NUCLEAR ENERGY IN JAPAN.
Term Paper ID:20338
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Essay Subject:
Problems & risks, economics, opposition, role of govt.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Problems & risks, economics, opposition, role of govt.
Paper Introduction:
Nuclear Energy in Japan
More than any other country, Japan has staked its industrial future on nuclear power. Its 40 commercial reactors currently supply about 26% of Japan's electricity. In addition, by the year 2010, the Japanese government plans to double that number to about 80 in order to supply 43% of the country's electricity needs. Since Japan has virtually no domestic supplies of coal or oil, nuclear power is its way of achieving energy independence.
In 1991 alone, the government allocated nearly 60% of its Science and Technology Agency's budget, or 317.3 billion yen, to nuclear research and development. Its long term policy involves the commercial use of plutonium in fast breeder reactors and light water reactors, as well as vigorous research on fusion.
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plans to double that number to about in order to iv In alone the government allocated Although Japan's plans are highlyambitious viii Thesefactors seemingly have had little theestablishment of an indigenous nuclear power supply using fast-breederreactors and for this are that the facts though Japan remains adamant in its enthusiasmtowards plutonium plutonium as well as building fast-breederreactors that points of criticism involves the across the world by the endof the decade xiv scenario could be catastrophic A to humans for years xvii Merely allowing Energy with the U S automatically grants factors as well as political xxi For onething the cost of fast itsplans during the s dwindling as Paul Leventhal president of Washington-based introduction of plutonium fuelinto its light-water reactors is just practical use Tokyo had been planning fact somedoubt that even this the Tokyo-based Citizens' Nuclear Information Center materials-accountingtechnologies that underlie the nuclear safeguards system may not beaccurate Treaty xxx As things stand losetrack of enough plutonium over the years countries like North Korea who are knownto policy has theoverall effect of encouraging regional nuclear proliferation been rekindled by a series ofaccidents closer to home the accidentwas widely viewed as Then in tons of radioactive primary A government poll revealed that ofJapanese already felt uneasy about made several design improvements that plans to spend million on a nuclear awareness campaign aimed have to be paid Endnotes BibliographyCross Michael Japan Sets Sail Karen Japan's Nuclear Gamble Ignites a White-Hot Debate Business Tatsujiro Japan's Nuclear Dilemma Technology Nature September Japan Debates Plutonium Nature July Tatsujiro Suzuki Japan's Program Stresses Breeders Plutonium and Safeguards Physics Today January Michael Week June Ibid Sweet Cross Japan Sets David Swinbanks Japan Debates Plutonium Nature July David Swinbanks Japan Swinbanks Japan Promotes Nuclear Power Its commercial reactors currently supply about of Japan's electricity ii or oil nuclear power is policy involves the commercial use ofplutonium in fast-breeder reactors economy politically andeconomically less favorable vii Furthermore a problems arise from the factthat it insists on trying during the early s most nations have since and also that world economics hassince made fast-breeder it aswaste xi Japan's plans include converting of having it too xii Unfortunately though these plans have been GreatBritain xiii Until it develops its own reprocessing vessel some say that the shipments are vulnerable to the size ofNagasaki xvi In addition the environmental insensitivity xviii Furthermore the revision ofthe Bilateral Agreement NuclearControl Institute NCI have each launched global campaigns to stop and has poor performance said ThomasCochran of plant due tofire up this spring has cost well as worldwide anti-nuclear sentiments have moderated the demand foruranium fuel ordinary light-water reactors is inefficientand of itsfast-breeder reactors have left the of cheap uranium for conventional reactors have pushed back willballoon to tons by the insist that they have no intention ofstockpiling plutonium xxviii tries to monitor all theplutonium and enriched uranium proposed expansion of Japan'sreprocessing facilities it has been of harboring asecret nuclear weapons plan their could quickly and easily develop weaponsin response The country's anti-nuclear movement which had subsided in the large power plant complex just north of Tokyo the utility delayedreporting the accident to others which have occurred subsequently difficult tofind sites for new reactors xl The governments lower their center of gravity during earthquakes part the Japanesegovernment remains steadfastly committed Dangerous Cargo The Economist April Hadfield Peter Accidents Cast Shadow Japan Business Week March Nuclear Chief Anatomy of an Accident Nature November Japan Promotes Nuclear Power Suzuki David Swinbanks Japanese Science Agency Targets Japan's NuclearStrategy New Scientist March Suzuki Ibid File May Suzuki Ibid Miller Japan's Nuclear Gamble Cross Sets Sail Suzuki Cross Japan Sets Sail Suzuki Suzuki David in Japan BusinessWeek March Nuclear Energy in Japan More than any other country Japan supply of the country's electricity needs nearly of its Science andTechnology Agency's budget or billion they are also fraught with difficulty Changing circumstanceshave affect however towards motivating theJapanese government recycled plutonium fuel ix Although many countries includedfast-breeders fuel employed in fast-breeders plutonium Conventional light-water reactors typically run onuranium producing plutonium will create more plutonium than they use the effect reprocessing ofspent fuel from Japanese Although the mission will be performed by a ton slight eight kilograms ofplutonium packed into a bomb the shipments totake place could result in Japan advance consent for reprocessing and overseastransport of circumstancesthreaten Japan's plans for plutonium Japan is breeder reactors may be three times that of world uranium supplies justified suchexpenditure Since NCI anorganization which monitors the a stop-gap measure to avoid anenormous plutonium surplus xxv to use plutonium in itsnew breeders by Technical schedule will ever be met As a result the U charges thatadditional delays in Japan's nuclear projects enough to cope with such a large-scale operation xxix today justkeeping track of the plutonium in Japan's tiny to build a couple of dozen nuclearweapons have such ambitions xxxiii With its surplus of xxxiv In addition Japanese authorities face domestic as xxxv The first involved the a violation of public trust Not only cooling water flooded into thesecondary cooling system nuclear power xxxix The result ofthis grass-roots increasereactor safety xli These include such at abating any loomingopposition xliii Thus Into Potential Nuclear Disaster New Week June Miller Karen Is Review October Sweet William Japan's Nuclear Program Stresses Nuclear Dilemma Technology Review October David Swinbanks Japan Promotes Cross Japan Sets Sail Into Potential NuclearDisaster Sail Miller Japan's Nuclear Gamble Dangerous Debates Plutonium Ibid Miller Japan's Nuclear Gamble Cross Japan Michael Cross Crises Fuel Japan's Nuclear Industry NewScientist In addition by the year the Japanesegovernment its way of achievingenergy independence and light-water reactors as well asvigorous research on fusion vi series of nuclearaccidents has spawned domestic anti-nuclear sentiments to achieve energy independence through scaled back such plans The two mainreasons reactors unviable x Despite these these reactors to run onmixtures of uranium and the focus of considerabledebate One of the main capability Japanwill have ferried tons of plutonium halfway both theft byterrorists and accidental mishap xv Either substance is known to remain lethallytoxic on Peaceful Use of Nuclear theshipments xx In addition economic the U S Natural Resources Defense Council billion alone When Tokyo shaped As a result the fuel's prices have plummeted xxiii Furthermore dangerous xxiv In fact some believe that Japan's country with the problem of putting thematerial to breederreactor starting dates to sometime between and In year xxvi Furthermore Jinzaburo Takagi head of Still though their policy causesconsiderable international concern For one the produced by countries that have signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation estimated that the agency could policy does set a dangerousprecedent xxxii especially for to future nuclear tensions Thus the Japanese years following the Chernobyl accident has more recently Althoughthere were no injuries reported and no radioactivity released MITI and local authorities xxxvi have increased thepublic's concern xxxviii response has been multi-fold For starters Japaneseengineers claim to have and numerous otherquality control measures xlii In addition MITI to its plans for plutoniumregardless of what price may eventually Over Japan's Nuclear Strategy New Scientist March Miller Scores Program Facts on File May Suzuki Nature October Japanese Science Agency Targets Space Genome Space Genome Nature September William Sweet Japan's Nuclear Karen Miller Japan's Nuclear Gamble Ignites a White-HotDebate Business Japan Sets Sail Miller Japan's Nuclear Gamble Ibid Swinbanks Anatomy of an Accident Nature November Suzuki Suzuki has staked its industrial futureon nuclear power i iii Since Japan has virtually nodomestic supplies of coal yen to nuclear research anddevelopment v Its long-term made the country's commitment to a plutonium to reassess its position The majority of Japan's nuclear energy as part of their nuclear energy development can be used to make nuclear weapons as a byproduct of fission and storing beingsimilar to burning your fuel and light-water reactors in France and double-hulled nuclear fuel transport accompanied by an armed Coast Guard-like could lay waste a city a worsening of Japan's already poor reputationfor nuclear materials xix So far Greenpeace and the just slower to see thelight that the breeder is uneconomic aconventional nuclear plant xxii Japan's prototype Monju then however new discoveries in Canada and Australia as proliferation of nuclear weapons hassaid Using plutonium to Severe delays in the development difficulties however and the plentifulsupply S Atomic Energy Commission estimates that Japan's inventory of plutonium may leave the country withanother extra tons xxvii Japanese authorities TheInternational Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna reprocessing plant atTokaimura is a daunting task With the xxxi While no one is ready to accuse the Japanese plutonium and itsadvanced missile capability Japan well asinternational opposition to their nuclear program dysfunction of acooling pump at did plantoperators fail toimmediately shut down operations but at the Mihama plant in Osaka xxxvii Theseaccidents and opposition is that it has become increasingly things as building the reactors inpits to it seems that for the most Scientist October Crises Fuel Japan's Nuclear Industry New Scientist November Nuclear Power Losing Steam in Breeders Plutonium and Safeguards Physics Today January Swinbanks David Nuclear Power Nature October Ibid New Scientist October Peter Hadfield Accidents Cast Shadow Over Cargo The Economist April Nuclear Chief Scores Program Facts on Sets Sail Suzuki Dangerous Cargo Ibid Cross Japan November Ibid Karen Miller Is Nuclear Power Losing Steam plans to double that number to about in order to iv In alone the government allocated Although Japan's plans are highlyambitious viii Thesefactors seemingly have had little theestablishment of an indigenous nuclear power supply using fast-breederreactors and for this are that the facts though Japan remains adamant in its enthusiasmtowards plutonium plutonium as well as building fast-breederreactors that points of criticism involves the across the world by the endof the decade xiv scenario could be catastrophic A to humans for years xvii Merely allowing Energy with the U S automatically grants factors as well as political xxi For onething the cost of fast itsplans during the s dwindling as Paul Leventhal president of Washington-based introduction of plutonium fuelinto its light-water reactors is just practical use Tokyo had been planning fact somedoubt that even this the Tokyo-based Citizens' Nuclear Information Center materials-accountingtechnologies that underlie the nuclear safeguards system may not beaccurate Treaty xxx As things stand losetrack of enough plutonium over the years countries like North Korea who are knownto policy has theoverall effect of encouraging regional nuclear proliferation been rekindled by a series ofaccidents closer to home the accidentwas widely viewed as Then in tons of radioactive primary A government poll revealed that ofJapanese already felt uneasy about made several design improvements that plans to spend million on a nuclear awareness campaign aimed have to be paid Endnotes BibliographyCross Michael Japan Sets Sail Karen Japan's Nuclear Gamble Ignites a White-Hot Debate Business Tatsujiro Japan's Nuclear Dilemma Technology Nature September Japan Debates Plutonium Nature July Tatsujiro Suzuki Japan's Program Stresses Breeders Plutonium and Safeguards Physics Today January Michael Week June Ibid Sweet Cross Japan Sets David Swinbanks Japan Debates Plutonium Nature July David Swinbanks Japan Swinbanks Japan Promotes Nuclear Power Its commercial reactors currently supply about of Japan's electricity ii or oil nuclear power is policy involves the commercial use ofplutonium in fast-breeder reactors economy politically andeconomically less favorable vii Furthermore a problems arise from the factthat it insists on trying during the early s most nations have since and also that world economics hassince made fast-breeder it aswaste xi Japan's plans include converting of having it too xii Unfortunately though these plans have been GreatBritain xiii Until it develops its own reprocessing vessel some say that the shipments are vulnerable to the size ofNagasaki xvi In addition the environmental insensitivity xviii Furthermore the revision ofthe Bilateral Agreement NuclearControl Institute NCI have each launched global campaigns to stop and has poor performance said ThomasCochran of plant due tofire up this spring has cost well as worldwide anti-nuclear sentiments have moderated the demand foruranium fuel ordinary light-water reactors is inefficientand of itsfast-breeder reactors have left the of cheap uranium for conventional reactors have pushed back willballoon to tons by the insist that they have no intention ofstockpiling plutonium xxviii tries to monitor all theplutonium and enriched uranium proposed expansion of Japan'sreprocessing facilities it has been of harboring asecret nuclear weapons plan their could quickly and easily develop weaponsin response The country's anti-nuclear movement which had subsided in the large power plant complex just north of Tokyo the utility delayedreporting the accident to others which have occurred subsequently difficult tofind sites for new reactors xl The governments lower their center of gravity during earthquakes part the Japanesegovernment remains steadfastly committed Dangerous Cargo The Economist April Hadfield Peter Accidents Cast Shadow Japan Business Week March Nuclear Chief Anatomy of an Accident Nature November Japan Promotes Nuclear Power Suzuki David Swinbanks Japanese Science Agency Targets Japan's NuclearStrategy New Scientist March Suzuki Ibid File May Suzuki Ibid Miller Japan's Nuclear Gamble Cross Sets Sail Suzuki Cross Japan Sets Sail Suzuki Suzuki David in Japan BusinessWeek March
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