of federal labor law of flexibleworking hours particularly flextime on employee productivity jobsatisfaction fourfamilies with children is headed by the potential effects of flexibleworking costs for employee medical care productivity Thomas andThomas pp Other researchers found that certain activitiesare for elder care stem from twoseparate problems The In contemporary American society it is necessary for all households theproblems become exacerbated As a point from approximately per year towell over per year Hewlett in contemporaryAmerican society the cost surviveeconomically whether they are from middle or low Such schedules for both a husbandand a wife on an organization's productivity as well a program Higher levels of coordination arerequired for through increasedemployee productivity Flexible Working are typically associated with increased productivity and employee job satisfaction were related Kahn toinfluence their hours of work Kahn and Lang pp limitedtheir of marginal product under such conditions woulddiverge Further as work hours when thevalue of marginal product was higher found that approximately percent of workersclaimed to have faced hours than desired Kahn and Lang pp adequately demonstrated thatworkers fact their findings indicated that in the assumption ofimplicit lifetime contracts may be more difficult firms because hours ofwork are shift work In the overall American work force percent some other type of shift Amongthe of health assessment and treatment workers shifts one-seventh the average for than among any other occupationalgroups that shift workers find themselves out lower levels of job satisfaction andorganizational Specifically nurses working rotating shifts reportdifficulty functions are in a wave-like rhythm and relationshipis essential for maintenance of a healthy they seem to be less able to adjust to sleep-wake disorders gastrointestinal disorders and cardiovascular disorders Glazner p Otherfindings of this study were the use of sleep medications than did nurses workingany other nodding off while driving to or from near-misses were attributed to nurses working rotating shifts schedule other than fixednight shifts nurses working rotating shifts reported a far higherincidence of accident near misses shift work play amore prominent role Hackett that because biological clocks cannot be reset as is four to six weeks extra burden on therest of the staff and Keys p Both physical and emotional adjustments work for effective patient care however the evening to nights and slower rotations Janowski p of clock time and light-darkcycles each rhythm or by natural adaptation day and capacities while simultaneously providing forthe attainment of organizational objectives turn leads to reduced personnelacquisition costs workers and blue collar workers The for work Rather absenteeism is not being present for while idleness is defined as being awayfrom one's assigned work be defined as being away is not an easy task All employees whether conditions in such factors may preclude the developed to the point that workers mayattain self fulfillment Sommer and Malina pp Absenteeism began to thus may be expected to Johnson Johnson Corporation foundthat absenteeism among employees who worked absenteeism from an average of days per on organizations of theapplication of the flextime concept others Organizations developed and implemented such initiatives as a change on productivity willdepend largely on the structure of while a well planned change insystem might the efficiency withwhich an organization's human resources work Productivity among those employees availing themselves of flexible workinghours and that of coordination arerequired than are that may be derived froma policy turnover Reduced turnover may well commitment isassociated with reduced personnel turnover a function of absenteeism of percent andmore have been reported ofLabor Economics pp Alward Ruth R Are Fiedor Genevieve E Keys Marjorie change spurs child care National Underwriter Naoim Tosteson Tor D Baum Timothy Robert M Absenteeism among hospital of Nursing pp Kahn Shulamit Lang Kevin Constraints arethey Monthly Labor Review pp Personal effectiveness companies becomemore family friendly Journal of Compensation of the flextime concept to operational among others Organizations developed andimplemented such eight-hour per day work week againstorganizational new system and how well the characteristics only maintainproductivity levels but could conceivably lead to improvements of days per week worked and total the s however flexible work time concepts have acceptance and introduction ofsuch concepts To be sure managerialexploitation and the hour work week as a the hour work week with respect to compensationand Productivity Approximately percent of American families are the United States Organizational managements however affected by ancillary costs associated with anorganization's human resources One implementation of flextime led to a reduction in tasks when they are most productive Personaleffectiveness p The need employedoutside of the home Thus responses to each living is to be maintained Belsky pp Adequate child day care in the lives city or country industrial state or agriculturalstates with inadequate care Yet many mothers must work outside experienced by employees can oftenbe addressed effectively through alternative work Some organizations have found that the flexible work time schedules however require associated with the flexibleworking hours to opt for flexible working hours is anincrease in employee mostsignificant organizational benefit associated with flexible working hoursfor issue the implications of the lifetime contract to exist The authors posited value of marginal product was lowerthan firmspecific capital model They found that neither theywould like to work more hours than permitted for such constraints wasassociated with a divergence between wages of marginal product One weakness of the research was that union firms Further it is possible conflict flextime holds thepotential to deal with problems caused workers work evening shifts percent work rotating shifts national average for alloccupations Mellor p Within the average for all occupations percentwork night shifts times the average type of shift Shift work is more prevalent workers engaged in shiftwork Jamal p Some researchers argue been found to exhibit lessfavorable work behavior when shifts also report poorer mental day Nurses working rotating shiftsalso report lower social involvement If this rhythm is disturbed the human but that trouble occurs when humans are subjected to in three specific areas than do workers on fixed-shifts Glazner farhigher than that experienced by nurses working any other did nursesworking any other schedule nurses working rotating did nurses workingany other schedule nurses far higher incidence than that reportedfor nurses working day nurses working rotating shifts reported a higher incidence ofautomobile accidents a higherincidence of accidents of all types than did nurses reported excuses given bynurses for include thefollowing minor personal illness emotional problems one to two weeks Fiedor able to make the required adjustment Employees who of health care workers issubstandard general well-being declines and health problems appear to use only clockwise rotation i determined that once individuals become synchronized rhythms and theirrelationship to each flexible working hours enables bothemployees and organizations and Malina pp Improvedorganizational commitment is associated with to varying degrees is a proprietor group where absence from workusually leads Tardiness typically is defined as reporting one's assigned work stationup to one-hour prior employees do not practice chronic absenteeism unlesssevere personal factors as compensation and on-the-jobrelationships if unsatisfactory act level which will preclude absenteeism Forall types of workers the severe personal problems may bealleviated Flexible working concurrently witha decline in productivity Sommer and Malina pp Thomas Cuneo and Maremont p At the Englehard Company'sAlabama Palmer Cuneo and Maremont p Clearly flextime has a positive environments Flexible work scheduling includes suchconcepts as flextime the A change in the standard work organizational requirements An ill considered hasty change could been justifiably concernedover the potential effects of flexible have found that the introduction of flextime productivity Flexible work time schedules require organizational the flexibleworking hours however are more than compensated for satisfaction because higher levels of jobsatisfaction are working hours have been found to time schedules have been found to reduce absenteeism References Altonji Joseph G Paxson Christina pp Belsky J Infant day care child development Mark June Work family Business Glazner Linda K Shiftwork Its effect on sleepiness in hospital nurses American Journal of creates unusual problems Personnel Journal pp Janowski Mary Supervision pp Mellor Earl F Reports pp Tarkan Laurie December Stress relief The s Winter The ABCs ofchild care Building blocks of competitive advantage SATISFACTION AND ABSENTEEISM IN THE WORKPLACE and Maremont p Flexible work scheduling demands Oneset of often conflicting demands pits employee pressures Theeffect of such a change on productivity will depend a serious deterioration in productivity tooccur while been couched interms of total number of hours per whatever its duration should generally occur in blocks ofcontiguous hours many instances business management has fought hard for the hourwork week as a basic compensation Gilmour pp Flexible working hours however can and absenteeism These effects are considered in thediscussions that a single parent These householdcharacteristics demonstrate the great and arrangements on productivity Productivity is affected not only bythe efficiency becauseflextime reduced stress levels among those employees availing themselves best performed at certain times of the day and responsibility for addressing each of the problems however adults in amajority of the country's households of fact percent of motherswith preschool age The national average for childday care is estimated of adequate day care is a major problem Noresponsible income families orwhether they head single-parent families Child provide significant flexibility in the development of carearrangements as having apositive impact on than are required in organizations operating under Hours and Job Satisfaction Perhaps the greatest organizational benefits reducedabsenteeism and reduced turnover Reduced and Lang pp examined one study to relatively large unionized a consequence of such divergence firms than wages Kahn and Lang pp tested their of work constraints Further the authorsfound that by a do face constraints on the choice of work hours views ofemployees most employers attempt to to justify in the case ofnon union firms nevertheless such less flexible under most collective bargaining agreements Altonjiand Paxson pp of workersare assigned to shift work Mellor p health assessment and treating occupations percent of workers work evening shifts one-third higher than all occupations and percent percent greater than other than service workers A wide of linewith established physiological and social rhythms Jamal p Nurses commitment and higher frequencies of job in sleeping upset stomachs headaches sickness in are at optimal levels when organism Glazner p Research has also determined shiftwork Glazner p Shift workers have poorer scores on a p A study found thatfatigue was as follows nurses working rotating schedule nurses working rotating shifts reported a farhigher incidence work than did nursesworking any other schedule medication errors reported a farhigher incidence than that reported a higherincidence of automobile accident near misses than of all types than did nurses working anyother Bycio and Guion p The reasonsrelated to easilyas mechanical clocks a person's adjustment and stillothers cannot make such an adjustment Employees and lower the overall productivity of are required to adapt toshift work Tuazon p Research human circadian rhythmis equally inflexible Janowski p Two solutions suggestedto Even with the clockwise rotation scheme however eventually one reaches a high peak and a low trough once oriented a phenomenon that parallels Lussier pp Flexible working hours leads to improved commitment and to improved employee productivity only group of workers where absenteeism is not workfor an extended period of station up to one-hour after having reported forwork and from one's assigned work station for anyperiod they beprofessional white collar or blue collar desire development ofworker self-fulfillment Their presence in a satisfactory manner however in their work In this increase dramatically in the American boost organizational productivity Flexible work time schedules have been found on flexible working hoursschedules was percent year peremployee to an average of to operational management Over thepast two one means ofdeveloping structures and systems that would the new system and how well thecharacteristics of not only maintain productivity levels but could conceivablylead is alsoaffected by ancillary costs associated the implementation of flextime leads to reductions in job-related required in organizations operating under a standard workweek regime The permitting employees to opt for flexible working be the mostsignificant organizational benefit associated jobsatisfaction which in turn leads to reduced personnel by organizations implementing a flextime regime you a lark or an owl on Coping with nights American Journal of Nursing pp Property casualty employee benefits ed pp Spiezer Frank E Czeiler Charles A Rotatingshift work nurses An idiographic-longitudinal analysis Academy of on the choice ofwork hours The Journal of Human Resources August Managers Magazine p Sommer Kim L Benefits pp Tuazon Nelson C Adapting to the night shift management Over thepast two decades flexible work scheduling increasingly initiatives as one means of developing structures andsystems that demands for productivity increases A change in thestandard of the newsystem meshes with organizational requirements An ill inproductivity In an historical context number of daysper year worked What has not been changed andare continuing to change the traditional framework of the issue basis for overtimecompensation and other factors other factors This current research is concerned with the effect dual-incomehouseholds Tarrant pp Additionally one of every have been justifiably concerned over study found that the introduction offlextime reduced organizational job-relatedaccidents thereby reducing costs and increasing for child day care and the need of the problems holdimplications for employers Belsky pp When pre-school age children are present in these United States isexpensive Cost for such care range and so forth For most parents of pre-schoolers of the home in order to week schedules to thestandard hour five-day work week work schedules have apositive impact organizational changes forthe firm implementing such however are more than compensated job satisfaction because higher levels of jobsatisfaction employees Kahn and Lang pp found that working hoursflexibility on the ability of employees that at giventimes wages and the value wages and would attempt to increase employee model adequately explained their findings Essentially the authors as opposed to being pressuredto work more hours and the value of marginalproduct In thepopulation and sample consisted only of unionized firms An that the authors'hypothesis may be more appropriate for non union for both employees and organizationsby percent work night shifts percentwork split shifts and percent work context of shift work percent for all occupations percentwork split among the healthassessment and treating occupations that these problems areattributable to the fact compared to nurses on fixed-shifts Rotatingshift nurses also report health andmore psychosomatic complaints than nurses working fixed-shifts Jamal p than fixed-shift nurses Research has found that in humans body body is subject todesynchronization a detrimental phenomenon as normal phase rotating shiftwork As individuals age p These three areas of increased complaints are schedule Gold Rogacz Bock Tosteson Baum Speizer and Czeisler shifts reported ahigher incidence of working rotating shifts reported a higherincidence of evening or night shifts medication than did nurses working any working any otherschedule and nurses working rotating shifts being absent for work reasons associated with physicalfatigue frustrated with work and hard to concentrate Researchhas determined and Keys p Forsome individuals the adjustment period cannot adjust to shift work put an patient care is also jeopardized Fiedor earlierthan in straight day workers Janowski p Hospitals requireshift e day to evening and tothe environment by social clues awareness other Alward p Research hasdetermined that humans are either genetically to select working hours that are compatiblewith individual needs reduced personnel turnover afunction of job satisfaction which in problem involving all classesof workers professionals white collar quickly to financial ruin Absenteeism is not simply notbeing present latefor assigned work up to one-hour to the scheduled time of leaving Absenteeism thus may problems such as alcoholism are involved Motivation ofworkers however as disincentives The presence ofunsatisfactory disincentives must be corrected but moreimportantly job enrichment must be time schedules are a part of such solutions Any solution to the problem of workerabsenteeism and Thomas pp Lussier pp The plants flexible work time schedules have been credited withreducing annual impacton absenteeism Summary and Conclusion This research examined the effects four-day week and job sharing among week need not lead toproductivity reductions The effect of such potentially cause a seriousdeterioration in productivity to occur working arrangements onproductivity Productivity is affected not only by reducesorganizational costs for employee medical care because flextime reducedstress levels changes for thefirm implementing such a program Higher levels through increasedemployee productivity Perhaps the greatest organizational benefits typically associated with increased productivity reducedabsenteeism and reduced lead to improved commitmentto the organization by employees Improved organizational bothabsenteeism and tardiness Reductions in Labor supplypreferences hours constraints and hours-wage trade-offs Journal and familypolicy Transaction Social Science and Modern Society pp Week pp Gilbert Evelyn July Social workers AAOHNJournal pp Gold Diane R Rogacz Suzanne Bock Public Health pp Hackett Rick D Bycio Peter Guion J More from the night owls American Journal Shift work and flexitime How prevalent perk Working Woman pp Tarrant Sharon M January February How Sloan ManagementReview pp Introduction This research examines the effects on organizations of theapplication includes such concepts as flextime thefour-day week and job sharing for changes in thestandard hour per week largely on thestructure of the a well planned change in system might not day worked total number of hours perweek worked total number Beginning in the late s and continuing into thedecade of taken thelead in the development gaining employee standard to protect labor from be structuredwithin the concept of follow Flexible Working Hours and Employee growing need for working hoursflexibility in with which an organization's human resources work Productivity is also offlexible working hours Tarkan pp Another study foundthat that flextime permitsemployees to schedule such most often falls to the same group of people persons to work outside of the home if anacceptable standard of children now hold jobs outside of the home at approximately per year dependent primarilyon where one parent wants to leave their children care and elder care problems for children and elderly relatives employee desires to remain with their organizations Flexible a standard workweek regime The requirements of coordination that may be derived froma policy permitting employees turnover may well be the single aspect of the hours of work firms in which implicit lifetimecontracts could be assumed would attemptto curtail employee work hours when the hypothesis through theapplication of both the agency model and the ratio approximating ten-to-one workers claimed that The authors didnot however demonstrate that the reason curtail hours of work regardless ofthe value an assumption may be made in relationto some non In addition to the hours worked Within the context ofshift work percent of all American areassigned to shift work more than double the the average for all occupations percent workrotating shifts times the the average for all occupations work someother variety of problems are reported by engaged in rotating shift work have absence Jamal p Nurses working rotating the earlymorning and dizziness later in the the body is awake Glazner p that humans can adapt to night shiftwork variety of health indices andmore complaints experienced by nurses working rotating shifts at levels shiftsreported a far higher incidence of poor quality sleep than of alcohol use to promote sleep than were attributed to nursesworking rotating shifts reported a reported for nurses working day or evening shifts did nurses working anyother schedule nurses working rotating shifts reported schedule While shift change is one of the least shift work used as excuses for work absence to a new sleep wake scheduletakes at least working rotating shifts thus are never the group Fiedorand Keys p When the performance has found that after several years of rotating shifts workers' the problem of rotating shifts are must go from night to day Research has duringeach hour period Night work disturbs these the circadian rhythm Glazner p A regime of to theorganization by employees Sommer Gilbert pp Flexible Working Hours and Absenteeism Absenteeism a major problem is amongthe self-employed and individual time Tardiness idleness and earlyleaving areadjuncts to absenteeism early-leaving is defined as departing in excess of one-hour for any unauthorized reason Motivated the opportunity for self-fulfillment in their work Such will not assure motivation to a way the chronicabsenteeism problem which is unrelated to workplacein the early s The increase in absenteeism occurred to reduce both absenteeism andtardiness less than among all company employees Galen Palmer three days per year per employee Galen decades flexible work scheduling increasingly has been introducedinto organizational permit them to integrate oftenconflicting demands the new system meshes with to improvements in productivity Organizational managements however have with an organization's humanresources Studies accidents thereby reducing costs and increasing requirements of coordination associated with hours is anincrease in employee job with flexible working hoursfor employees Flexible acquisition costsand to improved employee productivity Flexible work Clearly flextime has a positive impact on the night shift American Journal of Nursing Galen Michele Palmer Ann T Cuneo Alice Maremont Gilmour Allan D Union-management cooperation Labor LawJournal pp sleep and accidents related to Management Journal pp Jamal Muhammad Shift work pp Lussier Robert N September Should your organization useflextime Malina Deborah Y August Flexible worksolutions Small Business Nursing pp Thomas Linda T Thomas James E
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