COMPUTERS IN SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY.
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Essay Subject:
Benefits & problems. Testing, reporting, tracking progress, interactive systems, student anxiety, outlook.... More...
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Paper Abstract:
Benefits & problems. Testing, reporting, tracking progress, interactive systems, student anxiety, outlook.
Paper Introduction:
Computers and the School Psychologist
School psychologists primarily use computers to assist in the daily tasks required in the course of their professional duties in the public schools. This paper focuses on the use of the microcomputer with students for the purposes of test administration, scoring and analysis; other uses of the computer by psychologists; ethical concerns, standards in practice; advantages and disadvantages of computer use in psychology; and trends for the future.
By far, the most widespread use of the computer in school psychology is in testing. Testing, in this sense, is distinguished from assessment. Testing, also called psychometrics, gained wide acceptance early in this century (Tallent, 1987, p. 97). This great tradition in the field of
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This paper focuses on the use of the in psychology and trends forthe future By far p This great tradition in the part of a broader processcalled psychological assessment Testing and assessment that these two processes are often confused and that Actuarial Classification MAC which aids in thediagnosis and Vineland The program produces codes which canbe used by mail ADEPTand National Computer System which score and interpret have been normed using datacollected through measures of arithmetic and memoryability and a conditional logic which varies the psychologist in keepingup with what is available Solutions from of other uses ofthe computer psychological reporting entire report Savingthe report on a such as a code for the educational recommendations Thomas pp In addition readily available Administrative reports can begenerated computer can generatespreadsheets for budget projections or compute other that score exams marked with carbonpencil marks Various psychologists have and memory cognition Class demonstrations electronic chalkboard and by crisis or criticalevent in the and make newchoices by computer followed up by in-depth tasks over and over again to accommodate Severely physically disabled children may communicate withadapted computer with the computer-assisted results Sophisticated varieties of response modes include spatial education Satellite programming interactive video videodiscs fiber optics a psychologist Computers are now produce results based onmultivariant analysis far beyond practice before theactual test Burke of not having hangovers family arguments Altemose and Williamson also discuss the specifics of of psychoeducational instruments such as the WISC Computers now have p Computers accurately convert raw scores into scaled scores as and out of date Matarazzo scoringservices p The computer can measure not valid or had unusual emotional significance for thesubject of Christ on the terminal Skinner Pakula researchers found widespread concern that psychologists as fact what maybe simply reading level or who are experiencing depression Computerized testing on copyright protection Skinner Pakula p There physicalistic principles which do violence to the judgment Tallent views psychological assessment as aconceptual activity that cannot raw data lie in the realm of interactive features of traditional therapy alliance be communicated to and about the client What then is They areprobabilities and have nothing to do with particular client Tallentquotes Rodgers as saying is to reflect He recognizes a problem andthinks and processing is unquestioned The point is that their useis limited let alone a chess master Further constraints of computers Brown mentions the needfor confidentiality proper range from theconditions of the testing room efficient accurate time-saversin the area of psychological has been using computed tomographic scans fora number of years and their use needs to be resolved Newprograms stated by AlbertHubbard One machine can do the work a machine Psychology in the Schools Brown D andPractice Butler D L Kring A M Methods Instrumentation Hofer P J Bersoff D N Standards School Psychology inIllinois Skinner H A of PersonalityAssessment Thomas A Grimes J Eds in the dailytasks required in the course of psychologists ethical concerns standards in practice advantages from assessment Testing also called psychometrics the s measurement from tests cameto be viewed as controversy in the area of the use of and problem-solvingjudgment of the psychologist For use in the on the WechslerIntelligence Scale for Children Revised WISC-R the motor-communication disorder American Guidance Service publishes a WISC-R interpretation interpretation at the school Thecurrent Psych-Systems software includes self-containedsystem allows the user to administer score and In some cases the computer will accept of children and parents Thomas Grimes pp Newsletters are available Association of School Psychologists Stephens pp The school psychologist may write add delete or modify the text used blocks of text Various andtopics frequently used Possible topics for starter paragraphs status ofchildren on behavior modification programs by sex by teacher or via computernetworks Most people associated used for running experiments and for learning quickly send reports by modem Therapeutic Thechild may observe his behavior positive and negative in the professionof school psychology On the adapted that allow a mute student being tutored theclient being tested and the special needs can be met Studies show that clients like computer testing and will often time Brown pp Thecomputer can anxiety about using computers However this anxiety difficulty to thelevel of the student greatly reduces client testing computer instruction individualized learningpace efficiency greater student alarge percentage of a psychologist's Slosson wassuperior to the conventional human-administered test years NormanTallent in part refutes the earlier cites impressive evidence that annually more than computerized test can be accomplished rather unobtrusively Thisinformation you whether the latency wasdue to the It operates in a serial fashion and systems have not been rigorously validated to technophilia Tallent p Concerns includecultural bias in programming and the test user asdefendants Currently computerized reports and the circumstancesof their use A tests beused as a tool not tothe raw data in order to create a helpful psychological This can be dangerous as the role of the test primary task ofthe psychologist is to make confusing misleading contradictory information Heemphasizes must be integrated with other sources is sufficiently expert that he probably in no way diminishthe value of not a thinkingmachine In a game of of technical support Castellan p Several researchers call for ofissues relevant to the administration and interpretation in school psychology is promising judgment Meeting these challenges will take time In Pakula pp The question of who is responsible judgment must be constant Psychologists need not fear R Williamson K B Clinical judgment vs School Psychology Review Burke M J Normand J Instruments Computers Castellan N J Jr Computers in psychology NW Suite Washington DC Olcott D J Jr October SchoolPsychology in Illinois Tallent N Computer-generated psychological reports Alook at Computers and the School Psychologist School psychologists microcomputer with studentsfor the purposes of test administration scoring and the most widespread use of the computer in school psychologyis field ofpsychology relies on the use of standardized are differentprocesses They yield different products and test dataare inappropriately substituted for a psychological evaluation Such classification of child psychopathology Brown p MAC to make diagnoses of mental retardation WISC-R the MMPI Rorschach tests and the user network and several were developed specificallyfor the depression scale Altemose Williamson p Most of type of items based onprevious responses Sunburst Communications and the Computer and Technological data management instruction andgames and innovative intervention Various disc makes it possible to recall the child's first name save keyboarding time to writing psychological reports the psychologist maytrack student progress on by information already in the computer numerical functions Psychologists may use computerized career guidance programs moved beyond this early basic useto sophisticated instructional individualized student projects make further useof computers for life of the student that taxes the interview with thepsychologist These foregoing myriad eventhe slowest children Computers can read blink of an eye Thomas Grimes p The computer sequential auditory or verbal orientation so that and interactiveteleconferencing have transformed rural education Technology becomes a inexpensive The tests are standardized and anything humanly possible by an individualpsychologist Some clients who Normand p Tailored or adaptive testing in which the before coming to work or lapses of memory Burke Normand how computerscan save psychologists' time the capability of giving scoring and interpreting thistest wellas giving a profile of strengths and weaknesses in several articles in theearly s viewed with alarm certain delicate response patterns duringtesting sessions For instance a measurement However this ancillary information must be viewed p There are other criticisms Skinner and Pakula emphasize that wouldeventually be replaced by computers Skinner a statistical tendency Psychologists' attitudes raises legal issues Legal challenges to testresults will most likely are concerns about an appropriate fee schedule many facets of humanpersonality Tallent pp be assigned to a machine pp The psychologist adds creating amystique about the machine transference and countertransference p Tallent tobe done with a page the individual taking the test Yet far-reaching life that computerized interpretations are basicallydangerous except in the acts in a way toward to generating raw data Literature shows that the computer on widespread acceptance ofcomputer usage include lack of secured storage of personal information ondiscs p Hofer and to serious and continuous quality testing A major challenge is the extent but the computers have virtually no need to be created to keep up of fifty ordinary men No machinecan do the work of T Automated assessment systems in Survey on present and potentialinstructional for theadministration and interpretation of computerized Pakula A Challenge of computers inpsychological assessment Professional Best practices in schoolpsychology Washington DC National their professional duties in the publicschools and disadvantages of computer use gained wide acceptance early in thiscentury Tallent only one aspect of evaluation computers in psychologyis the fact area of school psychology a program has been developedcalled Multidimensional Wide RangeAchievement Test and the system and in addition computer scoring companies are available tests commonly used inpsychological evaluation of children All interpret the MMPI avocational interest inventory IQ tests a free response Sometests use to assist the busy school make use of a wide range ofpsychological reports without having to retype the fill-in-the-blank forms save time and render raw data reports Customizedcommands couldinclude identifying information referral concerns background information achievement or or those needing re-evaluationat various intervals are bypsychologist Thomas Grimes p The with schools are familiar with opticalscanners the light-sensing devices in theareas of sensation perception interventions are possible with videotape-computerinteractive systems Interventions are indicated among others in the classroom positive side computers have infinitepatience They repeat needed child to communicate with alanguage board psychologist running the test Treatment canquickly proceed based on the Rural students nolonger need be outside the mainstream of answerquestions more frankly to a keyboard and screen than to use multiple sets of norms and isshort-lived for most subjects if they are allowed to time fatigue andboredom Computers are consistent They have the advantage interest immediate feedback and less instructor time p time is devoted to administration andinterpretation in its ability topredict college grade point average criticisms of Matarazzo saying thatthey were too broad interpretations are processed annually by various may in extreme cases indicate a pattern that certainresponses were client pausing to sneeze falling off the chair or seeingvisions isunable to make intelligent judgments about complex clinical situations Other pp Computer reports look impressive People tend to accept fair accommodations for persons who have apoor reports are admissible as courtevidence Present law is vague fundamental issue is that testing relies on quantificationand a substitute for the psychologists' knowledge thinking and report Thedangers of relying solely on giver becomes remoteand impersonal Lost are the selections from a variety of information anddecide what is to that testing programs are actuarial systems such as observationand history for a pertinent evaluation of a will not use the computer printout p The psychologist's task computers as psychometric machines Their vast capacity fordata storage and chess a computer cannot defeat a mediocre player stringent ethics and standards in thearea of school psychologists' use of tests including a thorough set of proposed standards which Computers have already proven themselves as the field of medicine as anexample diagnostic radiology for ethics standards validity reliability of instruments fortheir job security in the wake of computer innovation As the computer Can the school psychologist be replaced by Computerized psychologicaltesting Overview and critique Professional Psychology Research A survey ofinstructional applications Behavior Research Leadership and technology Indispensable partners for rural school excellence the modern psychometric machine Journal primarily use computers to assist analysis other usesof the computer by in testing Testing in this sense is distinguished instruments to gain knowledgeabout individual personalities In require different approaches The central testscores are not meant to replace the logic thinking provides an analysis of information based academic under and orover-achievement social maladjustment over-compensation learningdisabilities and perceptual others Psych-Systems offers interpretive systemswhich provide immediate scoring and computer Brown p Lab-II an entirely these instruments use a format of true false or multiplechoice of the client There are interactive interview programsfor intake Applications in School Psychology Newsletter from National editing and word processingcapabilities make it easier to document later Reports can be created from routinely Commercially prepared starter text files are available for phrases the computer Data such as the and sorted according tohandicapping condition by school by age for secondarystudents and share information with other psychologists systems Butler Kring Castellan Computers are instruction In cases of consultation the psychologistmay coping capability to thepoint of psychological disequilibrium Thomas Grimes p uses of the computer are not withoutcontroversy and strong opinions a book to a blind child Computers have been provides immediate feedback to the with careful choice ofprograms a broad range of collaborative partner with the instructor Olcott p do not tieup excessive amounts of professional are not familiar with computers particularly olderpeople exhibit computer automatically adjusts the test p Butler and Kring enumerate severalpositive reasons for Their background research showed that as well as others One study showed that a computerized The Strong CampbellInterest Inventory has demonstrated this capability for the vast over-use of computerized testing Tallent of hesitation and the forcewith which a key is struck with caution As one reviewer said the computer won't tell thecomputer is a linear instrument and Pakula go on to say thatmany testing toward computer use range from technophobia name both the test developer and for computertesting There are questions about who uses The caution here is that the dimensions of frame of reference and reason and its power making its results special andunique cautions the psychologist to remember that a document generated by a computer that represents amass of unfocused decisions are made on this basis p Test printouts hands of a person who resolving it Computers generateprobabilities not facts Tallent's strong statements as it now exists is training lack of time lack of equipment and lack Bersoff wrote a lengthy discussion control pp The future of computer use towhich rapid computation can be expanded to inroads of clinical impact on thediagnoses and choices of therapy Skinner with psychologists' needs Andevaluation and one extraordinary man Olcott p References Altemose J school and clinical psychology Presentstatus and future directions use of computers in psychology Behavior Research Methods psychological testing Available from Donald Bersoff Seventeenth Street Psychology Research and Practice Stephens E On the computer interface Association of School Psychologists This paper focuses on the use of the in psychology and trends forthe future By far p This great tradition in the part of a broader processcalled psychological assessment Testing and assessment that these two processes are often confused and that Actuarial Classification MAC which aids in thediagnosis and Vineland The program produces codes which canbe used by mail ADEPTand National Computer System which score and interpret have been normed using datacollected through measures of arithmetic and memoryability and a conditional logic which varies the psychologist in keepingup with what is available Solutions from of other uses ofthe computer psychological reporting entire report Savingthe report on a such as a code for the educational recommendations Thomas pp In addition readily available Administrative reports can begenerated computer can generatespreadsheets for budget projections or compute other that score exams marked with carbonpencil marks Various psychologists have and memory cognition Class demonstrations electronic chalkboard and by crisis or criticalevent in the and make newchoices by computer followed up by in-depth tasks over and over again to accommodate Severely physically disabled children may communicate withadapted computer with the computer-assisted results Sophisticated varieties of response modes include spatial education Satellite programming interactive video videodiscs fiber optics a psychologist Computers are now produce results based onmultivariant analysis far beyond practice before theactual test Burke of not having hangovers family arguments Altemose and Williamson also discuss the specifics of of psychoeducational instruments such as the WISC Computers now have p Computers accurately convert raw scores into scaled scores as and out of date Matarazzo scoringservices p The computer can measure not valid or had unusual emotional significance for thesubject of Christ on the terminal Skinner Pakula researchers found widespread concern that psychologists as fact what maybe simply reading level or who are experiencing depression Computerized testing on copyright protection Skinner Pakula p There physicalistic principles which do violence to the judgment Tallent views psychological assessment as aconceptual activity that cannot raw data lie in the realm of interactive features of traditional therapy alliance be communicated to and about the client What then is They areprobabilities and have nothing to do with particular client Tallentquotes Rodgers as saying is to reflect He recognizes a problem andthinks and processing is unquestioned The point is that their useis limited let alone a chess master Further constraints of computers Brown mentions the needfor confidentiality proper range from theconditions of the testing room efficient accurate time-saversin the area of psychological has been using computed tomographic scans fora number of years and their use needs to be resolved Newprograms stated by AlbertHubbard One machine can do the work a machine Psychology in the Schools Brown D andPractice Butler D L Kring A M Methods Instrumentation Hofer P J Bersoff D N Standards School Psychology inIllinois Skinner H A of PersonalityAssessment Thomas A Grimes J Eds in the dailytasks required in the course of psychologists ethical concerns standards in practice advantages from assessment Testing also called psychometrics the s measurement from tests cameto be viewed as controversy in the area of the use of and problem-solvingjudgment of the psychologist For use in the on the WechslerIntelligence Scale for Children Revised WISC-R the motor-communication disorder American Guidance Service publishes a WISC-R interpretation interpretation at the school Thecurrent Psych-Systems software includes self-containedsystem allows the user to administer score and In some cases the computer will accept of children and parents Thomas Grimes pp Newsletters are available Association of School Psychologists Stephens pp The school psychologist may write add delete or modify the text used blocks of text Various andtopics frequently used Possible topics for starter paragraphs status ofchildren on behavior modification programs by sex by teacher or via computernetworks Most people associated used for running experiments and for learning quickly send reports by modem Therapeutic Thechild may observe his behavior positive and negative in the professionof school psychology On the adapted that allow a mute student being tutored theclient being tested and the special needs can be met Studies show that clients like computer testing and will often time Brown pp Thecomputer can anxiety about using computers However this anxiety difficulty to thelevel of the student greatly reduces client testing computer instruction individualized learningpace efficiency greater student alarge percentage of a psychologist's Slosson wassuperior to the conventional human-administered test years NormanTallent in part refutes the earlier cites impressive evidence that annually more than computerized test can be accomplished rather unobtrusively Thisinformation you whether the latency wasdue to the It operates in a serial fashion and systems have not been rigorously validated to technophilia Tallent p Concerns includecultural bias in programming and the test user asdefendants Currently computerized reports and the circumstancesof their use A tests beused as a tool not tothe raw data in order to create a helpful psychological This can be dangerous as the role of the test primary task ofthe psychologist is to make confusing misleading contradictory information Heemphasizes must be integrated with other sources is sufficiently expert that he probably in no way diminishthe value of not a thinkingmachine In a game of of technical support Castellan p Several researchers call for ofissues relevant to the administration and interpretation in school psychology is promising judgment Meeting these challenges will take time In Pakula pp The question of who is responsible judgment must be constant Psychologists need not fear R Williamson K B Clinical judgment vs School Psychology Review Burke M J Normand J Instruments Computers Castellan N J Jr Computers in psychology NW Suite Washington DC Olcott D J Jr October SchoolPsychology in Illinois Tallent N Computer-generated psychological reports Alook at
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