NUCLEAR ENERGY IN ITALY.
Term Paper ID:20572
|
|
|
Essay Subject:
Public opinion, safety, impact of Chernobyl, design, types of reactors, regulations.... More...
|
6 Pages / 1350 Words
20 sources, 50 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$48.00
Return to List of Papers
|
Paper Abstract:
Public opinion, safety, impact of Chernobyl, design, types of reactors, regulations.
Paper Introduction:
Nuclear Energy in Italy
Following the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, an Italian referendum held in November of 1987 showed widespread opposition to all nuclear development. In response to this poll, Italy's government came out with a new National Energy Plan (PEN) in August 1988. The plan placed a 5 year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear plants and called for research into newer, safer designs that would one day allow nuclear power to return. Since PEN went into effect, nuclear energy technologies have progressed considerably. These advances, as well as other factors, may soon cause Italy to reevaluate its nuclear energy policy.
The public poll of 1987 rejected an array of propositions that either favored nuclear power or facilitated the siting of
Text of the Paper:
The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper.
came out witha new National Energy iii Since PEN went into effect nuclear energy technologieshave facilitated the siting of electricity operating plants and forced theconversion of a nearly matter of consideration The Italian national nuclear reactors which it claims could be built in Italy win public acceptance vi Past nuclear years vii The first nuclear electricity wasproduced have been involved inboth of this century's worst nuclear implemented primarily during the s was the boiling-water problems xiv It was just such a boiling-water design to which aturbine generator could support essential systems during On April operators began to permissible values and an error with respect to power began running down with the generator The result power within the Chernobyl light water reactor climbed to Island accidents basically involveda loss of coolant fires intense graphite fire developed Itwasn't until about a week after climb to over C This radioactive assaulton the the air its main route of ingestion by performed by theJapanese however found that survivors cancers than had been thought made that might haveprevented Unit from going critical noted that Russian reactors lacked suchthings reactors For example work being performed has addition Italy's National Committee for Nuclear Energyand seismic loads xxxii Other technological advances include development fluid systemsdesigned to mitigate the consequences of any accident thereby as liquid sodium or lead xxxvi encourage nuclearproliferation xxxvii Because of this the technology may not have greater potential foracceptance in Italy includes the modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor HTR reactors are the PIUS electricityproduction and SECURE heat production reactors cooling capability of this water is kept greater than plant's safety is assured xlii These new designs may help plants are expensive to build is economicallycompetitive with electricity generated by other demand trend from to Italy's future electricity consumption natural gas One constraintthough is the circumstances it seems almost inevitable that inthe years HTR in EEC Countries Nuclear Engineering and Design Appraisal London British Nuclear Energy Society Cross Michael Leave European Fast Breeder Reactor Programme Nature November Gadola Angelo Company Leny Jean-Claude The European Pressurized Reactor Scientific American Debru M Design of the EFR Transactions of the American Nuclear Society Pello P M L'infrastruttura Conversion March Smith D R Luckhurst D P Maccabee A and Cesium Human Internal Contamination in Italy Nuclear Energy Society Angelo Gadola Challenging Design Objectives and V Orlov Large-Scale Nuclear Power Breeding and InherentSafety Design and Control Characteristics of theRBMK Reactor In Appraisal London British Nuclear Energy Society Ibid Orlov P N in Italy Following the Chernobyl Event Radiation Protection Performed by ENEA Nuclear Technology February Reactor Programme Nature November Alison Abbott Germany Follows Britain in Japan's Fast Breeder New Scientist November Conversion March Ibid of showed widespread opposition to all nucleardevelopment i called forresearch into newer safer designs that would policy The public poll of to a halt Besides the five-year moratorium onconstruction the yearmoratorium fast approaching the subject Its primaryfocus has been to enhance the all practical purposes it becomes unconceivable circumstanceswhich are unlikely to arise again in the future Nuclear by fission into low cost though lightwater reactor designs have matured from the steam turbinesystem xiii Subsequently any leakage The meltdown happened at Chernobyl Unit xvii Theaccident occurred during inertial rundown to supply electricity to thereactor's fast was shut down the flow rate various reactor trips When an emergency stopvalve to the cycle whereby small changes inpower both thereactor core and its various surrounding structures xviii Both that followed the reactor core top During days ofthe disaster the insulating effects of material quickly xxii InItaly the main pollutant into Italy's food supply xxiii The the data do show that a given and Three Mile Island-type accidents be made negligible Following modifications may have also made the Russian safer can compare with some of therecent advances achieved reactors in pits that make installed at the base of by yet another annularprotective structure currently being evaluated is the EuropeanFast Reactor include that itis not economically competitive with thermal reactors and from their ownEFR development programs xxxviii A family which enhancesafety including simplified construction operation and maintenance heating desalinization plants etc xl thermohydraulics In the PIUS reactor forexample the entire core is automaticwater influx Thus by precluding the use of detection equipment TWh xliii Of this approximately xlv The electricity that Italyimports ofFrench electricity represents a drain on the Italian national economy the Italian government plans to reduceits power imports to the release of CO that must be addressed as Germany Follows Britain in Dumping Fast Breeder Nature The Chernobyl Accident Source Terms Crises Fuel Japan's Nuclear Industry New Scientist November Dickson David Nuclear Society Gray Mike Rosen Ira The Seismically Isolated Nuclear Reactors and Research and Development Work Performed Story New York Pergamon Press Orlov V Perspective on the Future of Power Generation and Transmission World Society Tarroni G Melandri C Battisti P Power Environmental Science Technology June Young J D Chernobyl of Modular HTR in EEC Countries Nuclear Technology June Mike Gray and Ira Rosen The Warning New Chernobyl The Real Story New York Pergamon Press Energy Society Ibid G Tarroni et al NewScientist November Martelli et al Development of EFR Transactions ofthe American Nuclear Society Orlov David Dickson in Italy NuclearEngineering International June Ibid Perspective on the Futur ofPower Generation Nuclear Energy in Italy Following the nuclear accident at Plan PEN in August ii The plan placed a year progressed considerably These advances as well as other factors generatingunits iv Its overall result was to bring completed facility to non-nuclear fuels v Despitethe utility ENEL is currently promoting theresults of its within thenext decade The idea is to make accidents although they may still weigh heavily inItaly's in The following decades brought a rapid expansion ofnuclear disasters i e Three Mile Islandand reactor xii In this type of nuclear reactor thereis thatcontributed to the devastating consequences at Chernobyl xv The a major blackout After cutting off steam supplies to one reduce power on one of Unit sturbogenerators Throughout the test control caused the reactor to operate atbelow minimum was adecrease in coolant flow through the reactor one-hundred times full power This catastrophic increase caused and explosions xix At Chernobyl the initialexplosion released fission the meltdown however that the atmosphere didn't abate until cooling nitrogen was injectedunderneath the core man was inhalation Later iodine of Hiroshima and Nagasaki sufferfrom a higher incidence of cancer previously xxv Such devastating effects xxvi These included additionalsafeguards such as as emergency core cooling and containment systems improved the ability of nuclearpower plants to Alternative Energies ENEA has recently performed work on seismicisolators of the new EuropeanPressurized Reactor EPR xxxiii This preventingradioactive leakage into the environment xxxiv Their futurein Europe however may be suitablefor Italy in fact Britain the small and medium-sizedreactors SMSNRs HTR technology could be employed for such things as small-scalepower xli These innovativedesigns are characterized by inherent or passive core power Inthe event that accident conditions make core cooling convince Italians that nuclearpower is Japan's Monju plant will cost about billion the cost of fuel sources i e coal hydraulic nuclear etc could continue to rise by environment xlviii For one Italy has stringentregulations regarding ahead Italy will be forced to reaffirm its Barabaschi Sergio PIUS on the Move in Simple Error Slows Down Japan's Challenging Design Objectives and Criteria for Future March FR Martelli A Forni M Indirli M Masoni P the American Nuclear Society Mould elettrica europea risultati raggiunti e R Design and Control Characteristics of the RBMK Following the Chernobyl Event Radiation Criteria forFuture Nuclear Plants in Italy Transactions of Transactions of the American Nuclear Chernobyl A Technical Appraisal London British Nuclear Energy Clough The Chernobyl Accident Source Terms Dosimetry Ibid Wilson Ibid Young Ibid Smith Ibid Jean-Claude Leny The European Pressurized Reactor ScientificAmerican March FR Dumping FastBreeder Nature December Albisu et al Ibid P M Pello L'infrastruttura elettrica europea risultatiraggiunti e problemi aperti In response to this poll Italy's government one day allow nuclear powerto return rejected an array of propositions that eitherfavored nuclear power or PEN also shut down three of Italian nuclear policy has onceagain become a safety characteristics of nuclear powerplants In this way ENEL hopes to technologies havebeen evolving for some power using steam andturbine technology ix These light water reactors somewhat in recent years One of the earliest designs from the core will generateradiation tests designed to determine the extent acting emergency cooling system ECCS insome of the main cooling pumps was allowed to exceed turbine being tested subsequently closed Unit s maincooling pumps ultimately produced increases in reactor power Within about fourseconds the Chernobyl and Three Mile was leftfully exposed to the atmosphere and an dumped on top of the sitecaused its temperature to was initially iodine Present in long-term consequences ofsuch radioactive pollution are generally unknown A study dose of radiation produces two tothree times the number of the disaster various recommendations were plant safer xxviii In a visiting British group towards improving the safety of new them safer by lowering their center ofgravity xxx In power plant structures act toreduce Its safety features include multiple EFR xxxv These liquid-metal breeder reactors typicallyemploy heavy coolants such also that itsrequirement for plutonium may act to of nuclear plants which may Oneexample of an SMSNR is Another new group of nuclear submerged in a large pool of borated water The andoperator action in core protection the wasimported xliv Although nuclear power from France cost about L kWh this Furthermore based on the electricity by burning more coal and well l Thus in light of these December Albisu F Market Prospects of Modular and Related Characteristics In Chernobyl A Technical Abbott Alison Britain Prepares to Warning New York W W Norton by ENEA Nuclear Technology February Mitchell C H V Large-Scale Nuclear Power Breeding and Inherent Safety Transactions of Wide The Italian Case IEEE Transactions on Energy Castellani C M Formignani M Rampa E Cesium The Accident Sequence In Chernobyl A Technical Appraisal London British Engineering and Design Gadola Albisu et al Ibid Gadola V York W W Norton Company D R Smith et al J D Young Chernobyl The Accident Sequence In Chernobyl ATechnical Cesium and Cesium Human InternalContamination Design Guidelines forSeismically Isolated Nuclear Reactors and Research andDevelopment Work and Alison Abbott Britain Prepares to LeaveEuropean Fast-Breeder Albisu et al Ibid Michael Cross Simple Error Slows Down and Transmission World Wide The ItalianCase IEEE Transactions on Energy Chernobyl an Italian referendumheld in November moratorium on the construction of new nuclear plants and may soon cause Italy to reevaluate its nuclear energy the commercial development ofnuclear power in Italy drastic nature of these effects though with the end of nuclear research and development programs the probability of a Chernobyl-type accidentreoccurring so remote that for national consciousness did actually result from power generation viii A typical nuclear plant converts hightemperatures produced Chernobyl x xi Despite their past record no heat exchanger to isolate radioactivity Ukraine's Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant contained four nuclearreactors xvi of the turbogenerators the plantoperators planned to use its normal safety procedures wereroutinely violated For example the ECCS levels These negligent actions culminated with plantpersonnel switching off that due to its particularconfiguration ultimately led to a vicious fuelfragmentation rapid steam generation and the destruction of products including iodine cesium andtellarium xx In the days majority ofradioactivity released into the environment occurred on day xxi Radioactive contamination due to Chernobyl spread wasreplaced by cesium and cesium These two isotopes becameincorporated xxiv While this is not a hugenumber mandate that the potential for a recurrenceof Chernobyl limit switches and trip protections xxvii A number ofdesign xxix However no attempt to make old nuclear reactors withstand earthquakes The resulting innovations includebuilding xxxi The ENEA has found that high-damping steel-laminatedelastomer bearings light water design consists of acylindrical double containment housing surrounded Yet another type of reactor be in doubt The EFR's drawbacks and Germany have both withdrawn xxxix These offer a variety of features generation and mid to high-temperature heat supply i e fordistrict safety features based onthe simple laws of gravity and inadequate theinherent characteristics of fluid mechanics and gravity cause an now safe In the country's electricityrequirements totalled the energyproduced by them is fairly reasonable xlvi The problem is that the importation perannum or more xlvii Currently SO and NOX emissions xlix In addition there areissues relating commitment to nuclearenergy Endnotes BibliographyAbbott Alison Italy Nuclear Engineering International June Clough P N Fast Breeder New Scientist November Cross Michael Nuclear Plants in Italy Transactions of the American et al Development of Design Guidelines for Richard F Chernobyl The Real problemi aperti Elettrotecnica July Salvaderi L An International Reactor In Chernobyl A Technical Appraisal London British Nuclear Energy Protection Dosimetry Wilson Richard The Future of Nuclear the AmericanNuclear Society F Albisu Market Prospects Society Ibid Richard Wilson The Future of Nuclear Power EnvironmentalScience Society Ibid Wilson Ibid Smith et al Richard F Mould and RelatedCharacteristics In Chernobyl A Technical Appraisal London British Nuclear Ibid Michael Cross Crises Fuel Japan's Nuclear Industry Ibid C H Mitchell and M Debru Design of the Sergio Barabaschi PIUS on the Move Elettrotecnica July Albisu et al Ibid L Salvaderi An International came out witha new National Energy iii Since PEN went into effect nuclear energy technologieshave facilitated the siting of electricity operating plants and forced theconversion of a nearly matter of consideration The Italian national nuclear reactors which it claims could be built in Italy win public acceptance vi Past nuclear years vii The first nuclear electricity wasproduced have been involved inboth of this century's worst nuclear implemented primarily during the s was the boiling-water problems xiv It was just such a boiling-water design to which aturbine generator could support essential systems during On April operators began to permissible values and an error with respect to power began running down with the generator The result power within the Chernobyl light water reactor climbed to Island accidents basically involveda loss of coolant fires intense graphite fire developed Itwasn't until about a week after climb to over C This radioactive assaulton the the air its main route of ingestion by performed by theJapanese however found that survivors cancers than had been thought made that might haveprevented Unit from going critical noted that Russian reactors lacked suchthings reactors For example work being performed has addition Italy's National Committee for Nuclear Energyand seismic loads xxxii Other technological advances include development fluid systemsdesigned to mitigate the consequences of any accident thereby as liquid sodium or lead xxxvi encourage nuclearproliferation xxxvii Because of this the technology may not have greater potential foracceptance in Italy includes the modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor HTR reactors are the PIUS electricityproduction and SECURE heat production reactors cooling capability of this water is kept greater than plant's safety is assured xlii These new designs may help plants are expensive to build is economicallycompetitive with electricity generated by other demand trend from to Italy's future electricity consumption natural gas One constraintthough is the circumstances it seems almost inevitable that inthe years HTR in EEC Countries Nuclear Engineering and Design Appraisal London British Nuclear Energy Society Cross Michael Leave European Fast Breeder Reactor Programme Nature November Gadola Angelo Company Leny Jean-Claude The European Pressurized Reactor Scientific American Debru M Design of the EFR Transactions of the American Nuclear Society Pello P M L'infrastruttura Conversion March Smith D R Luckhurst D P Maccabee A and Cesium Human Internal Contamination in Italy Nuclear Energy Society Angelo Gadola Challenging Design Objectives and V Orlov Large-Scale Nuclear Power Breeding and InherentSafety Design and Control Characteristics of theRBMK Reactor In Appraisal London British Nuclear Energy Society Ibid Orlov P N in Italy Following the Chernobyl Event Radiation Protection Performed by ENEA Nuclear Technology February Reactor Programme Nature November Alison Abbott Germany Follows Britain in Japan's Fast Breeder New Scientist November Conversion March Ibid of showed widespread opposition to all nucleardevelopment i called forresearch into newer safer designs that would policy The public poll of to a halt Besides the five-year moratorium onconstruction the yearmoratorium fast approaching the subject Its primaryfocus has been to enhance the all practical purposes it becomes unconceivable circumstanceswhich are unlikely to arise again in the future Nuclear by fission into low cost though lightwater reactor designs have matured from the steam turbinesystem xiii Subsequently any leakage The meltdown happened at Chernobyl Unit xvii Theaccident occurred during inertial rundown to supply electricity to thereactor's fast was shut down the flow rate various reactor trips When an emergency stopvalve to the cycle whereby small changes inpower both thereactor core and its various surrounding structures xviii Both that followed the reactor core top During days ofthe disaster the insulating effects of material quickly xxii InItaly the main pollutant into Italy's food supply xxiii The the data do show that a given and Three Mile Island-type accidents be made negligible Following modifications may have also made the Russian safer can compare with some of therecent advances achieved reactors in pits that make installed at the base of by yet another annularprotective structure currently being evaluated is the EuropeanFast Reactor include that itis not economically competitive with thermal reactors and from their ownEFR development programs xxxviii A family which enhancesafety including simplified construction operation and maintenance heating desalinization plants etc xl thermohydraulics In the PIUS reactor forexample the entire core is automaticwater influx Thus by precluding the use of detection equipment TWh xliii Of this approximately xlv The electricity that Italyimports ofFrench electricity represents a drain on the Italian national economy the Italian government plans to reduceits power imports to the release of CO that must be addressed as Germany Follows Britain in Dumping Fast Breeder Nature The Chernobyl Accident Source Terms Crises Fuel Japan's Nuclear Industry New Scientist November Dickson David Nuclear Society Gray Mike Rosen Ira The Seismically Isolated Nuclear Reactors and Research and Development Work Performed Story New York Pergamon Press Orlov V Perspective on the Future of Power Generation and Transmission World Society Tarroni G Melandri C Battisti P Power Environmental Science Technology June Young J D Chernobyl of Modular HTR in EEC Countries Nuclear Technology June Mike Gray and Ira Rosen The Warning New Chernobyl The Real Story New York Pergamon Press Energy Society Ibid G Tarroni et al NewScientist November Martelli et al Development of EFR Transactions ofthe American Nuclear Society Orlov David Dickson in Italy NuclearEngineering International June Ibid Perspective on the Futur ofPower Generation
If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again:
or
Click here to request an essay written just for you.
|
|
|
