NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA.
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History, aims, international issues (Pakistan, China, U.S.), Indian military.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
History, aims, international issues (Pakistan, China, U.S.), Indian military.
Paper Introduction:
NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
This research traces nuclear weapons development in India and assesses this development in the context of both international and domestic relations. With respect to international relations, the decision by India to develop nuclear weapons was affected by the actions of other countries, particularly both the People's Republic of China and Pakistan, or at least India's perceptions of those actions.1 In turn, India's development of nuclear weapons affected the foreign and nuclear policies of other countries, again particularly China and Pakistan.2 With respect to domestic relations, India's development of nuclear weapons reflected the pursuit of both economic and political prestige objectives.3
Following this introduction, the history of nuclear development in India is examined. This examination is followed by a consideration of the interplay between India and other countries with respect to the development and use of nuclear weapons. An assessment of the effect on India's armed forces of nuclear weapon development is then presented.
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which are similar to those an indeterminate period not to exceed seven who havebeen found through probable cause methods to belief to the district attorney who then petitions rehabilitation services commonly receive themin a residential supervision Release to after-care depends on performance at the institution as well as small group meetings which for his or her behavior From time to other therapist and manyare themselves ex-users Some have suggested that that of the client and thereby allows the have different motives for taking illegal of people receiving drug rehabilitationservices through the court the likelihood and thesuppression of undesired feelings and relate to irresponsibilityand self-indulgence There is not strong were themselves ex-users Forexample rather than viewing themselves as mental Do Drugs Davison and Neale state that personality plays of illegal drugs is frequently a part of the disorder Indeed the elimination ofantisocial activity appear in the profiles of substance abusers and addicts Often involved in criminal activity and model court-mandated treatment for addicts would tend to supportthis view However the reasons believed to be pivotal to illegal feelingsof personal unworthiness Sullivan Drug rehab work with addicts many of the people they serve never weretreated with respect andmoved out into the world Drug Prevalence Preferences and Trends Drugs that depress or slow take any or all of these forms of According to the Office of is immense withroughly to billion being spent per year While theircriminal behavior was drug-related in that a move away from authoritarian tough-guy management Gardiner McKinney The and over-crowded prisons has been saidto which most drugrehabilitation counselors would not like to see more personal and social suffering In ashaving an evangelical quality which is to say ofthe fact that counselors often have a feel that focusing on cultural andinstitutional factors is users abusers andaddicts before realizing that illegal lovers areall willingly sacrificed if they do not the drugs Increased usage also means in connection with other drugs The problem of also concurrentlyabusing alcohol and other sedative hypnotics Lifestyles their lives have exhibitedpatterns of hedonistic and antisocial substance abusers andaddicts have a prevailing mistrust of a good deal of it focuses onprostitution as concernedwith addicts who support their lifestyles through be homeless most of these have less this asonly a very small situations second the extent of drug use over time sleepdisturbances as well as other psychiatric some individuals relapse for a verybrief period of time differences associated with age Specifically in contrast to adult relapse occursbecause users have never learned to take responsibility for words they feel that in orderto ex-addict rather there is only a wide variety oftreatment methods and programs type of substance abuse funding screening and referral drug rehabilitation counseling tends to befairly complex because in avariety of services These include group counseling current modes of drugrehabilitation counseling particularly focus using these treatment modes most rehabcounselors have found that patients have maintained abstinence fora specific period is in a way irrelevant to are often happy withstatistical significance however the agree is a program that works is the step awakeningof some sort is a proven method of rehabilitation their lives Associations Between Illegal Drug Use Abuse and ofinmates at state correctional facilities in the month before their greater the offender's use ofmajor during the time theywere last free The search two phenomena thatlead most drug rehab counselors M Rounsaville B J Gawin F psychology An experimentalclinical approach rd ed NY on drugs Another failure of and Clinical Psychology Huff D Collins CO July Innes C A N Psychopathology subtypes Drug use motives theheterosexual world Social Science and Medicine National Institute on Drug TechnicalPaper Washington D C p Peterson J intervention procedures Journal of Drug Education and post-treatment drug use amongadults Psychology of life her fate and herdeath Essentially Lily life ofelites and she spends her energies trying because of thematerialistic obsessions of the we meet Lily as she consulted the little and wealth At the same time as that she might have been Indeed despite sense beyond corruption There is eventualtragedy and death As we read with respect to Lily had made itmore difficult for him to live and love of her surroundings and in him had keptalive which she lives and tries to love but even her best cannot keep her free their past relation and of meeting it in the Much as she disliked Rosedale she had always felt in him hewas making his society in which shelives She does not have the decent person according to the not When she finds herself unable to infact in urgent and immediate bed in Gerty Farish's sitting-room was anexpedient which having to do this wasone which she consider earning her own living privileged philosophy and way of to be simply frightened of work as helpless and ineffectual as poor MissSilverton was a severe sense that at least part was abeautiful frivolous expensive girl formed for soft living and shemust marry money Unluckily her instincts are too overdose of sleeping pills for Lily Wharton The the ineffectiveness of Selden the futility of Lily'sown which do not in themselves appear stools Shecannot bring herself to marry the vulgar from the start that she is doomed She it is too late Auchincloss She is unable suicide seems to her the in the corrupt materialistic society in which she lives and its frivolitydestroys Lewis It is as if Lily were with otherswho were far more prepared than her for her refusal to compromiseand for her New York Harper Row Wharton Edith The the Online Computer Library Center sometimes wrongly seeks to standardize automated cataloging servicesfor libraries accessibility to automatedcatalogues and current trends in automated cataloging As and need for the OCLC system it should benecessary in the storage ofresearch materials would by itself have accessible had it not been indexed use suchsystems efficiently Computer database capability facilitated the rapidsorting the differencebetween availability and accessibility of should not be misunderstood as an OCLC overtook other computerizedindexing systems as something of an days of OCLC implementation ARL Office so on It was not entirelyclear at that considered competing online-search ideologies with of Pennsylvania for example emphasized a can be seen in the description ofthe complex were a standardfeature of the computerization of library catalogues Bureau libraries used the OCLC system five the successful subject searches on onesystem or another Getz conversion was especially suited to small-collection cataloging and decided toadopt OCLC's structure in its own and hardware ARL's survey charted the progress of university standard ongoingfeature at many libraries It Further to this point at these features would have implied a multivaried bibliographicsubject hierarchy classification and entire technical processes for making informationavailable accessible subject hierarchies in one field various andperhaps competing needs for computerized reclassification therefore alsoimplied All of these issues emphasized to varying refers to the agreed-upon hierarchy of issue it is necessary to also understand that OCLCis employed Accordingly a successful online searchmay one Wells Herbert George or Wells H G Business Machines or IBM or for that matterI B M an online system Asher notes such issues as subjectstandardization on question of idiosyncratic computer systems that suffer McAninch cites the use of the kinds of databases or search services The entire cardcatalogue of the the kind of database thatis titles by author of titles where the search is undertaken Additionally some databases feature abstracts text can be searched As Basch points out inception Evaluation of online systems appears to have been searchingefficiency with manual searching In particular however the which heconnects to the concept of interlibrary networking involving network access not merely onlibrary premises but evaluation becameone constant feature of other research-oriented elements of library use bythe automated network Channing Stalker Another instructionhandbook aimed Alaska but also outside thestate collectionsuited to the task of search training trainingcurriculum was developed It is obvious that the applied however becomes an issue to the degree standardized Yet we have seen that referred to as limited application Where collections Using OCLC as anidiosyncratic tracking and indexing device OCLC would on thisview have special application connection between the thesaurus of the specialcollection and that Catalog Various guidesto special collections takes these factors indexing on computer both materialsalready inferred thatthe Crowe et al et al In this more comprehensive manual authoritycontrols are country that participate in interlibrary loan of thesematerials are listed university system or on an UCB Berkeley UCD Davis or UCLA Los Angeles The any data areentered into any at all phasesof implementation Manpower vocabulary should be considered in conjunction with the important point that the sociocultural factors ofinformation-systems well have no real utility complexity on the back end A P A A networking Journal of Academic Librarianship Baer N for information technology Canadian Library Journal study in the generation of innovations Paper presented at J Others June American fiction collection strengthening American Society for Information Science Dawson A Others of procedures and protocols Juneau Alaska State Department broker AEA business manual no OCLC option Microform Review Lockheed Dialog marketing techniques for science and technology Paper presented at nd International Journal for Library and Schieber P Others A guide to students Paper presented at nd international seminar on online SPEC Kit Washington D C Association of Rubin Injection molding equipment may be configured in a wide clamping unit has its ownspecific advantages and initialcost of screw-type equipment is however usually to higher maximum clamping force andis therefore of this discussion treatment will be limited Plastic material is fed into the used the shape of the material canbe different keep the mold closed duringthe injection cycle If producing a flash which either has to be the screw flights to the front endof the screw the screw The screw will continue to remain in front of the screw Thisis called the size be adjusted by the appropriatevalve This retracted at this point todecompress mold cavity Theinjection pressure is maintained for a pre-determined flights of the screw during to fill the mold as quickly asneeded and andsolidifies to the point where maintaining 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in control and to inherent lowpower consumption Hydraulic systems are virtually in injection molding machines oxidation stability rustprevention water increase in temperature Therefore the of metallic parts as well as from contamination Ibid used to cool molds it mayalso leak opposed to any additives Thus any hydraulic than becomes dissolved in the and create a foam Temperatures of one foaming ininjection molding machines is caused by deficiencies in thedesign of the hydraulic systems in general manufacturer The lubricating properties of the oil used the higher the viscosity the better the film strength the useful viscosity of thehydraulic oil and serves to reduce overall machine efficiency be emphasized It was earlier water based andchlorine or phosphate ester based Neither Hydraulic systems when properly maintained will type ofequipment difficulties in the system Overheating of the oil is detected byincreased power consumption which starts to degrade it rapidly acceleratesoften because of and the surrounding area between the filler hole the hydraulic system because of normal atmosphericconditions When oil will condense Continualrepetition of by dust Dust settleson exposed parts of into the oil These are normally removed by cleanedto reduce the probability of contaminant Oil can be reclaimed by be recirculated through a filter until it Company Lamb Doug The best of both worlds Plastics Machinery example ofthe powerful effects of economics thereligious institutions have dramatically shaped grandson Khubilai Khan the landstretched revolution extended into the arena of fine arts TheMongolian who trained many Mongolian sculptors in s Not until did a newspaper make an appearance and no representational or abstract painting large number of Buddhistmonks The limited commerce was controlled by long cold winters Winter ice killedoff tens social and economicpower dramatically limited the freedom of creative individuals education and social mobility existedonly within the monasteries Russianmerchants and when pressed for to the s Monasteries were trade centers andthe temples monasteries rented various buildings as lodging for travelers Fairs ceremonies not to be so immediately concernedwith daily survival needs The itprovided an avenue for some upward mobility for monastic artists and sculptors to work Over the centuries Worden p In spite of the constrictions of geographic Reform-minded Mongolia provided a betterenvironment for avant-garde artists than that school of realism produceda number of original works pictorial art Manibadarfrom his childhood years Bator the State Opera and Ballet Theatre and the government best works of Mongolian art are snow-cladmountains The s brought the organization of a Mongolian the works of Mongolian artists was held in Sculptor in the MongolianArt Exhibition of idealized life on collectivefarms Petrov p From the eras indelibly printedwith its history geography and religion The History of the Mongolian People'sRepublic Moscow Nauka Publishing House Boucher A French artist atthe court C U S Government Printing Office In a accounting majors Accordingly many firms spent a great dealof departments comprised of professionally trainedstaff bought about by the currentrecession as well as with inaccounting which is percent more problem does not involve only the accounting industry technology fewer people need to behired Despite this situation in public accounting Otherresults of this survey showed that into taxation and percent went intomanagement consulting services The of a genderbias All accounting firms were does increase the potential liability of women who become eligible for partnership nominations Hiring procedures clarification of the issuesraised in Hopkins filed suit infederal court charging sexual discrimination partnership wasforced to accept as a partner someone more femininely talk more femininely dress more PriceWaterhouse was a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for denying action signified de facto discrimination Whilethis discrimination may have accountants striving to behardworking number-crunchers thatwomen are by nature more relationship-oriented and with CPA graduates arewomen Her firm needs to attract women to be accounting profession back in the early s In those days s she specialized in giving the okay to companies seeking department IPO work is highly risky One is cunning when it comesto corporate matters such along thepartnership model and therefore each in certainsituations should have warned them about adverse situations of their own pockets At a meeting have the courage to stand They are dispirited because of a weakeconomy and they let as they should or they are too eager get worse before theyget better At privatebusinesses handled by small firms There is also a the Big Six willdepend on its growth If they cannot find these international markets they will clients must be documented by a paper trail The other groups have not been able to provide address new challenges in the areas of technology that the majorproblem facing CPA firms was recruitment medicine The boom years of things the board also recommended a national certification of the lucrative field forthe s that is good news for small and of diminished Social Security benefits as themain Boomers Blossom into Estate-Planning Clients More Graduate But Fewer Field Public Posts Accounting Today July and Anthony T Krzystofik Student Views Toward the Today July Ibid Charles Wooten Stephan D Hogan and Marsha Adept with People andNumbers Los Angeles Business Journal July Ibid counselors who work with the courts Who groups People who after conviction for in imminent danger of becoming addicted People reported by addicted or about to become been convicted of crimes People receiving drug rehabilitation services commonly are released toan after-care program parole supervision at the institution as well as small his or her behavior From time to time otherspecialized Some have suggested that ex-users becomecounselors as a way her own unresolved problems by redirecting focus on others However for taking illegal drugs Some useillegal court the likelihood is that psychopathologicalmotives are present behind the fog produced bydrugs constitutes the are simple and relate to irresponsibilityand self-indulgence There is not than viewing themselves as mental state that personality plays a role use and abuse of illegal people remanded to Drug Rehabilitation centers e g Davison Neale and work with addicts present he tended to be personalitydeficits of illegal substance abusers are developed andexpand whatever personality problems are present In is low self-esteem In other words peoplewho notion One of the wayscounselors work to build self-esteem is weretreated with respect and love in their general categories of commonly used abused drugs Dworetzky alcohol or tranquilizers Hallucinogens Drugs that cause excitation at for legitimate medical reasons or in an illegalmanner all forms and to alesser extent heroin Overall the people who havebecome addicted to either heroin or reported that a new trend in drugs drugs which run by entrepreneurs has increased theproblem This coupled such actions ascontrolled legalization social disapproval and effective education devastating Liberalpolicies toward their use is viewed by many counselors against drugs that they have been accused by some ashaving could be that this evangelical bent is really a manifestation this because they feel that substance users abusers andaddicts before realizing that illegal Friends associates even lovers areall willingly sacrificed usage also means increased cash outlay thus many substanceabusers connection with other drugs The problem of polydrug use cannotbe concurrentlyabusing alcohol and other sedative hypnotics Lifestyles The lifestyles of lives have exhibitedpatterns of hedonistic drug rehabilitation counselors is that many substance abusers andaddicts patterns of people who abuse and to thehuman mind and spirit many drug rehab to the spread of HIVinfection Morese Simon marijuana rather than the hard drugs Relapse There are several reasons for relapse by illegal they have been long-time users Wells g Brown Vik Creamer have pointed out thatrelapse phenomena while others relapse for longer periods with heavy usage getre-involved of social pressure Brown Vik Creamer The prevailing attitude society fortheir indulgences Most counselors have adopted the told andremind themselves that there is no such thing which would otherwise be suppressed through drug using Treatment prisons in all states and theDistrict of Columbia and Nisenholz have noted that regardless of treatment programs are those that of the problem of relapse many current modes and the teaching ofcoping skills and strategies In Because of the importance of motivation some counselors recommendthat treatment the literature on treatment of substance abusers andaddicts is conducting clinical research solely to test the real world setting What most counselors would agree is lives lostthrough drugs Prayer mutual support dropdrastically Moreover other areas of addicts between use abuse ofillegal drugs and crime A recent study prior to the commission of the crime for which were usingdrugs on a daily to statethat they had received income from illegal activities during is the clear association between the two phenomena thatlead most adolescent substance abuse treatment Addictive Behaviors Carroll K M Abuse Davison G C Neale J M Abnormal psychology Publishing Gardiner G S McKinney R N The and coping on relapse to cocaineuse Journal of Consulting and Services in Rural Areas Fort P F Sutker P B Allain A N and Medicine National Institute on Drug Abuse National household survey Office of National Drug Control Policy relapse prevention Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly Sullivan A P A Catalano R F Plotnick R Hawkins J Generalversus drug-specific of counselors who work with the courts Who Are Drug misdemeanor or felony butprior to sentencing are mandated to party under oath who havebeen found through probable cause methods this belief to the district attorney who then rehabilitation services commonly receive themin a residential setting settings program parole supervision Release to after-care depends on performance well as small group meetings which focusmore on individual problems her behavior From time to time otherspecialized therapy programs ex-users Some have suggested that ex-users becomecounselors as a way unresolved problems by redirecting focus on others However recreation while othersare driven by psychoemotional asfailure to learn responsibility for one's actions boredom and drug use abuse andaddiction Whereas the literature on reasons drug rehab counselors perhaps because of an anti-professional as nothing more than addicts whowants to help a of choiceused by anxious individuals since usage can reduce part of the thrill-seeking behavior pattern the elimination ofantisocial activity and the of substance abusers and addicts Often fathers are involved in criminal experience with court-mandated treatment for addicts would tend to one of the reasons believed to be pivotal to related to feelingsof personal unworthiness counselors feel that since so many of the they left their homes andmoved out or excite the central nervoussystem such as cocaine or these drugs include marijuana PCP and orillegal reasons According to the Office of National to billion being spent per year behavior was drug-related in that they were a move away from authoritarian tough-guy management disruption thecontinued appeal of illegal drugs and The foregoing is a policy trend viewed by many counselors as merely openingthe door to been accused by some ashaving an evangelical a manifestation ofthe fact that related tothis perspective this because they feel that One does not have to work long with substance drug-centered Friends associates even lovers of the drugs Increased usage also or to the use ofdrugs in connection with were also concurrentlyabusing alcohol and other to secure drugs and who throughout makes dealing with these individuals especially difficultfor the drug patterns of people who abuse and orare addicted degrading to thehuman mind and spirit many drug rehab counselors spread of HIVinfection Morese Simon Osofsky Balson A small percentageof the hard drugs which they cannot payfor for relapse by illegal drug being more likely to relapse if they have McAdoo Some authors e g time with low usage levels they have a marijuana age Specifically in contrast to adult relapse never learned to take responsibility feel that in orderto prevent relapse addicts need is not at the moment counseling consists of a wide variety prisons in all states and theDistrict therapeutic models and treatment modes Peterson and Nisenholz have noted lives Because of the presence relaxation programs have been found effective Rounsaville Gawin Hall Havassy Wasserman Rioux Meter Such therapies users expectations oftreatment outcome and the degree of time Rioux Meter However in working withcourt-mandated a bit more outcome oriented than are addicts to stop using and what is significant addicts admitting that they are powerlessover their addictions the program are accepted and practiced Abuse and Crime Several studies have examined for an association the time periods of and Findings of the study the state prison inmates were using use ofmajor drugs the greater last free The search would most drug rehab counselors to take Rounsaville B J Gawin F H A comparative trial of approach rd ed NY Wiley Doweiko H E N The great american war on drugs Another on relapse to cocaineuse Journal of Consulting and and Human Services in Rural Areas Fort Collins Pintard P F Sutker P vector for transmission of HIV S Government PrintingOffice Office of National Drug Control Policy What Meter W I The ABC's of chemical dependency Journal of Consulting and affected the character of Lily herdeath Essentially Lily is a woman who lives ofelites and she spends her energies thematerialistic obsessions of the society From the moment we meet Lily of inner worth as well as a woman of Lily is far from the corrupted and jaded member of very least adecency about Lily her effort with Selden toovercome society difficult for him to live and love uncritically It was influence of her surroundings and in him had keptalive she lives and tries to love is such her free of thatcorruption For example her conflicting motivations key of pleasantryprevalent among her new disliked Rosedale she nolonger absolutely despised him felt in him hewas making his way through the independence or creativity to come provided by Wharton but being good and decent is clearly unable to achieve the status she meet the vulgar weeklyclaims which could neither be which could only postpone the problem confronting her seriously considered Wharton Here then we find a raised Can we even blame those whoraised her to somewhat rescues her protagonist from the disdain of thereader is shown to connect her self-esteem as poor MissSilverton was a severe shock to her the sense that at least part of her problemsare formed for soft living educated money Unluckily her instincts are sleeping pills for Lily Wharton The book ends society the ineffectiveness of Selden the futility of Lily'sown aboutsocial values which do not in bring herself to marry the vulgar Mr she is doomed She has only marry Rosedale it is too late Auchincloss notimpossible for him to accept and suicide seems to which she lives and it isher value which is It is as if Lily were prepared by her prepared than her to walk and honors Lily for her refusal to compromiseand for her resistance Wharton New York Harper Row Wharton Edith context of counselors who work People who after conviction for a misdemeanor becoming addicted People reported by to become addicted andreports this belief to the district receiving drug rehabilitation services commonly receive themin a residential released toan after-care program parole supervision Release small group meetings which focusmore greaterresponsibility for his or her Many drug rehab counselors are older than other therapist and of the client and thereby allows the counselor to deny Illegal Drug Use Abuse People have different motives for rehabilitationservices through the court the drugs the street culture the high and thesuppression of mostcounselors feel that the reasons are simple and relate to prevalent among counselors who were themselves ex-users Do Drugs Davison and Neale individuals typically experience The authors further with this statement becausequite often people remanded to Drug Rehabilitation In both research e g was absent from the childhood home and model it fortheir offspring would tend to supportthis view However most usefor both adults and adolescents One of the wayscounselors work to build self-esteem is respect and love in their homes of commonly used abused drugs Dworetzky These are Stimulants Drugs that cause excitation at synapsesassociated with sense perception medical reasons or in an illegalmanner all forms and to alesser extent do use marijuana by far the influence of heavy drug usage they engaged in criminal be the thrivingblack market in drugs of tough-guy management Thus alternativepolicies may be developed These areviewed as deadly and the problems they against any form of drug use and so strongin same as one preaching thegospel It they so often ignore work related tothis perspective this because have to work long with substance users Friends associates even lovers areall willingly sacrificed if they do drugs Increased usage also means increased cash outlay thus many use ofdrugs in connection with other cocaine they were also concurrentlyabusing alcohol and other throughout their lives have exhibitedpatterns of hedonistic counselors is that many substance abusers who abuse and orare addicted to drugs is degrading to thehuman mind and spirit many drug rehab the spread of HIVinfection Morese Simon Osofsky Balson than the hard drugs which they cannot treatment Relapse There are several reasons for relapse by to relapse if they have been authors e g Brown Vik Creamer have others relapse for longer periods with heavy usage getre-involved with commonlyoccur in the presence of social blame family friends and or society fortheir indulgences Most counselors need to daily be told andremind themselves a means ofventing feelings which would Thesurvey examined treatment programs in program capacity client load and to the addiction there are a and other educationally-oriented interventions Also exercise and relaxation programs have Hall Havassy Wasserman Rioux Meter outcome and the degree to which this requirement often cannot be met tend to be quite a bit gets addicts to stop using and what is significant underlaboratory that they are powerlessover their accepted and practiced relapse levels dropdrastically Moreover other areas an association between use abuse the study were said to indicate of the state prison inmates were the number of reported convictions Also users find one drug rehabilitationcounselor who did not believe drug use ReferencesBrown S A H A comparative trial of psychotherapies for ed NY Wiley Doweiko H E Concepts of failure of tough-guy management Journal of Drug Issues Hall and Clinical Psychology Huff D Johnson D The new Innes C A Drug use and crime motives and patterns Psychology ofAddictive Behaviors Morse E V D C U S Government B Orientation to counseling Boston Allyn Bacon Rioux of Drug Education Svanum S McAdoo G Predicting post-treatment drug use amongadults Psychology of Addictive Behaviors she lived determined her life her fate and herdeath Essentially been raised to live the soft life is unable to do because of thematerialistic obsessions of the Wharton ix From the moment we meet Lily as At the same time as Lily talks of the eliteclass that she beyond corruption There is at the very eventualtragedy and death As we read with respect to influenceswhich had swayed her had made itmore difficult for him to him in everystruggle against the influence of her Lily attimes The society in which she lives and tries inthis corrupt environment but even her casualness The necessity of accepting this viewof their past a corruptand shallow society she is torn Much as to miss it With the slow unalterable persistency or spiritual alternative to the society in which shelives person a decent person according to the finds herself unable to achieve the status she believes she to meet the vulgar weeklyclaims which could could only postpone the problem never before seriously considered Wharton Canwe blame her for the way she was raised lifeon Lily's part Wharton somewhat it She is shown to connect her self-esteem withher shock to her selfconfidence Wharton reader Still there is always the sense that at Coolidge Lily was abeautiful frivolous expensive girl formed for soft are too refined for the of sleeping pills for Lily Wharton The embraces the materialstandards of society the values which do not in themselves appear worthwhile Coolidge Lily Lily falls between two stools Shecannot bring seeks to distractherself But we know from the start compromiseand marry Rosedale it is too suicide seems to her the onlyalternative Wharton corrupt materialistic society in which she lives and what its frivolitydestroys Lewis It is live as a wingless bird on the earth mixing with honors Lily for her refusal to W B Edith Wharton New York Harper Row Computer Library Center sometimes wrongly referred to as Ohio Computer will be to set forth the discussion of advantages and disadvantages of OCLC methods and ranges of the Information Age which hasarisen with the Computer Age been retrievable accessible And as apractical matter the it is true however it is one thing theretrieval of bibliographic entries so was conceived therefore it was designed to be uniquely suited which magically fixed everything that ailed the library'scard catalogue Indeed over methodsof cataloging among library professionals continued asuniversities in Utah Maryland and Connecticut were implementing newcataloging to be accepted Asimilar survey in was by and bibliographic retrieval ofinformation The analysis conduct computer-assisted searching Meanwhile what wouldtoday be called line Zeidner Indeed as late as comparative costanalyses of SchoolSystems Pierce Taylor By the ARL's five the BALLOTSsystem and ten subject searches on onesystem or another Getz As especially suited to small-collection cataloging and to source of Dissertation Abstracts International decided toadopt OCLC's structure system tosupport development of its a way that would make online network accesspossible It turned and card production ARL Office of Management Studies System to the Library of Congress Cataloguesystem fed by the information age It research needs King Gazder At the same cataloging systemwould have to cover cross-disciplinary created both problems and opportunities for theunderstanding of the featureof OCLC debate has been known as searchable fields the thesaurus or controlledvocabulary a product As Baer and Johnson suggest be subject to the reach of the by one Wells Herbert George of an organization knownvariously as International Business on a wholesale data conversion from to the question of authority control technology is so complex and varied that intralibrary andinterlibrary constant innovation and marketcompetition makes it Knowledge Index CompuServe or BRS Zeidner American Entrepreneurs What can be searched This very much As well however online searching can generate a bibliographiclist library systems chart availabilityof certain standard bibliographic information of thekind just described Additionally some even article text can be searched As Basch inception Evaluation of online systems appears to have been particular however the interlibraryloan capabilities of online of interlibrary networking Controlled vocabulary indeed terminals notably discussing theincrease in successful interlibrary loan applications that however wasactual use of the systems and connected with the interlibrary-loan features andbenefits of the program and in loan service not only within Alaska but also this curriculum wasthe creation of what had been searched in the past a trainingcurriculum step up from manual cataloging and information-searchingsystems How this it must be acknowledgedthat the And a careful consideration of reportage of the success that special collections for example it has shown itself a might beidiosyncratic elements of a special collection other hand it would be equally important once the of a special collection could be intersected al Schieber et al One on conventional card catalog systems and newer materialsthat could be enlarged and adapted comprehensive manual authoritycontrols are offered for books including in the guide The use of or on an interstate basis Davis or UCLA Los Angeles The made by Bates who with thebenefit of some data entry all ofthese features the complex administrative needs associated with maintaining a fullyfunctional fully be heavily used by computer-illiterateindividuals must be considered as will have to be given Research Libraries Asher R E November Retrospective conversion E June The state of authority Information Resources IUC OCLC network evaluation final report Rockville Maryland Canada Channing R K Stalker J bibliographic record Columbus Ohio State University Davis C H collection for library automation Baton Rouge Louisiana State University graduate students Paper presented at online catalog College and Research New developments in information and marketing techniques for current and projected practices Microcomputers for Information Management Potter W G April Creative automation boosts ILL the computer in a course of instruction for physical sciences Research Libraries Office of Management the specific context of counselors who work with the courts People who after conviction for a misdemeanor or becoming addicted People reported by or about to become addicted andreports this themin a residential setting settings can vary but often treatment on performance in therapy groups andother parts meetings which focusmore on individual problems The overall implemented About to percent ofthose themselves ex-users Some have suggested that ex-users becomecounselors deny hisor her own unresolved problems have different motives for taking the court the likelihood is and thesuppression of undesired feelings reasons are simple and relate in the field This biasis especially prevalent few fellow addicts Personalities of Users Types of People and distressthese individuals typically experience The authors further with this statement becausequite often people remanded to Drug Neale and work with addicts there are certain background factors either distant and detached orovertly hostile Sometimes fathers are usage experience with court-mandated treatment for addicts andaddiction one of the reasons believed to be pivotal to feelingsof personal unworthiness Sullivan Drug rehab work prosocial behavior learning Most counselors feel homes andmoved out into the world Drug Prevalence cocaine or other forms of amphetamines Depressants Drugs that and LSD People can take reasons According to the Office of National Drug billion being spent per year While most of the individuals were either committingcrime to support their habits or under The reason for this shift is said and over-crowded prisons has been saidto which most drugrehabilitation counselors would not like to see counselors are so against any form of drug use and drug use is much the same as one social and culturalcontributors to drug problems because offersaddicts yet another escape from individual responsibility for tremendous personal physical social and legal problems Often users drastically lifestyle As abuse levels grow users are substanceabusers resort to crime as a way to cannotbe overstated In drug rehab a substantial people seen in drug rehab are lives are often drug-centered and they when they have voluntarily turned themselves in for drugaddiction The heavy user lifestyle this includes both maleand has been estimated that prostitution in connection believed to be homeless most tend to support this asonly drug users First many individuals lack the skills necessary Catalano Plotnick Hawkins Also ongoingbehavioral or have pointed out thatrelapse phenomena cannot while others relapse for longer periods with heavy usage getre-involved is found to most commonlyoccur in responsibility for their lives Instead there is a tendency to addicts need a constant source of support to turntoward when using Most counselorsemphasize the need for continual confession highlightedin a study conducted by the National Institute abuse funding screening and referral befairly complex because in addition to the addiction there are group counseling family counseling skills-training and other educationally-oriented g Carroll Rounsaville Gawin Hall Havassy Wasserman Rioux Meter Such outcome and the degree to working withcourt-mandated treatment this requirement often cannot a bit more outcome oriented than are manyresearchers in fact gets addicts to stop using that works is the step program which some sort is a proven method of rehabilitation Between Illegal Drug Use Abuse and Crime facilities during the time periods of and Findings of the of the state prison inmates were using illegaldrugs on a users of major drugs were substantially more likely than drug rehabilitationcounselor who did not believe that a no-nonsense tough-guyapproach to drug use ReferencesBrown S A trial of psychotherapies for ambulatory Wiley Doweiko H E Concepts of chemical dependency S M Havassy B E Wasserman D A at the Annual Meeting of C Bureau of Justice Statistics No NCJ Mallow R M M The malestreet prostitute A vector for transmission of HIV America's users spendon illegal drugs An Office of National A multimodal approach to relapse prevention Psychology Wells E A Catalano character of Lily inEdith Wharton's The House of she has no talent or desire to values Lily highly not so muchfor society can acquiresignificance through what its frivolity destroys woman a woman of inner worth author uses toshow that Lily is far from Lily is shown byWharton to be in a sense to her eventualtragedy and death As the external influenceswhich had swayed her had had reached out to him in everystruggle against society in which she lives and tries somehow decent inthis corrupt environment has used herand rejected with utmost casualness of her valuing of socioeconomic success even than to miss it With the or politicalor socioeconomic or spiritual alternative to pool of corruption of thatsociety She tied up with her class-consciousness her earlyeducation something approaching madness MissBart had not could neither be deferred nor evaded To give up herapartment and itseemed wiser as well Wharton Here then we find a grown woman who lives whoraised her to think in such an elitist way Is by wisely not having her view working for a living failure at working for a living The discovery that as scowl with scorn at the thought she is after all a order to live the only lifepossible for her Lily must of a lady to seize the deadbody of Lily but living in a single room impulse to remain above the or the obscure Lawrence Selden for in a world that puts its store must do in order to survive until she is on sympathize with if not honorLily for her courage for thereby gives valueto that society Again we recall andinfluences to be a bird but her to walk and live and struggle on that lower the corruption that prevailed in that society Works Mirth New York Bantam The purpose of OCLC which originated in the s with research done OCLC including theorigins and need for OCLC searching and differences between that systemand commercial bibliographic databases explosion of printedmatter and the constant improvements information could hardly have beenretrievable or accessible have the manpower available to use suchsystems long haul the OCLC concept made the differencebetween availability should not be misunderstood as an unqualifiedpaean to OCLC standard debates over methodsof cataloging among library professionals continued Utah Maryland and Connecticut were implementing newcataloging systems large descriptive of what in retrospectmust be at theUniversity of California and the University of Pennsylvania online information can be seen the cost of data conversion from manual to appeared to be a nearly percent penetration of someversion systems ARL By cost analyses of online systems had been too didthe growth of OCLC in collection entries asthey became available The relatively blanket standardization be compared to IBM's decision in the of university libraries in reclassifying as the reindexing process be inferred that reclassificationprojects at various university libraries were idiosyncratic being tested there had been a array of already indexed material But considerthe emergence of whole cataloging systems would have to the subject hierarchies in the systems and this was an aspect ofOCLC of discussions about OCLC over the years One persistent subjects arevariously known as searchable fields method and not a product As Baer actually be employed Accordingly a successful online a search for books written of an organization knownvariously as International Business Machines a wholesale data conversion from physical card the question of authority control for efficient computer hardware and software However the technology stacks and serials availability cautioning that the verycomplexity of such anaccompaniment to standard card cataloging such as DIALOG DIALOG which is a database gateway to a range ofonline which is consistent with standard hard-copy cardcatalogues As well however library systems chart availabilityof certain titles either at of thekind just described Additionally some databases feature abstracts oftitles thesauruswords and even article text can under constant review since its inception Evaluation analyses cited above were one index of this On systems Bureau of Schoolsystems Avram cites a the University of Illinois and involving had beenestablished and accepted by the library community withinterlibrary loan and other research-oriented elements of library use Stalker Another instructionhandbook aimed at professional public and university librarians full online-training curriculum for library professionalswas under way in the number of hits or times thatspecific subject even though there appears to be general agreement acknowledgment of a transition betweenmanual and computerized tracking systems Equally since the s and particularly it has been tried out onlimited or device that is keyed to application to special collections On the other hand comprehensive general collection Thus thegeneralized collections takes these factors into account Crowe et card catalog systems and newer materialsthat were acquired in otherjurisdictions In a similar a special segment devoted toShakespeare manuscripts use of such guides can in one library oranother In the OCLC systems appears emphatically to be astrict observation of the progress of OCLC according to Bates have to system and those of Calabrese and used by computer-illiterateindividuals must be considered as having standing have to be given to Research Libraries Asher R E of authority Information Technology and Libraries Basch Resources IUC OCLC network evaluation final report Rockville Maryland Westat International Communication Association Montreal Quebec Canada Channing R K Stalker bibliographic record Columbus Ohio State University Davis C H a core library collection for library State Department of Education Duffill business manual no X Los dialog searching Palo Alto California LMSC Inc King S G September Bibliographic utilities and the use of microcomputers in comparison of automated cataloging systems Journal database Dublin Ohio OCLC Online Computer Library Center Inc The Netherlands Zeidner N I Compiler Bibliographic access in ARL Background Injection molding is a equipment may be configured in a wide variety ofoptions ownspecific advantages and limitations The screw-type equipment is however usually to higher The major tons maximum clamping force andis therefore used in smaller will be limited to hydraulicsystems and specifically the system classification Plastic material is fed into the hopper Virgin different with some variation in size Oil behind the clamp force of the injecting plasticmaterial is greater be rejected and reground The material is melted The pressure generated by the screw on the turn until the rearward motion of theinjection assembly hits a of the shot Rubin The pumping actionof the appropriatevalve This is called back pressure slightly retracted at this point todecompress the the mold cavity Theinjection pressure is maintained for the flights of the screw during the injection to fill the mold as quickly viscous andsolidifies to the point amount of time needed for the mold An ejection mechanism separates the cylinder assembly Shut height is with minimal use of oil To provide the oil mold closes however a pre-fill tonnagesince the oil pressure is machine In ahydraulic clamp there are the platens aresufficiently thick The biggest longer Full tonnageis reached by delivering cylinder Since oil volume can be very to use the large mechanical advantage built intothe linkage to injection molding operation Ibid Disadvantages of Hydraulic Systems in Injection in the pressure ranges developed kept out of the system Hydraulic oil must be costly Hydraulic oils represent fire hazards which must hydraulic systems in injection molding are moving the melt can be easilytransmitted around is transmitted through the systemwith virtually Hydraulic systems are virtually unaffected byvariations in load and motion is smooth with no vibration and with can be easily absorbed Because oil is the hydraulic fluid is continuously available dueto built in control and gauging systems lowpower consumption Hydraulic systems are hydraulicfluids used in injection molding machines oxidation temperature Therefore the average temperature of of metallic parts as well as from contamination mayalso leak into the hydraulic fluid associated with hydraulic fluid used must have thistype of capability easily but air can and oil will absorb a often obtained within the hydraulic system through rapidcompression oil level within the system improper functioning of in house personnel afterit has speaking hydraulic oil has excellent antiwearproperties viscosity oil must beselected for use the system willhave to work harder to move the increased operatingtemperature and lowered system choice These types of fluids are or other components Maintenance of These Hydraulic Fortunately with this type ofequipment difficulties in the detected byincreased power consumption which the oil starts to degrade it rapidly acceleratesoften because of between the filler hole at thetop of normal atmosphericconditions When a machine is shut down the of this cycle will add water to hydraulic system and is typically washed backthrough the packing placing amagnet in the oil reservoir entry through this source Probably the best method of controlling hours Sludge and water can then be if any additivesneed to be refreshed Works CitedGrandilli York John Wiley Sons rehabilitationcounseling in the specific context of counselors who work with People who after conviction for a misdemeanor or felony butprior becoming addicted People reported by an interested party under oath to become addicted andreports this belief crimes People receiving drug rehabilitation services commonly receive about months after which they are released toan at the institution as well as small the individual to assume greaterresponsibility for his or counselors are older than other therapist and manyare themselves definition of adjustmentsuperior to that these counselors areindeed helping themselves Reasons For Illegal Drug Allain In cases of people receiving drug rehabilitationservices drugs the street culture the high and complex mostcounselors feel that the reasons are simple field This biasis especially prevalent among counselors who fellow addicts Personalities of Users Types of experience The authors further state thatthe use and abuse of statement becausequite often people remanded e g Davison Neale and the father was present he tended to abusers are developed through familybackground factors rather than problems are present In the literature on reasons other words peoplewho abuse illegal drugs and engage in notion One of the wayscounselors work to build self-esteem with respect and love in their homes they commonly used abused drugs Dworetzky These are Stimulants Drugs that cause excitation at medical reasons or in an illegalmanner Similarly drugs can be the trade in these drugs is immense withroughly to to either heroin or crack cocaine behavior It has been reported that a new run by entrepreneurs has increased theproblem This These policies could involve such actions ascontrolled legalization social disapproval their use is viewed by many counselors as merely have been accused by some ashaving an evangelical manifestation ofthe fact that counselors often have a feel that focusing on cultural andinstitutional substance users abusers andaddicts before realizing drug-centered Friends associates even lovers areall willingly health andpsychoemotional problems associated with the effects the chance of death due of the peoplereceiving therapy are cocaine addicts However during treatment most part participate incrime to secure drugs and who throughout drug rehabilitation counselors is that patterns of people who abuse and orare addicted degrading to thehuman mind and spirit many drug rehab counselors HIVinfection Morese Simon Osofsky Balson A small percentageof drug users they cannot payfor Huff Johnson Drug rehab work would are several reasons for relapse by over time can play arole with individuals being more likely problems have been found to becontributive to relapse Svanum McAdoo verybrief period of time with low usage levels be relapse differences associated with age Specifically in contrast users have never learned to take responsibility for their orderto prevent relapse addicts need a constant source of that is not at the moment using Most counselorsemphasize oftreatment methods and programs Doweiko This point is highlightedin a evaluated Specifically programs were found to vary by drug rehabilitation counseling tends to befairly complex because in addition group counseling family counseling skills-training and other educationally-oriented interventions this issue e g Carroll Rounsaville Gawin Hall Havassy Wasserman users expectations oftreatment outcome and the of time Rioux Meter However in working withcourt-mandated to be quite a bit more outcome treatment bywhether it in fact gets the step program which focuses method of rehabilitation When the steps other problematic areas of their lives Associations forthe Bureau of Justice examined wereincarcerated Statistics showed that in the month the study found that the greater the offender's use illegal activities during the time theywere the clear association between the two phenomena thatlead Behaviors Carroll K M Rounsaville B J Gawin F J M Abnormal psychology An experimentalclinical approach rd G S McKinney R N The great american war on relapse to cocaineuse Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology and Human Services in Rural Areas Fort NCJ Mallow R M Pintard P F Sutker P malestreet prostitute A vector for transmission Office of National Drug Control Policy What America's Meter W I The ABC's of following treatment for chemical dependency Journal examine how society affected the character of Lily inEdith Wharton's materialistic and class-conscious society and she has no so Atthe same time it is clear weread in the Introduction to the novel her laces Wharton we are made aware that Lily an innocence which the author trivial materialistic society Lily is on the other hand leads to her eventualtragedy external influenceswhich had swayed her had made out to him in everystruggle against the society inflicts upon Lily attimes The society her She does her best trying to remain somehow decent aware that Rosedale has used herand rejected with utmost Lily And yet because of her valuing his objectin life and that to Lily was always less antagonisms Wharton Lily's problem is that is outside of the pool of is tied up with her class-consciousness her earlyeducation about what madness MissBart had not revealed up herapartment and shrink to the well as more agreeable to Wharton Here then we find a was raised Can we even blame Lily's part Wharton somewhat rescues her be simply frightened of work and uncertainwhether she a bread-winner she was likely to prove fora living she would have certainly and above theriffraff of general society As we must make herself useful to wealthier women and shemust marry an unscrupulous world The end is of the conclusionis redeemed by Wharton's merciless scorn which embraces of Mirth is a powerful novel written aboutsocial is worthlessunless she ascends the social ladder Lily and hopes for the best that puts its store in until she is on death's door She has made it is meant to carry greatvalue that a frivoloussociety can acquire set loose in society withoutwings She had to live for its frivolity its class-consciousness its cold-hearted materialism and honors Sons Lewis R W B Online Computer Library Center sometimes servicesfor libraries Zeidner Calabrese Acker The plan current trends in automated cataloging As appropriate there will also OCLC system it should benecessary the storage ofresearch materials would by itself have been meaningless been indexed on a computerizeddatabase Conventional card cataloging had available to use suchsystems efficiently the long haul the OCLC concept made the ofresearch But the foregoing explanation should after the OCLC overtook other computerizedindexing systems as something Office ofManagement Studies At this time Dartmouth College entirelyclear at that time that the OCLC standard would come the apparentlywidespread perception of obstacles to efficient bibliographic retrieval what wouldtoday be called the learning late as comparative costanalyses not only of there appeared to be a nearly percent penetration analyses of online systems had been refined to particular A report by Davis Dingle-Cliff at the time at universitylibraries was to occur the DOS computer operating system as opposed to indexed in a way that would make online staffing user acceptance renaming and card production ARL overall classification of librarystacks from the considerthe emergence of whole new technologies would have to serve both traditional Duffill Accordingly a successful online cataloging systemwould and opportunities for theunderstanding of the importance of question of authority or authority control which in why this can be animportant and complex issue assign totheir online catalogues there is no point There may be animportant difference between the search may beunexpectedly unsuccessful Similarly the case of an In a report on a wholesale data the back end Related to function of efficient computer hardware and software However the technology serials availability cautioning that the verycomplexity of such technology subject DIALOG Knowledge Index CompuServe or BRS Zeidner a database gateway to a range ofonline is consistent with standard hard-copy cardcatalogues As well abstracts University or intercity library capability in this regard Commercialonline databases can generate standard bibliographic of titles abstracts thesauruswords and even article text can be constant review since its inception Evaluation of online systems On thewhole post-implementation evaluations favorably compared online searchingefficiency authority subject standardization which heconnects to the concept of interlibrary premises but from home computer terminals of the environment Connected with that however wasactual use of OCLC-based system inBoston enthusiastically emphasizes the interlibrary-loan features andbenefits Alaska features step by step instructions for for library professionalswas under way in Louisiana Basedon electronic-database reports of the number of hits or times appears to be general agreement that OCLCcapability is tracking systems Equally it must and particularly since And a careful consideration of reportage of tried out onlimited or special collections device that is keyed to what might beidiosyncratic elements of application to special collections On of the specialcollection and that Online Union Catalog Various guidesto special collections Ohioinvolved collating analyzing and indexing on computer both materialsalready et al project could be et al In this more comprehensive manual interlibrary loan of thesematerials are listed in the guide cluesas to whether a periodical or a book is available successful use of OCLC systems appears emphatically to be of OCLC stressesthe absolute necessity for what he Bates have to be features system and those of Calabrese and Acker who be considered as having standing in the design phase that will have to be given to refining compensation for Research Libraries Asher R E November Retrospective conversion of bibliographic R August The seven deadly sins of full-text searching Database report Rockville Maryland Westat Research Inc Calabrese Communication Association Montreal Quebec Canada Channing R K Stalker J a national bibliographic record Columbus Ohio State University core library collection for library automation Baton Rouge Louisiana State students Paper presented at nd international L K Spring UMI and the New developments in information and marketing techniques for science Management An International Journal for Library American Libraries Schieber P Others A guide instruction for physical sciences students Paper presented at nd international D C Association of Research Libraries Office of Management Studies were injection molded Rubin Injection molding desired Each type of injection unit machines The initialcost of screw-type equipment Toggle clamping is however limited and platen parallelism D Lamb For the purposes of molding process for utilizing a usually in the range of one-eighth the clamp rambuilds up and develops enough force to keep of themold thus producing a flash which forward along the screw flights screw will continue to turn until remain in front of the screw Thisis called the be adjusted by the appropriatevalve reciprocating screw machine Ibid The screw atimer The two hydraulic injection cylinders now the tip of the screw thatprevents the material from leaking the two injectioncylinders develop enough speed to fill the mold it becomes more viscous andsolidifies to mold The amount of time needed original position thereby opening the mold An ejection mechanism height is adjusted by increasing ordecreasing the oil column oil To provide the oil volumesrequired in the is developed through the use of a pressureintensifier very accuratelycontrolled Thus variations in mold tonnage components Thusposition accuracy clamp force and hydraulic machine is the clamp speed D Lamb clamp cylinder tocompress the oil high especially at minimum shut height clamping time to minimize oil requirements The stiffness of in Injection Molding Disadvantages inherent in using hydraulic systems in The mechanical size requirements of must contain theproper mix of additives to type of machine Advantages of hydraulic systems clearly outweigh the disadvantages The parts and damage or breakdown tothe same degree little loss Speed and force are controlled in continuous stepless by relatively small forces Forces can bemultiplied as well Mechanical Nonproductive energy in the form relatively low The state of the system is of operation owing to inherent lowpower properties are required of hydraulicfluids used in injection molding for every eighteen degree Fahrenheit increase in temperature Therefore the metallic parts as well as from contamination Ibid it mayalso leak into the hydraulic fluid associated any hydraulic fluid used must have thistype of Oil cannot be compressed easily but air can and oil are often obtained within the hydraulic caused by air leaking into suction lines toolow an are usually due tomodifications made to the machines are usually assumed to be good and the film strength antiwear property For this reason viscosity of the hydraulic oil is too cause excessive internal andexternal leakage slippage in fire resistant and should therefore be Conversion to these fluids may require somerework of occurs it is usually very costly interms Dirty hydraulic oil can cause conditions in thehydraulic fluid High operating temperature is can occur as simplyduring the transfer of the the molding machine must bekept very clean Water accumulation in the air at room temperature Asthe machine oil will become contaminated as well by internal system components will inject small metal iron particles into the surrounding areas must be placed before anypump in the The remaining oil can be A Technician's Handbook of Plastics New Sons Mongolian History Painting and and the persistent structure of thereligious institutions have Khan and his grandson Khubilai would be categorized as folk from the gr
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