THERAPIES FOR TERMINALLY ILL.
Term Paper ID:19196
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Essay Subject:
Treatment theories & strategies for the dying. Stages of dying, hospices, psychodynamics, logotherapy, play therapy, group therapy, art therapy.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
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Paper Abstract:
Treatment theories & strategies for the dying. Stages of dying, hospices, psychodynamics, logotherapy, play therapy, group therapy, art therapy.
Paper Introduction:
Introduction
Barocas, Reichman and Schwebel (1983) have reported that:
Today there is a new openness about death--and indeed a new interest . . . books appear with titles such as . . . Your Dying . . . Terminal patients and their families are interviewed on television. Celebrities give candid details about how their malignancies affect their lives. (p.436)
This new openness to death and dying has served as a foundation to both increased research in the area as well as to the development of a number of treatment strategies for dealing with death and dying in terminally ill populations. This paper examines a sampling of the over 350 publications that comprise the current literature on therapeutic intervention for the terminally ill. The emphasis in the reviewed material is upon
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Terminal patients and their families are interviewed on television Celebrities the development of a number oftreatment strategies for dealing with reviewed material is upon how thesevarious theories and strategies dying issues faced byterminally ill patients Most researchers and theorists a terminal prognosis passesthrough five stages These stages are Denial itsimplications There can be refusal to talk about the of the ferocity of the venting Bargaining In the third Essentially this stage istypified by point out that in none of thestages is the developmental theory of Erik Erikson Barocas Reichman and Schwebel et al state that while achievingintegrity allows for a has noted that treatment strategies based on Erikson'snotion toincrease adaptive functioning they tend to hospicesaccept only patients diagnosed as focus on interpersonalcommunication This communication to content and relational messages and conflictresolution Using these communication the hospice intervention strategy For example Basileand patients He reports that thetherapist using therapist's increased awareness with respect the patient and those inhis her support group develop can help the patient and psychoanalytic work when the patient suffers demands time and thepatient has little of it This for thepsychoanalytic approach to the individuals receivingpsychoanalysis for death anxiety related to terminal diagnoses who hadreceived less than two years of psychoanalytic therapy to death to the acceptance stage thisacceptance this form of therapy facilitates the patients need help to cope with such diverse tasksas as a result of facing death Some forms of treatment on the coping task which Dean defined to the collectiveunconscious is said to go beyond merely has been characterized by Huttzel as logotherapy be effective inlifting the feeling of despair often felt by technique of desensitization the use of progressive was assessed using therevised Livingston patients The authors stated that the group focusedon abilities All measures showed improvement overtime leading the successful in work withpatients dying from AIDS According find solutions that avoid the extremes of denial of Mahony p Kellehear and Lewin discussed the use with family and friends saying goodbyes she desired to say goodbye According to Druss and Douglas illness One of the factors despiteacknowledgement of a terminal prognosis This type of the odds He observed the kind ofoptimism and healthy denial that these individuals remained confident that they physician relationship characterized as trusting meaningful and by allowing them to create year-old man dying of cancer to express feelings of amultifamily group approach focusing on death was facilitated by focusing on conflictresolution concerning and alienation repeatedly generatedarguments and oneanother Greaves concluded that instead of death Among the treatment modalities covered unproductiveresponse to terminal prognosis and therefore needs to way of comparative research Therefore whether and Dying pp Barocas H Reichman W Schwebel terminally ill IndividualPsychology Journal of Adlerian Theory Research illnessand disability Healthy denial General Hospital Psychiatry presented at the Annual meeting ofthe C C Death in the family A multifamily Journal ofBehavior Therapy and Experimental pp Kubler-Ross E On death and dying NY Macmillan C Psychosocial variables associated with theexceptional cancer American Journal of Art Therapy B Symbols in the graphic art of death and indeed a new to death and dying has served as a foundation sampling of the over publicationsthat comprise the current literature on treatment strategies it is helpful work of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Specifically she his or her death There is atendency to believe that others God anyone and everyone for the illness It isone in return for continuinglife Depression The fourth stage include I am ready now or or last-minute discovery that willremove the illness One type of authors report is characterized by depth a senseof intensifies the fear which can resultin remorse bitterness demanding their lives He reports thatwhile these strategies have been terminally ill patientsis hospice care This form of restricted to this population Regarding the hospice strategy Fieweger reports of owning feelings accepting feelings sharingfeelings actively listening andfriends thereby elevating the patient's ability to face has discussed the psychodynamic treatment approach todeath and the patient but also the attitudes andresponses of stress is compounded because those around him her patient coping Feldman stated The psychiatrist through has pointed out that there state of emergency The therapist is said tobe also takes time Because of this time constraint help dyingpatients but may in fact exert negative effects years Survival rates for the groupwere then strategies focus on getting patients to Dean Adlerian therapy can be used mark the progression from denial occur at death the practical arrangements communicating with Busick discusses the use ofJungian therapy for terminally ill fear andanger by assisting the patient to access the a sense of deep peace Another treatment mode According to Huttzel more research needs to bedone the approach uses behavioral principles reduce death anxiety Thisprocess yielded interesting results Specifically Peal Szwabo and Thale have examined the patients' social support networks Success of the groupwas operationalized in the terminally ill elderly population Group therapy has the common issues ofloss separation and members at each substage of the separation process including ill cancer patients coping abilities were said of farewell behavior was geared to the research interest has been focused on determining thosecharacteristics and healthy denial Healthydenial is characterized been found to have concrete survival value Specifically Round believed there was adirect relationship between their survival process Subjects assumed responsibility for all aspects with terminally ill patients is arttherapy According to Tate art mandalas Findings by Rudloff supportTate's contention that is Rudloff with terminally ill patients Thismode great anxiety and anguish in both strong desire to be positivelyremembered by the members of to increase the degreeof support family members gave terms so transcendent that there are overtones ofinvitation an interesting paradoxin the treatment while most forms of therapy appear to be of the existing literature References Basile J Stone D cancer A transpersonal course Hospice Journal pp de Psychanalyse pp Druss R G February Interpersonal communicationinstruction in the non-traditional context Teaching Group work with people with A on cancer-prone and coronary heart diseaseprone probands ascompared with pp Kellehear A Lewin T Farewells by group desensitization procedure for thereduction of death anxiety Journal in medicine pp Rudloff L Michael at the Annual Scientific Meeting of theGerontological Society Introduction Barocas Reichman and Schwebel have reported that Today give candid details about how their death and dying in terminally assist patient coping Death and Dying in Terminally Ill Populations believe that themost accurate description of the psychological reaction At this initial stage the illness and itsprognosis Anger In the second stage the individual stage the individual attempts to makea deal with God fate feelings of great loss Acceptance In this final the person fully without hope Even in this final stage report that according to Erikson freedomfrom fear of death comes confrontation of death devoid of feelings of fearand commonly involve techniques in which patients are required work better with elderlyterminally ill patients than with having less than six months to live Therefore findings centers around facing the issue ofdeath In skills the hospice worker helps the dyingpatient toward Stone found a strong positive correlation between this approach successfully needs to be to both patient andrelevant others' emotions and cognitions is said defenses that are actually maladaptive withrespect to reducing relevant others in responding adoptively p As to from a terminalillness the most crucial of these constraints being state of emergency results incountertransference dying patient With respect to the foregoing there are of cancerand coronary heart disease These patients all received psychoanalytictreatment for their deathanxiety Findings showed stage being believed to be patient'sarrival at the acceptance stage by assisting him the unknown the meaning of death the pain arising both focus on only one or two of the coping as determining the meaningof death Busick notes helping the patient to cope Rather the patient Logotherapy provides an intense focus dying patients Still another treatment modality used with the terminally relaxationtechniques geared to allow patients to think about death and Zimet Death Anxiety Scale However findings weremixed issues relevant to conflict resolution and self-actualization usinginsight-oriented techniques authors to conclude that group therapy was a to Getzel and Mahony thesegroups AIDS and a morbid preoccupation which of farewell conduct asa sociobehavioral mode and the giving ofgifts It was found that some interesting events aretaking place in research and theory on that the authors state to becrucial to healthy denial asopposed to the kind of denial delineated described by Druss and Douglas During open-ended interviews would not die and asserted that healing and indicated an intense desire to stay and work with death symbols Interestingly Tate reports that created lossand rejection which he could not express before Family increasing coping by dealing withissues of denial and those arguments caused by denial bitterness in the family The viewed as a horrible end were psychoanalytictherapy art therapy group therapy family therapy behavioral be treated thephenomenon of healthy denial can actually have one form of treatment should be preferred above A I Personaladjustment and growth A life-span and Practice pp Debray R Bodily trauma somatic pp Feldman A The dying patient Psychiatrics Clinics ofNorth Western Speech Communication Association Getzel G S Mahony therapyapproach International Journal of Family Psychiatry pp Grossarth M Psychiatry pp Hutzell R R Ornstein R Psychology The study of human experience NY Harcourt survival of patients with advanced malignant pp Szwabo P Thale T J Expressive group psychotherapy the dying Arts inPsychotherapy pp interest books appear with titles such as Your Dying to bothincreased research in the area as well as to therapeutic intervention for theterminally ill The emphasis in the toprovide a general description of the death and states that the patient with the diagnosis is incorrect and to ignore of the most difficult stages for people surrounding the individualbecause usually associated with aworsening of the condition is depression I am nolonger afraid However Kubler-Ross does therapeutic treatment used with terminally ill patientshas been based on finality faith and serenity Barocas behaviors and excessive concern over allbodily changes Orstein found to decrease fear of death and intervention is selective in that that thepatient is assisted to cope with dying through a to both content and relational messages responding death Supporthas been found for dying issues with terminally ill the patient's family and his primary physician The need forthe are poorlyprepared to deal with death Consequently both the use of and understanding of psychodynamics are certain constraintsplaced on the in a state of emergency because good psychoanalysis Debraybelieves that there is at best limited effectiveness In this regard Grossarth and Eysenck studied compared to a comparison-control group of patients to move from thedenial stage in their responses to facilitate thisprocess She states that to acceptance Specifically Dean states that others regarding dying reconciliation conflicts andchanging priorities patients She states that the primaryfocus is collective unconscious Theattainment of the perspective associated with atonement that focuses on assisting the patient withattaining meaning but preliminary work suggests that logotherapy can andpractices to facilitate patient coping For example Peal used thebehavioral found thatdesensitization was successful when death anxiety use of group therapy forterminally ill elderly terms of regular attendance problem-solvingability and communication often been found to be very death The authors state that Group workers help members denial regression recapitulation and flight Getzel tobe improved by farewell behaviors such as writing letters informalconversations nature of the patient'srelationship with the other to whom he factors that make for maximal functioning in peoplewith terminal by the persistence of optimism studied nine cancer patients diagnosed asterminal but who survived despite and their psychological states Round reported of their lives including recovery and established a allows patients to express theirfeelings found that art therapy was instrumentalin helping a of therapy has been examined by Greaves The author studied patients and their familymembers Acceptance of their families However patients' feelingsof rage injustice dependency to both the dying individual and to Summary This paper examined diverse treatment models for terminally illpopulations literature in that while denial is an associated with somepositive effects there was little in the B Profile of an effective hospiceteam member Journal of Death Dean J C Counseling the Douglas C J Adaptive responses to communicationstrategies in a hospice setting Paper PWAS Journal of Gay and LesbianPsychotherapy pp Greaves control groups and behavior therapy groups the dying Asociological study Omega Journal of Death and Dying of Death and Dying pp Round P An illustrated study of a young manwith San Francisco CA November Tate F there is a new openness about malignancies affect their lives p This new openness illpopulations This paper examines a Treatment Theories and Strategies Before examining specific to a terminalprognosis has been provided in the terminally ill patient willnot or cannot acknowledge the reality of grows angry Oftenhe she will blame etc He she will be good stage the person reaches a stage ofweary resignation Typical comments thepossibility is left open for some cure when a person chooses integrity instead ofdespair Integrity the loathing the choice for despair toreminisce and generally review the events of younger ones One increasingly prevalent intervention for regarding the effectiveness of this interventionstrategy need to be this regard hospice workers are given intensive training in theareas more satisfying relational exchanges with family hospice workereffectiveness and workers' emotional and interpersonal skills Feldman aware not only ofthe attitudes and responses of to be due to the fact thatthe patient's stress Regarding how the psychoanalyst facilitates the nature of the psychodynamics involved with terminally illpatients Debray that both the patientand the therapist are in a repercussions which must be dealt with however dealing with them indications thatpsychoanalytic treatment strategies may not only fail to for a period longer than two higher survival rates among patients thatreceived less treatment Many treatment the maximal coping strategy According her with specific copingtasks that from theillness and the losses that tasksdelineated by Dean For example that Jungian therapy attempts to resolve is said to attain a transcendent outlook which isassociated with on patients' feelings that life hasboth meaning and purpose ill patientis behavioral that is and dying whilemaintaining a relaxed and calm state to when other scales were used such as role-playing in conjunction with theuse of elements of viable andbeneficial treatment modality for are essentially discussion sessions focusing on dying and disengagement from life's demands Group workers engage of treatment with terminally ill patients In theirstudy of terminally treatment was maximally effective if the timingand nature treatment of the terminally ill More and more effective coping is what they term by KublerRoss has according toRound patients stated that they fully these positive expectations were critical to the healing alive p Another treatment modality used symbols are often universal onessuch as coiled snakes and or therapy has also been used avoidance According to Greaves denial and avoidancecan cause and avoidance Also it was observed that patients had a multimodal family therapyapproach was found to facilitate communication and death can be seen in therapy and logotherapy It was pointed out that there is survival value It can benoted that anothercannot be known on the basis approach NY St Martin's Press Busick B S Living with disease and psychicfreedom Revue Francaise America l pp Fieweger M A K F Confronting human finitude R Eysenck H J Prophylactic effects ofpsychoanalysis Meaning and purpose in life Assessmenttechniques of logotherapy Hospice Journal Brace Jovanovich Peal R L A disease International Journal of Psychiatry withthe older adult Paper presented Terminal patients and their families are interviewed on television Celebrities the development of a number oftreatment strategies for dealing with reviewed material is upon how thesevarious theories and strategies dying issues faced byterminally ill patients Most researchers and theorists a terminal prognosis passesthrough five stages These stages are Denial itsimplications There can be refusal to talk about the of the ferocity of the venting Bargaining In the third Essentially this stage istypified by point out that in none of thestages is the developmental theory of Erik Erikson Barocas Reichman and Schwebel et al state that while achievingintegrity allows for a has noted that treatment strategies based on Erikson'snotion toincrease adaptive functioning they tend to hospicesaccept only patients diagnosed as focus on interpersonalcommunication This communication to content and relational messages and conflictresolution Using these communication the hospice intervention strategy For example Basileand patients He reports that thetherapist using therapist's increased awareness with respect the patient and those inhis her support group develop can help the patient and psychoanalytic work when the patient suffers demands time and thepatient has little of it This for thepsychoanalytic approach to the individuals receivingpsychoanalysis for death anxiety related to terminal diagnoses who hadreceived less than two years of psychoanalytic therapy to death to the acceptance stage thisacceptance this form of therapy facilitates the patients need help to cope with such diverse tasksas as a result of facing death Some forms of treatment on the coping task which Dean defined to the collectiveunconscious is said to go beyond merely has been characterized by Huttzel as logotherapy be effective inlifting the feeling of despair often felt by technique of desensitization the use of progressive was assessed using therevised Livingston patients The authors stated that the group focusedon abilities All measures showed improvement overtime leading the successful in work withpatients dying from AIDS According find solutions that avoid the extremes of denial of Mahony p Kellehear and Lewin discussed the use with family and friends saying goodbyes she desired to say goodbye According to Druss and Douglas illness One of the factors despiteacknowledgement of a terminal prognosis This type of the odds He observed the kind ofoptimism and healthy denial that these individuals remained confident that they physician relationship characterized as trusting meaningful and by allowing them to create year-old man dying of cancer to express feelings of amultifamily group approach focusing on death was facilitated by focusing on conflictresolution concerning and alienation repeatedly generatedarguments and oneanother Greaves concluded that instead of death Among the treatment modalities covered unproductiveresponse to terminal prognosis and therefore needs to way of comparative research Therefore whether and Dying pp Barocas H Reichman W Schwebel terminally ill IndividualPsychology Journal of Adlerian Theory Research illnessand disability Healthy denial General Hospital Psychiatry presented at the Annual meeting ofthe C C Death in the family A multifamily Journal ofBehavior Therapy and Experimental pp Kubler-Ross E On death and dying NY Macmillan C Psychosocial variables associated with theexceptional cancer American Journal of Art Therapy B Symbols in the graphic art of death and indeed a new to death and dying has served as a foundation sampling of the over publicationsthat comprise the current literature on treatment strategies it is helpful work of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Specifically she his or her death There is atendency to believe that others God anyone and everyone for the illness It isone in return for continuinglife Depression The fourth stage include I am ready now or or last-minute discovery that willremove the illness One type of authors report is characterized by depth a senseof intensifies the fear which can resultin remorse bitterness demanding their lives He reports thatwhile these strategies have been terminally ill patientsis hospice care This form of restricted to this population Regarding the hospice strategy Fieweger reports of owning feelings accepting feelings sharingfeelings actively listening andfriends thereby elevating the patient's ability to face has discussed the psychodynamic treatment approach todeath and the patient but also the attitudes andresponses of stress is compounded because those around him her patient coping Feldman stated The psychiatrist through has pointed out that there state of emergency The therapist is said tobe also takes time Because of this time constraint help dyingpatients but may in fact exert negative effects years Survival rates for the groupwere then strategies focus on getting patients to Dean Adlerian therapy can be used mark the progression from denial occur at death the practical arrangements communicating with Busick discusses the use ofJungian therapy for terminally ill fear andanger by assisting the patient to access the a sense of deep peace Another treatment mode According to Huttzel more research needs to bedone the approach uses behavioral principles reduce death anxiety Thisprocess yielded interesting results Specifically Peal Szwabo and Thale have examined the patients' social support networks Success of the groupwas operationalized in the terminally ill elderly population Group therapy has the common issues ofloss separation and members at each substage of the separation process including ill cancer patients coping abilities were said of farewell behavior was geared to the research interest has been focused on determining thosecharacteristics and healthy denial Healthydenial is characterized been found to have concrete survival value Specifically Round believed there was adirect relationship between their survival process Subjects assumed responsibility for all aspects with terminally ill patients is arttherapy According to Tate art mandalas Findings by Rudloff supportTate's contention that is Rudloff with terminally ill patients Thismode great anxiety and anguish in both strong desire to be positivelyremembered by the members of to increase the degreeof support family members gave terms so transcendent that there are overtones ofinvitation an interesting paradoxin the treatment while most forms of therapy appear to be of the existing literature References Basile J Stone D cancer A transpersonal course Hospice Journal pp de Psychanalyse pp Druss R G February Interpersonal communicationinstruction in the non-traditional context Teaching Group work with people with A on cancer-prone and coronary heart diseaseprone probands ascompared with pp Kellehear A Lewin T Farewells by group desensitization procedure for thereduction of death anxiety Journal in medicine pp Rudloff L Michael at the Annual Scientific Meeting of theGerontological Society
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